Temperance/Prohibition

Drinking has been an integral part of American culture and society, and by the mid-nineteenth century it emerged as a serious problem. Public drunkenness was a common sight and an average American adult consumed around 27 litres of pure alcohol per year. Temperance reform emerged in this period and eventually became the most influential reform movement in the country. Scores of writers joined the cause, and temperance literature became a genre of its own from the 1830s. My
paper focuses on sensational temperance novels which emerged in the 1840s and 1850s. These works included vivid descriptions of delirium tremens, broken homes, and alcohol-induced murders. Instead of remedies for the excessive use of liquor, the authors of novels such as Franklin Evans (1842), The Glass (1849), or Ten Nights in a Bar-Room (1854) increasingly stressed alcohol’s ravages using sensational images which were typical for antebellum popular fiction.

Throughout history, intoxicants were an important part of the war experience. The First World War was by no means an exception in that respect: its main "war drugs" were alcohol (mostly beer, brandy, rum, schnapps, wine, and vodka), morphine, and cocaine. These were both "prescribed" by military authorities and "self-prescribed" by soldiers. As in the past, the reasons for using drugs varied: from purely medical (killing the pain, anesthetizing, and energizing) to performance enhancement, from raising the fighting spirit to alleviating combat trauma, from strengthening bonds between companions to mitigating the fear of battle. Simultaneously and paradoxically, in many states temperance ideas gained in popularity and prohibitionist regulations were adopted.

PROSTITÚCIÓ, ÉS PROHIBÍCIÓ A MAI MAGYARORSZÁGON: AVAGY MIÉRT NEM SIKERÜL A RENDŐRSÉGNEK A SZOCIALIZMUST LEVETKŐZNI A XXI. SZÁZADBAN.

A szocialista tábor legvidámabb barakkja. Így jellemezték Magyarországot az 1950-es években. Vajon a társadalom perifériájára szorult csoportok is így látták ezt? A tanulmány a prostitúció, és a prohibíció összefüggéseit vizsgálja, figyelemmel a szocializmus hazánkra gyakorolt hatásaira, a pártállami időszakra, a büntetőpolitikára, és a rendőrségi munkavégzésre. A szerző a korszak jellemzőit feltárja, majd azokat a doktori értekezés során kapott eredményekkel összevetve értékeli.
Kulcsszavak: prostitúció, prohibícionista modell, hidegháború, szocializmus, rendőrség

Prostitution, and prohibition in Hungary nowdays: or why can’t break the police with the socialism in the XXI. century.

The happiest barrack in the socialist camp. So was called Hungary in the 50’s. So did see the marginalized groups of the social periphery too? The connection of the prostitution, and the prohibition is exemined by the study, with attention of the effects of socialism on Hungary, of the party’s term, of the criminal politics, and of the police’s work. The features of the therm will be showed, and they will be examined with the dissertation’s results by the author.

Keywords: prostitution, prohibition, cold war, socialism, police

Temperance has been a household term among the Seventh-day Adventists in the nineteenth century. This term carries with it a significant history and impact to the society. This paper argues that the rich nineteenth-century temperance context helps understand and appreciate the message and teaching of Ellen White on temperance. Moreover, the church needs to keep this legacy from this period alive and to pass on to our generation today. This paper will surely contribute to advance the health and wholeness of the people in Africa.

Analisa-se o discurso oficial das drogas responsável pela criminalização primária e secundária que incide seletivamente nos estratos sociais marginalizados, como política penal negativa. É assim, mediante o bem jurídico de saúde pública, que se busca legitimar a incriminação de drogas proibidas. O discurso oficial proibicionista divide-se em quatro planos: moral, sanitarista, segurança pública e segurança internacional. Dentro do plano sanitarista, o bem jurídico de saúde pública não representa uma necessidade individual, pelo qual não é legítima as incriminações de droga no âmbito do bem jurídico, desprovida de políticas públicas voltadas às necessidades reais da população vulnerável. Os efeitos perversos e mais nefastos de tal política penal podem ser notados tanto no encarceramento em massa promovido pelas agências de controle oficial por tráfico de entorpecentes, quanto na utilização constante de metáforas bélicas em matéria de política criminal, com a efetiva militarização da segurança pública. Há que se pensar, portanto, em uma política criminal diversa, de redução dos danos causados pela criminalização, associada à descriminalização das substâncias ilícitas, em face do fracasso da política repressiva no que diz respeito aos seus objetivos declarados de redução do consumo, além dos graves prejuízos que ela representa para a democracia e para os direitos humanos.

Frances Willard (1839-1898) is best remembered (if she is remembered at all) as President of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, the largest organization of women in the world in the 19th century. She was one of the most famous people of her time and her work for temperance and other social reforms, including labor and prison reforms, women’s rights and world peace, propelled these reforms forward. Willard’s unique approach to this reform work, specifically her approach to expanding women’s public role, created room for vast numbers of women to join her in what I argue was essentially a feminist crusade. This essay is meant to provide some biographical background about Willard, grounding her feminism and reform spirit in her early life, and outlining the basics of her pioneering approach that linked the 19th century temperance and suffrage movements, moving both forward at a critical time. It is not meant as a comprehensive study, but as a pointer to this hidden story and a brief correction of the historic record on this topic.

In den 1990er Jahren steckte die Drogenpolitik in einer Sackgasse. Das Buch versuchte Wege aus dem Dilemma aufzuzeigen. Es zieht eine kritische Bilanz des Drogenproblems und plädiert für eine liberalere Drogenpolitik. Die damaligen Positionsbezüge sind auch für die aktuelle Debatte noch relevant.

Inhalt
Drogen und Drogenprohibition - historische und zeitgenössische Erfahrungen.- "Opium für das Volk"? Worum geht es bei der Drogengeschichte?.- Drogenprohibition und koloniale Expansion.- Alkohol und das Paradigma der Trunksucht.- Von der Alkoholprohibition zum Social drinking.- Opium und Chemie der Alkaloide: Zur Industrialisierung der Drogenproduktion.- Antiopiumbewegung: Der Kreuzzug gegen die Rauschgifte seit dem Internationalen Opium-Abkommen von Den Haag (1912).- Rausch und Revolte - zum Drogenexperiment der 68er.- Erfahrungsberichte von Betroffenen.- Therapeutische Konzepte.- Suchtmittel und Suchtkranke heute.- Veränderte Behandlungskonzepte.- Kritik der heutigen Praxis.- Die Frage der Ersatzdrogen.- Methadon, seine Wirkungen und Anwendungen.- Begleitende soziale Hilfen - das Beispiel der Fixerräume.- Diversifizierte Drogenabgabe - Gedanken zur neuesten Entwicklung in der Schweiz.- Ausblick.- Zeittafel.- Drogenkompendium.- Literatur.

Nagaland is a province in India in which alcohol manufacture, import and consumption is prohibited. The Christian missionaries fervently sought to dissuade the Naga tribes from the consumption of the traditional brews. Together the Naga Mothers' Association and the Naga Baptist Church Council actively pursued alcohol prohibition in Nagaland, which resulted in the Nagaland Liquor Total Prohibition Act, 1989. However, alcohol is readily available throughout the state today if one knows where to find it. This article examines the relational modalities stemming from the law and its percolation into everyday life in order to understand the modern state in Nagaland through the agency and culture behind the enactment, promulgation and implementation of the law in the everyday. Through this article, I make the case for the study of provincial laws to gain insight into the ways in which the modern state is being reimagined in the postcolonial era under militarisation and within several restrictions imposed by the hegemonic state.

A descriptive catalogue for a collection of research material relating to Fr. Theobald Mathew OSFC (1790-1856) and the temperance crusade. The collection includes correspondence, publications, newspaper cuttings, ephemera and original artefacts relating to various commemorations of Father Mathew and his total abstinence campaign in Ireland, Britain and the United States from the nineteenth century onwards.

This dissertation explored the history of Protestant social activism in Chicago in the era up to the Chicago Fire.  It argued that much of the shaping of early Chicago was accomplished by Yankee Protestants who unwittingly imposed their class, cultural and religious values on the residents, including new immigrants.  While much of the work of transforming the city focused on moral transformation of the individual; abolitionist and labor groups were more about social justice and the transformation of social sytems.

The main focus of my investigation is to look into the effects that alcohol has had on society and law in Alaska through its history. A particular emphasis will be placed into its effects on the native communities of Alaska and how have they reacted to it. For this I will examine the available personal accounts, newspaper accounts, jurisprudence related, and psico/social research to the topic.

The practice of preaching parish missions became widespread in Ireland after Catholic Emancipation in 1829. The upsurge in devotional practices and the dramatic increase in Mass attendance in the late nineteenth century ensured an increasing demand for local missions and retreats. Diocesan priests were not always plentiful so there was a general dependence upon religious orders for preaching and for parish mission work. The collection includes records relating to missions and retreats preached by the Irish Capuchin friars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The collection also includes material relating to special temperance missions given by the friars in response to a call from the Irish Catholic hierarchy to undertake a nationwide total abstinence campaign in 1905. The missionary zeal of the friars ensured that their temperance work extended to almost every part of the country. From Falcarragh in north Donegal to Bantry in west Cork, and from Achill Island off the western seaboard to the urban centres of Dublin and Belfast, the Capuchins worked tirelessly on the temperance mission. Record series in the collection include lists of missions and retreats given by the Capuchins, mission accounts and commentaries, temperance and pledge-taking records, correspondence, publicity material, printed ephemera and newspaper reports on missions preached by the friars.

The Mexican government's "war on drugs," carried out with full support from the United States, has gained a visible media presence in the past few years, particularly because of extremely high levels of violence. This violence, however, has been largely represented in the media as a masculinized battle between cartels and military forces. Official discourses often insist that most victims are men directly involved in narco-trafficking, oversimplifying the nature of the violence (which is often created by military forces) and missing women's presence among the victims as well in activist circles. This essay problematizes these misconceptions by examining the recent emergence of activism among Mexican women affected by the violence of the " war on drugs. " In particular, I analyze, first, how women who lost family members to this violence became active protestors of government policies and, second, the affective and political relations they forge as part of this activism. Based on fieldwork in Mexico City and the United States, I examine the trajectories and experiences of women involved in the Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity (Movimiento por la Paz con Justicia y Dignidad) and The Mothers' Network (La red de las madres). Specifically, I analyze the way that gender roles, kinship ties, and motherhood informs the experience of many activists but also the ways in which some of them make sense of their agency in their roles as sisters, daughters or indeed through their experiences of violence not expressed through an affiliation with kin.

¿Qué nos puede enseñar la historia sobre las políticas de prohibición de drogas? Argumento que nos puede enseñar por lo menos una media docena de principios universales, un conocimiento de los cuales podría ayudar en la formación o la modificación de las políticas públicas de hoy. Primero, hablo de los factores culturales que han impactado la definición de lo que es un “narcótico” desde principios del siglo XX. Luego, paso a 3 estudios de caso: A: El tabaco, la primera droga comerciada por todo el mundo; B: El opio en la China decimonónica; y C: El alcohol y su contrabando durante la Ley Seca estadounidense.

Dr. Caleb Williams Saleeby was the author of Parenthood and Race Culture, one of the first monographs on eugenics and the book that popularized the term "racial poison." Some racial poisons were diseases, like syphilis or gonorrhea, that could kill off a population by causing sterility. The phrase also encompassed environmental toxins like lead, nicotine, and alcohol. Saleeby's coinage became shorthand for conditions and substances that simultaneously poisoned individuals and their "germ plasm," the cellular repository of heredity. The goal of eradicating the racial poisons and the harm they caused-particularly infant morbidity and mortality-provided common ground for early 20th century reformers, and their concerns fed the growing support for legal prohibition of alcohol. This article details Saleeby's focus on alcohol as the premier racial poison, linked to the societal maladies of crime, disease, poverty, and welfare dependence. Most critically, it links Saleeby's activities with William Jennings Bryan, who accompanied Saleeby on a speaking tour sponsored by the Anti-Saloon League, one of the most powerful lobbying groups that advocated for a prohibition amendment. It also highlights connections between Saleeby and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, whose members incorporated Saleeby's eugenic insights into a long-term educational campaign that Bryan credited with making Prohibition a reality in 1920s America.

2008 marks a hundred years since Victorian (Aust.) women gained the right to vote.  But which radical women campaigned for this right? A small but luminous fragment of history provides us with a new way of looking at Churches of Christ women. This short article for a broad readership describes how several seasoned Temperance campaigners, signed the Women's Suffrage Petition in 1891.

This article analyzes the local and transnational entanglements of interwar liquor contraband operations to show how smuggling in the Baltic Sea region grew from small-scale coast-to-coast operations to a large-scale trade organized by transnational syndicates moving millions of liters. It examines transnational smuggling networks, the use of flags of convenience and large base ships to argue that the framework of the “Helsinki Convention for the Suppression of the Contraband Traffic in Alcoholic Liquors of 1925” led to professionalization and trans-nationalization of contraband operations and a significant growth in liquor smuggling. The analysis of the Free City of Danzig (Wolne Miasto Gdańsk), where the boundaries between small-scale smuggling and professional contraband operations were fluid, provides insights into the local elements of liquor smuggling operations. This part of the argument focuses on the weak governmental control and the tax-free area in the Danzig port, which provided the necessary infrastructure for large-scale smuggling and enabled the city-state to become a major hub for liquor smuggling operations.

Hell Hole Swamp, located in Berkeley County, South Carolina, was home to some of the largest moonshine distillation operations in the nation during the Prohibition Era. Although liquor distillation sites in the state date as early as the 1750s, few of these sites have been formally documented. These sites may have only ephemeral remains due to short and clandestine periods of use, and can be frequently overlooked as modern debris or refuse scatters. Utilizing archaeological models established for these sites in different parts of Appalachia, as well as available ethnographic data, it may be possible to refine the diagnostic characteristics for still sites in order to better understand this facet of nineteenth and twentieth century life in the Francis Marion National Forest.

Usury - lending at interest or excessive interest - has, according to known records, been practiced in various parts of the world for at least four thousand years.  During this time, there is substantial evidence of intense criticisism by various traditions, institutions and social reformers on moral, ethical, religious and legal grounds.  The rationale employed by these wide-ranging critics have included arguments about work ethic, social justice, economic instability, ecological destruction and inter-generational equity.  While the contemporary relevance of these largely historical debates are not analysed in detail, the authors contend that their significance is greater than ever before in the context of the modern interest-based global economy

What do discourses about prisons, trafficking and “prostitution” have in common? This
paper analyses the ideological framework of social movements with respect to the rhetorical
deployment of abolitionism. Critical to all of these movements is the concept of abolishing
slavery. After tracing “the new abolitionism” of trafficking and prostitution back to the
19th Century Anglo American temperance movement, this paper will address the following:
How are these social movements impacted by considerations of (social) class, religious
fervor, gender, sexuality, citizenship, race, and ethnicity? Who is speaking for whom and
why does it matter, politically and ethically? In what ways are today’s opponents of
“prostitution” reproducing yesterday’s slogans of “white slavery”? It is argued that there are
some fundamental differences between contemporary anti-prison movements and the anti-sex
industry movement. Prisoners’ rights activists focus on the causes of mass incarceration and
explore which demands best lead to overall decarceration; penal critics demand excarceration
and a complete transformation of the penal system. Those who condemn “prostitution” rely
heavily on the prosecution of “pimps” and “johns” with the goal of freeing the girls and women
from “sexual slavery.” Finally, the paper will explain in detail why it is misplaced to label the
movement against the sex industry as abolitionist rather than, say, prohibitionist.

At the beginning of the 21st century, alcoholism, transnational drug trafficking and drug addiction constitute major problems in various South Asian countries. The production, circulation and consumption of intoxicating substances created (and responded to) social upheavals in the region and had widespread economic, political and cultural repercussions on an international level. This book looks at the cultural, social, and economic history of intoxicants in South Asia, and analyses the role that alcohol and drugs have played in the region.

The book explores the linkages between changing meanings of intoxicating substances, the making of and contestations over colonial and national regimes of regulation, economics, and practices and experiences of consumption. It shows the development of current meanings of intoxicants in South Asia – in terms of politics, cultural norms and identity formation – and the way in which the history of drugs and alcohol is enmeshed in the history of modern empires and nation states — even in a country in which a staunch teetotaller and active anti-drug crusader like Mohandas Gandhi is presented as the ‘father of the nation’.

Primarily a historical analysis, the book also includes perspectives from Modern Indology and Cultural Anthropology and situates developments in South Asia in wider imperial and global contexts. It is of interest to scholars working on the social and cultural history of alcohol and drugs, South Asian Studies and Global History.

Le mezcal est la boisson identitaire des Mexicains. Issu de la distillation de l'agave, ce spiritueux est encore très mal connu en dehors de son pays d'origine. Ignoré du grand public, le véritable mezcal exerce une fascination transculturelle auprès des connaisseurs du monde entier. Cette eau-de-vie est aujourd'hui l'un des spiritueux les plus en vogue. L'histoire du mezcal c'est aussi celle du Mexique. Cette boisson symbolise la quintessence de la culture mexicaine. La fabrication artisanale, la large palette aromatique et la production biologique font la spécificité de cet « enfant terrible du Mexique ». Le renouveau du mezcal prend sa source au Mexique et aux États-Unis. Son passage par les circuits culturels internationaux participe à sa découverte et sa légitimation. Distillé et consommé principalement par les populations indigènes d'origine rurale, il a longtemps été ignoré, voire méprisé par les élites qui aujourd'hui en sont particulièrement friandes. Ce livre analyse le processus de réhabilitation du mezcal. Il donne à voir la manière dont se construit son nouveau statut symbolique, révèle les contradictions liées au développement économique du Mexique. Par là même, il mesure l'évolution des rapports économiques et sociaux qui sous-tendent ce processus. Combinant une analyse sociologique et historique, cet ouvrage propose au lecteur un véritable voyage au « pays du mezcal ».

Under guest editors Angela McShane and James Kneale, the Social History of Alcohol and Drugs, vol. 25 (2011) is devoted to eight papers selected from the more than fifty presented at the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) Intoxicants and Intoxication in Cultural and Historical Perspective Network, in the United Kingdom, 2008-2010. The issue also includes thirteen book reviews unconnected with the Network.

The percentage of alcoholics has increased significantly in Tamil Nadu in particular thus making it a matter of immediate concern. This policy brief tries to addresses the crucial questions revolving around the liquor policy of Tamil Nadu, keeping in mind the concerns of health, Constitutional guidelines, implications for the revenue and social consequences of alcohol. It tries to make a case for 'regulation' as a way forward in addressing alcoholism instead of blanket ban on liquor trade.

It may be hard to believe, but Calvary Church has a direct connection to John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States, and to the preeminent early American architect Charles Bulfinch, who designed the State Capital with its iconic gold dome in Boston.  It is the shared history of our beloved “Bulfinch Steeple” that links us to such prodigious figures.

The story begins in 1809 when the Boylston Market Association purchased land in Boston for $20,560. The association’s president was none other than John Quincy Adams.  In 1810, the association commissioned Charles Bulfinch to design and build a 3-story structure.  This building included a “belfry”, which now sets atop our church as its beloved steeple.

Interestingly, the Boylston Market had quite an array of tenants.  In 1812, it served as home to the Linnaean Society of New England, and as the New York Museum.  In subsequent years, the Handel and Haydn Society held concerts in the hall.  In 1845, the Workingmen’s Protective Union opened a shop on the 2nd floor.  And in 1877, dealers for butter and cheese served as tenants.  Special events also took place in the building’s hall during its early history, including the New England Anti-Slavery Convention of 1834.  Additionally, the New England Anti-Slavery Society held its July 4th celebrations at the hall throughout the 1830’s.  The hall was also often used for art exhibitions, such as the 1848 unveiling of the painting “Grand Serial Panorama of Mexico” by a veteran of the Mexican War, Capt. Corydon Donnavon.

The story continues in 1887 when the Boylston Market was demolished.  However, special fore thought was taken when its elegant “belfry” was preserved for future use.  For the next 34 years the “belfry” was stored at some unknown location waiting for adoption into a new building.  The fortunate new owners turned out to be us when in 1921 the “belfry” was donated by A. C. Van Norstrand of Charlestown, and was hoisted onto our church during its original construction.  Why we received such a historic structure is unknown.  And, what is remarkable is that such an architectural artifact was preserved and re-used in the first place.

As a result of the steeple’s link to two important figures of Early American History, it has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places.  We stand as stewards of the “belfry”, now our church steeple.  With this stewardship comes the responsibility to maintain and care for it.  Over the many years, the steeple has required various degrees of renovation and maintenance.  Thus, the church must continually find the resources to ensure that the story of the steeple continues for many years to come.

U radu se, putem promatranja konstrukcije pijenja kao društvenog problema iz socio-konstruktivističke perspektive, nude objašnjenja koncepcija alkoholizma kao bolesti zavisnosti, pijenja i opijanja kao društveno poželjnog/nepoželjnog obrasca ponašanja, kao i korelacija ovih fenomena sa drugim društvenim procesima koji su se odvijali u konvergenciji sa sazdavanjem pijenja kao društvenog problema, poput stvaranja države-nacije, koncepta odgovornog građanina/građanke, podele na privatnu i javnu sferu, invencijom koncepta zavisnosti i koncepta adiktivne ličnosti. Pomenuti proces smešten je u okvire konstrukcije društvenog problema prema Spektoru i Kicusu, ali takođe predstavlja i krnji konstrukt. Osnovna teza u radu jeste da je iz prepoznavanja pijenja kao štetnog, i samim time društvenog problema, te, sledstveno, poželjne ili nepoželjne društvene prakse, proistekao i ambivalentni odnos prema pijenju i alkoholnim pićima, globalno prisutan i implementiran u „društveni moral” posredstvom javnih politika.