Tourism Destination Image and Development

This chapter promotes the value of the Repertory Test technique, also referred to as Repertory Grid Analysis and Kelly’s triads, for eliciting attributes that are important to consumers when they are differentiating a competitive set of brands. Underpinned by Personal Construct Theory, the Repertory Test is ideal for identifying scale items in the development of destination image questionnaires.

Dentro de la Ruta del Spondylus, esta nueva propuesta turística identifica las playas ecuatorianas más propicias para la práctica del surf y explora sus características. La información está disponible en una mini-guía recién editada que reseñamos aquí.

Local input into identifying and selecting the unique selling points of a destination is an important element in the development of appropriate and culturally sensitive tourism to developing international tourist destinations. Here, a destination appraisal matrix was created and, then, was tested by a group of Iranian tourist industry representatives. The destination appraisal matrix technique can easily be used by tourism marketers in such developing countries, and the matrix proved to be a successful method of initiating discussions on the problem of positioning a destination when normal expertise, structures and resources are lacking and conventional approaches to positioning are difficult or inappropriate.

W literaturze przedmiotu można spotkać się z szerokim opisem wydarzeń jako nowoczesnej (współczesnej, atrakcyjnej, skutecznej) formy promocji, ale także niektórzy autorzy  starają się przedstawić wydarzenie jako atrakcyjny produkt organizatora, czy też produkt destynacji , który wymaga dobrze zorganizowanego zarządzania marketingowego i może być sukcesem rynkowym przy zwróceniu szczególnej uwagi na pewne elementy kluczowe dla osiągnięcia postawionych przed wydarzeniem celów. Autor tej publikacji przyznaje, że i jedno i drugie podejście jest właściwe, jednak z uwagi na fakt, że każdy produkt (także materialny, czy też usługowy) jest swego rodzaju nośnikiem informacji wykorzystywanej w procesie komunikacji (promocji) to dla pokazania marketingowych aspektów zarządzania wydarzeniami, wydarzenia zostaną przedstawione jako rozbudowane produkty (destynacji, obiektów, jak i przedsiębiorstw czy też organizacji-non profit) spełniające dla tych interesariuszy ważne funkcje: źródło różnych korzyści ekonomicznych, rozbudowy i/lub poprawy infrastruktury specjalnie dedykowanej dla realizacji wydarzeń jak i ogólnej (np. komunikacyjnej) w destynacji, poprawy lub utrwalenia pozytywnego wizerunku (np. miasta czy też zaangażowanych podmiotów), czy też możliwości nawiązania nowych relacji z różnymi podmiotami o podobnych zainteresowaniach i wymiany wiedzy – a zatem swego rodzaju źródło do kreowania innowacji (produktowych, procesowych, marketingowych).
Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie specyfiki zarządzania marketingowego wydarzeniami i identyfikacja krytycznych (istotnych) dla osiągniecia sukcesu rynkowego decyzji zarządczych na poszczególnych etapach tego procesu.
Zakłada się, że istnieją pewne powtarzalne elementy sukcesu wydarzeń bez względu na to, jakie wydarzenie jest przygotowywane, jak również, że znaczenie wydarzeń jako atrakcyjnego produktu (miast oraz przedsiębiorstw) i skutecznej formy promocji zaangażowanych w wydarzenie podmiotów, będzie rosło wraz rozwojem gospodarczym regionów i będzie wymagało strategicznego zarządzania marketingowego tymi wydarzeniami.
Dla przygotowania tego opracowania zastosowano metody analizy, obserwacji i syntezy z wykorzystaniem szerokiej literatury przedmiotu jak i wielu źródeł wtórnych (w tym szczególnie raportów i analiz) oraz opracowań własnych Autora przygotowanych dla wybranych miast w Polsce.
Przedstawione opracowanie składa się z wstępu, czterech rozdziałów, suplementu i zakończenia. Dodatkową wartościową częścią pracy, do której Autor odwołuje się często w treści opracowania, są załączniki.
W pierwszych dwóch rozdziałach (I i II) odniesiono się głównie do teoretycznych aspektów zarządzania marketingowego wydarzeniami jako produktem na różnych rynkach, a w dalszej części (rozdziały III i IV oraz suplement) przedstawiono, po wprowadzeniu teoretycznym, kilka przykładów kluczowych decyzji w procesie zarządzania wydarzeniami biznesowymi, sportowymi, jak i kulturalnymi i zastosowania wydarzeń w marketingu wewnętrznym jak i zewnętrznym.

Catalunya is a region fighting for recognition as a ‘nation’ within the Spanish state. One of the major weapons that it has used in this struggle is the creation and projection of a distinct image of Catalunya as a country with distinct culture and traditions. At the same time, however, Catalunya has also sought to portray itself as a modern, sophisticated country which is more European that Spanish. This strategy has a long history, stretching back to the 19th century desire to position Barcelona as the ‘Paris of the South’.

In the past, the ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ images of Catalunya had been developed separately, following distinct political agendas. In recent years, however, the strategy has changed with the election of left-nationalist coalition government in the region. The new government has tried to create bridges between the idea of Catalunya as a modern, cosmopolitan society and the idea of Catalunya as a country with a 1000 year history, steeped in tradition. One device chosen  recently to achieve this aim has been the concept of  ‘identity tourism’, which is currently being developed by Turisme de Catalunya. The basic idea of identity tourism is to develop Catalan identity as a tourist attraction.

The aim of this paper is to examine the current role of Catalan identity in the image and tourism product of Catalunya, and to investigate how the concept of ‘identity tourism’ as proposed by the public sector might work in practice. In ‘particular, attention will be paid to the problematic nature of identity in the Catalan context, and the way in which questions of identity are related to the current development of cultural tourism in Catalunya, for example through the promotion of ‘Catalan’ cultural icons such as Gaudì, Mirò and Picasso.

Draft of a chapter for book on Commercial Nationalism, published by Channel View.

Hall, C.M. 2016, 100% Pure Neoliberalism: Brand New Zealand, New Thinking, New Stories, Inc. in Commercial Nationalism: Selling the National Story in Tourism and Events, ed. L. White, Bristol: Channelview.

This study seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the image formation process as it relates to museums with a view to comparing and contrasting tourists and residents as the two main target segments for this high-quality attraction. This study theoretically develops and empirically tests a measurement model of the museum image formation process, integrating the processes for both residents and tourists. The model also examines visitor motivations and information sources as conditioning variables. Finally, it studies the effect of visitor image on satisfaction with the museum visitation experience. The results of this study suggest that residents and tourists have some differences in their image formation process following visitation to a museum. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Keywords: museum; image; tourists; residents

This paper analyzes tourism planning and development in the Canary Islands, Spain, and tries to give guidelines to avoid future imbalances. It is suggested that prior to implementing any partial measure, a global analysis is required, and that designing integrated information systems would help Canarian tourism management in the future.

Tourism industry in Thailand is important for economic activity and for determining the regional policy
of the country. Tourism is likely to increase its contribution to the GDP from its already significant role of more than
10%. Local people get undeniable benefits from tourism in their economic and social environments. The
management of tourism destination has become more important for stakeholders, especially in terms of destination
identity of tourism. Koh Chang Marine National Park (KCMNP) stakeholders, both senders and receivers,
emphasize the importance of destination identity. The development and use of a strong destination identity is critical
when making strategic marketing plans. The information the tourist uses to make their decision can come from a
stakeholder’s focus in managing destination identity. Effective management will improve KCMNP’s revenues on a
long-term sustainable basis, as well as, ensure that the local community gets the benefits associated with a
successful tourist destination in the form of more tasks, better jobs, improved services, and increased quality of life.
A qualitative content analysis of data is conducted in this study, to identify key requirements and components of Koh
Chang Marine National Park’s stakeholders. The main research results and recommendations are provided along
with suggestions for future research. The tourism industry in KCMNP requires improvement in order to provide a
better tourism destination identity. An improved destination identity can help KCMNP effectively share its message
to potential tourists, ultimately stabilizing and growing the number of visitors every year. It is necessary though, that
this activity be actively supported by the stakeholder community and tourists. Koh Chang Marine National Park is
one of 127 national parks in Thailand. In the past, it was a very popular destination, and Chang Island, as the largest
most developed island in the park, benefitted the most. However, in recent years, tourist arrivals to national park
have significantly decreased from its peak in 2010. Koh Chang Marine National Park (KCMNP) is a 42-island
archipelago in the Gulf of Thailand. It is located in Trat Province in the eastern region of Thailand close to the
Cambodian border, nearly 8 kilometres from shore. Its most significant tourist destination is called Chang Island or
Koh Chang. The Island, the second largest in Thailand after Phuket was declared a district of Trat province in
August 2007. Because of its size and prominence as the second largest island in the kingdom, there are many
visitors. In the past, the island, while technically uninhabited, was used as a port to escape the monsoon, as well as,
provision resources. Later on, the Island was developed as a tourist destination and was designated a national park
on 31st December I982 to become the 45th national park in Thailand. This study aims to gain insight into the situation
behind the lacklustre arrival numbers and to explore the recognition of both the sender side and receiver side of
KCMNP’s stakeholders. This should help identify key issues that will allow facilitate the development of suitable
guidelines to generate a strong, viable destination identity. Analysis of resources, competencies and capabilities of
the locale are the basis from which the destination brand identity can be developed. This study tries to determine the
key components of destination identity of Koh Chang Marine National Park? The objective of this study is to better
understand the perception of stakeholders about KCMNP using interview questions as a base for research.

Turismo e terremoto: un tema poco considerato a livello nazionale, eppure si tratta di un argomento che dovrebbe essere centrale in una nazione come l’Italia, un territorio ad alta vocazione turistica, ma geomorfologicamente ad alto rischio sismico. L’assunto che si porta alla luce è il rapporto tra turismo e terremoto in una micro-realtà turistica, uno zoom che aiuta ad evidenziare l’importanza di attuare politiche governative e di Destination Management che considerino il forte legame, in alcune località, tra l’economia del turismo e la diseconomia del terremoto. Castelluccio di Norcia è un piccolo villaggio appenninico che si trova in Umbria. Luogo di contadini e di pastori transumanti, data alla sua conformazione geografica e alla fisica lontananza da altri borghi, questo borgo rimase isolato per molti secoli, mantenendo immutato il proprio Genius Loci, e riuscendo a tramandare, di generazione in generazione, il proprio modus vivendi. Tuttavia, l’economia castellucciana assistette ad una brusca trasformazione nel giro di soli 60 anni, passando dall’economia agricola a quella turistica. Case e stalle furono trasformate in strutture ricettive o di ristorazione; contadini e pastori, in imprenditori. Quando, il 24 agosto del 2016, il paese fu colpito dalla prima scossa sismica, la destinazione era al suo topos turistico: quasi tutti i settori pastorali-agricoli erano stati o completamente assorbiti dall’industria dei viaggi o erano fortemente complementari ad essa. Infatti, fino a quel giorno il 68% delle attività economiche castellucciane dipendeva direttamente dalle entrate monetarie del settore dei viaggi, mentre il restante 32% poteva contare sulla ricchezza indiretta o indotta proveniente da questa industria. Va da sé che, quando Castelluccio di Norcia venne distrutto dalla scossa del 30 ottobre 2016, insieme ai suoi edifici e alla sua storia crollarono anche l’economia e i flussi turistici. Questo è il secondo punto focale di questi elaborato, e cioè l’analisi degli impatti sismici sui flussi turistici in questa località. Dal 2010 ad oggi la storia turistica di Castelluccio è stata contraddistinta da 3 fasi: - quella ante-sismica, che coincide con una crescita della domanda e dell’offerta; - quella dell’anno del sisma, caratterizzata da danni turistico-economici contenuti e in cui si ha una piccola contrazione dei flussi; - quella post-sismica, caratterizzata da danni turistico-economici gravi dove i flussi turistici sono quasi inesistenti e dove le entrate monetarie sono scarse se non assenti. Partendo dal secondo punto elencato, quando la prima scossa ha colpito il paese i danni turistico-economici sono stati essenzialmente due: quelli correlati alla fuga turistica e alla successiva cancellazione delle prenotazioni da parte degli imprenditori locali. Tutto questo comportò un crollo della domanda e delle presenze, per il 2016, pari rispettivamente al 22% e al 32%, e una perdita economica minima pari a 36 mila euro. Lo scenario economico diventa più cupo con la scossa del 30 ottobre, i cui effetti sono tutt’ora visibili e tangibili. Per quanto riguarda il 2017, questa era la situazione in cui versava l’offerta turistica locale: l’82,2% delle strutture ricettive, il 95% dei ristoranti, il 71% delle attività agricole essenziali o connesse, e il 50% delle attività di leisure erano (e sono) inagibili. In termini economici questo significa una perdita annua oltre il milione e mezzo di euro lordi. Dal lato della domanda, vi è stato un crollo degli arrivi pari al 94% rispetto al 2016 (anno in cui vi era già stato un calo del -22% rispetto al 2015). La motivazione a queste cifre negative è da rintracciare, in primo luogo, nell’inagibilità delle strutture ricettive e alla conseguente mancanza di posti-letto, e in secondo luogo, al limitato numero di giorni lavorativi delle strutture, che sono stati 90. Secondo i 150 individui che hanno visitato Castelluccio nel primo anno post-sisma (2017), tra le maggiori problematiche turistiche figurano la chiusura delle strade, la mancanza di sicurezza, il ridotto numero dei posti-letto, la presenza delle macerie e la mancanza di un’area attrezzata per camper e roulotte. È su questi punti e su altri che si sono sviluppate le proposte per la ripartenza e la riqualificazione del settore in questo piccolo borgo che ha vinto il titolo di “piccolo Tibet Italiano”. Infatti, il terzo e ultimo obiettivo di questo elaborato è stato quello di tracciare 13 linee-guida di breve, medio e lungo termine che mitighino le criticità individuate nel ante e post sisma, e avanzino idee utili a sviluppare le opportunità non sfruttate.

The competitiveness of tourist attractions depends on satisfying visitors, saving money, and achieving revisits. Therefore, it is very important to know the roles of visitors' awareness of their satisfaction, theoretical relationships, and loyalty to a destination in both theoretical and empirical aspects. In most of the previous empirical research related to the relationships among destination images, visitors' satisfaction, and their behavioural intentions to a destination, the moderating variables were not considered. Therefore, in this study, we analyse the moderating effects of certain personal features of different age groups on the theoretical relationship among visitors' satisfaction and their behavioural intentions to a destination and that destination's image. More specially, this research is conducted based on the exploration of the influences of differences in ages on the relationships between the destination's image and the visitors' satisfaction or behavioural intentions. Based on the multiple-group causes and effect analyses, the research results show that the visitors' personal features significantly affect the relationship between the destination's image and visitors' satisfaction or behavioural intentions. Moreover, in general, these relationships tend to be stronger for younger visitors. Finally, the influences are analysed and discussed in both the theoretical and practical aspects.

Целта на тази книга е да запознае потенциалните читатели с основните принципи и с научноизследователските подходи при проучванията на туристическата среда и устойчивото развитие на туристическа дестинация, създаването на туристически бранд, както и организацията и технологията на стратегическото планиране на местно ниво. Актуалността на темата се свързва с неразпознаваемостта и неефективното използване на туристическите ресурси в община Чипровци на настоящия етап, въпреки включването на килимарските традиции в списъка на световното нематериално културно наследство на ЮНЕСКО. Туризмът не фигурира във визията на програмни документи и практически все още липсват достатъчно реализирани целенасочени местни политики в сектора. Същевременно устойчивото развитие е заложено в Националната стратегия за развитие на туризма и представлява приоритет на Световната туристическа организация. То¬ва налага адаптиране и прилагане на работещ модел и утвърдени методики за устойчиво развитие на туристическа дестинация. Обект на изследване е община Чипровци в качеството на териториална система за отдих и туризъм. Като туристическа дестинация общината притежава ограничени ресурси за развитие на някои специализирани видове туризъм. Съхранената природа, растителното и животинско разнообразие и защитени зони са основна предпоставка за развитие на екологичен и в частност орнитоложки и ботанически туризъм. Благоприятните форми на релефа, в съчетание с малки пещери и водопади, биха могли да привличат туристи за планински, приключенски и екстремен спорт и туризъм. Историческите и религиозни паметници са основа за комплексно предлагане на културен, фестивален и религиозен туризъм. Благоприятни възможности има за развитие на образователен и доброволчески туризъм. Ресурсите на община Чипровци все още не се използват рационално за устойчиво развитие на алтернативни видове туризъм, като основен ограничаващ фактор е отдалечеността на дестинацията от основните пътни артерии, столицата и по-големите областни градове – Велико Търново, Русе и др. Общината няма работеща дългосрочна стратегия за развитие на туризма все още, но вече има усилия на местната власт в тази насока, като за основа е положен научно-изследователски подход и се работи върху Програма за развитие на туризма на община Чипровци 2021-2027 г. Предмет на изследване в книгата са: 1) проучването, анализът и оценката на туристическия потенциал на община Чипровци, като подсистеми на териториалната система за отдиха и туризма) ТСОТ и изследване на взаимовръзките между тях, 2) възможностите за създаване на туристически бранд и 3) стратегическо планиране на устойчивото туристическо развитие на дестинацията. Целта на изследването обхваща анализ и оценка на ресурсния потенциал, създаване на туристически бранд, както и формулиране на стратегически цели и приоритети за устойчиво развитие на туризма в община Чипровци. Във връзка с посочената цел са формулирани следните основни изследователски задачи: 1. Изясняване същността на ТСОТ на местно пространствено ниво и разкриване на взаимовръзките на отделните подсистеми. 2. Анализ и оценка на подсистемите на ТСОТ на община Чипровци за очертаване нейната продуктова политика и насоките за устойчиво развитие. 3. Методика за оценка на туристическите ресурси и извеждане на критерии за оценка на туристическия потенциал на местно ниво. 4. Проучване на съществуващите схеми за туристическо райониране и разработване на туристическа схема за микрорайониране по примера на общини Ботевград, Костинброд и Горна Малина. 5. Проучване на различни аспекти на устойчивото развитие и добри практики в подбрани дестинации; 6. Създаване и управление на туристически бранд Чипровци; 7. Формулиране на цели и стратегически приоритети за устойчиво туристическо развитие на община Ботевград. За постигане на изследователската цел и решаване на основните задачи в книгата е използвана съвкупност от общонаучни и частни методи, съответстващи на интердистциплинарния и хетерогеннен характер на ТСОТ на местно ниво – методи на анализ и синтез, камерален метод, математико-статистически методи, картографски метод , ГИС , SWOT анализ, социологически методи и др. Основните подходи на изследването са системният, свързан със системния характер на ТСОТ и емпиричният подход, използван за набиране на необходимата по обем и характер първична количествена и качествена информация (ниска степен на проученост на обекта на изследване). Използваните методи на изследване стъпват на дедуктивен подход, тоест изводите се извеждат по логически път от общите положения към частните случаи. Използвани са още подход на проучвания и систематизиране на информация на литературни източници и планови документи; набиране, обработка, систематизиране и интерпретиране на статистически данни и документи; метод на критичния анализ и експертна оценка; метод на сравнителния анализ; анкетен метод и натурно обследване; аналитично-прогнозен метод; научен анализ и синтез, работа с фокус групи; теренно наблюдение. Защитаваната изследователска теза е, че постигането на устойчиво развитие на туристическа дестинация на местно ниво е възможно само при системно използване и прилагане на критериите и показателите за анализ и оценка на туристическия потенциал, ясно дефиниране и следване на стратегическите цели и приоритети за устойчивото развитие на туристическа дестинация, съобразно нейната идентичност и репутация. Основните проблеми и ограничения са свързани с липсата на достатъчно актуална и достоверна информация за туристическите ресурси и обекти на територията на общината, доставчиците на услуги и състоянието на туристическото предлагане. При анкетните проучвания, насочени към посетителите, сериозен недостатък се оказа липсата на целенасочена местна политика, свързана с туризма, както и недостатъчен маркетинг и реклама. Пълната липса на предходни научноизследователски проучвания, мониторинг на посетителите и налична статистическа информация възпрепятства изготвянето на задълбочени анализи. Липсата на квалифицирани кадри и традиции в областта на туризма, затихващата функция на туристическите обекти и фактът, че никога преди това общината не е работила целенасочено за развитието на сектора, се оказаха друг сериозен ограничителен фактор. Монографията е предназначена както за студенти, изучаващи туризъм, маркетинг и масови комуникации в различните университети, стопански, журналистически и географски факултети в страната, така и за преподаватели и експерти по туризъм, маркетинг и връзки с обществеността, туристически организации, институции и предприемачи в областта на туризма. Тя е полезно практическо ръководство за местните власти и организациите за управление на туристическите райони в страната.

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT.

Tourism industry is undergoing a considerable extent of research in recent times due to its high relative influence on the economy of nations. The area is subject to multiple studies done by
scholars as well as practitioners. All destinations provide a unique style of experience to every leisure traveler who has a unique perspective about country that is influenced by destination
brand image. This study develops a variable interaction model that assist in forming destination brand image in context to UK’s tourism industry. It also identifies opportunities of further
improvement in enhancing UK's brand image as a tourist destination.

This special issue has now been published (Dec 2019).

For free access (until 30 January 2020) to its editorial article, go to:

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJTC-12-2019-163/full/pdf?title=marketing-smart-tourism-cities-a-strategic-dilemma


For access to the whole special issue, go to:

https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/2056-5607/vol/5/iss/4

The proposed research question aims to further previous research in the field of film/television induced tourism herein after known as film tourism. The research aims to build on previous work by Beeton (2016) O’Connor (2011),  Bolan (2010), Heitmann (2010) in examining stakeholder practice in film tourism management. Specifically Destination Marketing Organisations (DMOs), National Tourism Development Authorities (NTDAs) and tourism organisations in Ireland. This research will be conducted using a mixed method research approach.

Firstly, Irish tourism organisation/agency performance will be analysed against international best practice and close destination competition.  Secondly, having established the role of DMOs/NTDAs within the Irish Film Tourism industry, recommendations will be made based on qualitative interview findings coupled with a review of international tourism organisation management practice in the area of film tourism management. These recommendations, based on organisation feedback and research literature will focus on how tourism agencies and organisations can maximise the potential for film-induced tourism in Ireland.

The monograph offers a research and a planning technology of tourism development in an emerging tourist destination, whose current image does not support, but hinders the development of tourism. Vire this monograph the path from the desire of local authorities to develop viable tourism is traced to the final formulation of practice-oriented guidelines for creating a marketing and communication strategy to promote the municipality of Chelopech as an attractive tourist destination. Here you will find the know-how of each step in tourism development planning, also explained in terms of marketing theory. The valuable thing is that the theory is synthesized and presented logically through practically realized steps - it is a textbook in practice, in research methodology, in methodology of creating a new image, in methodology of product construction of a tourist destination, in methodology of analysis of factors, in methodology of creating rational sectoral policies and targeted actions aiming  sustainable tourism development of the future tourist destination, as well as a practical guide for the local authorities to serve as a guide for tourism development. The theoretical part of the monograph traces all the basic concepts applied in the study, as well as the differences between image and brand, between marketing communications and integrated marketing communications - two current issues of modern marketing, that could be entirely understood only after their practical application. In theory and in practice the main functions of the destination organizations are presented, what the function of almost  all marketing tools is, what the function of the quantitative methods in tourism is, you will see what the selection of the questions in the marketing surveys is and why these questions were selected, how in practice the real state of the image is studied; the state of the tourist development and the supply in the destination are studied; which the system of matrix methodologies is that work in synchrony and these methodologies are interchangeable at each stage of their application to activate resources, to consolidate and to promote the entire product range, which leads to planned, predictable and sustainable product development as a whole.
The empirical researches contribute to supplementing the strong information deficits in the region and it is necessary constant observations and a periodic updating to be carried out in relation to the dynamically changing realities.
The contribution of the present study is that it could serve as a model of local tourism development and branding for other destinations as well. It creates the know-how  about the inexhaustible tourist resources - nature, culture and history, that can be integrated and interpreted through festivals and events in any traditional or new tourist product. At the same time, following the example of Chelopech, the resources of the artistic and creative unions, the community centers in the Republic of Bulgaria, clubs for hobby interests, cultural and other organizations can be integrated for the creation of the long-awaited Bulgarian entertainment industry.
The marketing plan activates and integrates resources to create a wide range of regional tourism products that have the spirit of our history, culture, nature and traditions. Thus, the form, the content and the technology for product realization of Chelopech resource build in the name of tourism, culture and products of Bulgaria a national philosophy and a national vector based on intangible resources.
Indirect effects of applying the proposed methodology for building a viable tourism and turning a small municipality into an attractive tourist destination are: creation of manageable processes for short-term, medium-term and long-term activation of the demand and supply of Bulgarian tourist products; formation of thematic visions and tourist packages - with attractive in thematic profiles sport, cultural, culinary, party, academic and other areas and tours to build a thematic-regional image of tourism; creating the basis of a vision and mission for strategic positioning of the product of Chelopech in the Bulgarian cultural tourist product and activating the tourist resources of the Bulgarian rural municipalities and regions following the example of Chelopech destination.

The objective of this study was to measure the immediate impacts of a film on the perceptions of viewers from different countries. The film chosen for this experiment was the Motorcycle Diaries in which South America was featured prominently in the film. Using established scales from the tourism and marketing literature, viewers from the USA, Canada and Spain were surveyed before and after seeing the film, and results showed that the film did change the viewers’ perceptions of South America. After watching the film, a large percentage of the respondents expressed a desire to visit the countries seen in the film, with Canadians showing a significantly higher desire to visit South America than the US and Spanish participants. Those who were motivated to travel by the film were especially influenced by the scenery, landscape and the cultural attractions of the destination as depicted in the movie. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: film tourism; destination image; South America; tourism marketing.

Le tourisme est un des enjeux de l’économie mondiale. L’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) estimait en 2017 que le tourisme était l’un des secteurs économiques qui connaissait la croissance la plus rapide au monde. Il est souvent le point de référence des rapports des institutions internationales en termes de génération de prospérités économiques, de contributions aux économies locales et d’outil efficace pour la protection de l’environnement (ONU, 2017).  On le retrouve, entre autres, dans le Programme 2013, les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement Durable (ODD), la Conférence Rio+20 (ONU, 2017). Ainsi, le tourisme est de plus en plus considéré comme moteur de développement durable (UNWTO, 2015). Il a été mentionné dans la résolution 66/288 de l’Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies (AGNU) comme secteur capable de contribuer significativement aux trois dimensions du développement durable.

Le tourisme alternatif a beaucoup été étudié dans les îles et les régions balnéaires, les montagnes, les forêts et les parcs. Peu d’études se sont intéressées à cette activité dans les zones désertiques. Ainsi, cette thèse doctorale a pour ambition de déterminer dans quelle mesure les activités liées au tourisme alternatif dans les régions désertiques de Djanet et de Taghit permettent de traiter des enjeux socio-économiques et environnementaux. Aussi, à travers une analyse documentaire et empirique, il sera question de déterminer si les caractéristiques spécifiques à Djanet et à Taghit permettent de comprendre les pratiques du tourisme alternatif.

The sharing economy continues to evolve in the tourism sector as a convenient - and even personalised - choice in the search for more authentic experiences by tourists with a wide range of disposable incomes (Paulauskaite et al., 2017). This breakthrough innovation has changed the tourism ecosystem as well as tourism destinations at all levels. New players have arrived, redefining relationships among stakeholders and creating new impacts in tourism cities or exacerbating existing ones, including the contested phenomenon of overtourism (see, for instance Koens et al., 2018; or Szromek et al., 2019, among others). Examples of these newcomers can be found in online platforms that range from accommodation (e.g. Airbnb, HomeAway, CouchSurfing) to transport (e.g. Uber, BlaBlaCar), and also include customer reviews (e.g. TripAdvisor), general information (e.g. Wikipedia, Wikitravel), travel guiding (e.g. Tours by Locals) and food & beverage (e.g. EatWith), among others. In fact, the advent of the sharing economy has had a profound impact on the hospitality and tourism ecosystem over the last decade, affecting almost every single one of its components (Almeida-Santana and Moreno-Gil, 2017). The rapid development of the sharing economy and particularly some of its more negative impacts have led to a number of global tourism destinations taking measures to regulate it and, in some cases, limit it considerably. These have included Barcelona (Spain), where local government stopped issuing new licenses for short-term rental accommodation nearly three years ago (Burgen, 2017). Since then, key tourism destinations globally have sought to limit the expansion of Airbnb and other short-term accommodation service platforms (Guttentag, 2018). In Europe global tourism cities such as Krakow, Amsterdam, Berlin, Paris and Vienna, among others, have also sought help from the European Union to tighten up existing regulatory frameworks in this respect (Henley, 2019). However, this reaction by tourism cities is not limited to the accommodation sector. London, for instance, revoked Uber’s license to operate as a private transport provider in November 2019 as a result of irregularities found in its service provision – a decision that is currently subject to appeal by Uber (Topham, 2019). One of the issues this situation inevitably raises is the extent to which the initial ethical principles of the sharing economy have evolved over time and what role can operators such as Fairbnb play in today’s sharing economy spectrum of services and operators (Petruzzi et al., 2019).

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3231.1683

INDEPENDENT STUDΥ - THESIS

" Athens as an international tourism destination: An empirical investigation to the city’s imagery and the role of local DMO’s.”

The aim of this project was to identify the role of DMOs in promoting Athens as a tourist destination, as well as to evaluate their effectiveness in terms of marketing and managing the tourist product of Athens, its popularity and imagery.

The aim of this thesis is to identify the role of DMOs in promoting Athens as a tourist destination, as well as to evaluate their effectiveness in terms of marketing and managing the tourist product of Athens, its popularity and imagery. For that purposes, 6 personal interviews were conducted with executives who were working in 6 famous local DMOs operating both generally in Greece and specifically in Athens.

The result of this study indicated that DMOs are playing a crucial role for the promotion of Athens as a tourist destination. DMOs key responsibilities include: development of sophisticated online marketing strategies, creation of high quality published material, participation in international tourism fairs for developing relationships with key stakeholders and development of network synergies with airline companies, and international tourism organizations. 
Athens is a destination with great potential for future growth and for that reason DMOs have designed certain plans for the next three years in order to exploit the opportunities which are presented. The future plans of the DMOs give particular emphasis in the opening in new tourist markets and more particularly in the markets of Russia, Turkey China, and USA. Besides, DMOs will focus in five forms of tourism which can be developed successfully in Athens, namely: 1) cultural tourism, 2) health tourism, 3) luxury tourism, 4) city break tourism, and 5) convention tourism

On the other hand, the executives of the DMOs underlined several problems which prevent the tourism development of Athens. The majority of these problems are related with the business environment in Greece which has become less competitive due to the crisis. Besides, the city as a destination faces the problems of seasonality as well as missing infrastructures. 
Finally, the research showed that DMOs have established strong and long term relationships with DMOs in foreign countries. These partnerships allow the Greek DMOs to be updated concerning the trends of the global tourism market as well as enhance the movement of tourists between cooperating countries. Nevertheless, the promotion of Athens as a tourism destination requires a more concerted effort between the public and the private stakeholders which are involved in the tourism industry. The benefits will be multiplied for businesses, the state and the society in general.

Keywords & terms:
Destination Marketing Organizations, DMO’s, tourism destination, tourist product, popularity & imagery, interviews, online marketing strategies, Athens, Greece, international tourism fairs, stakeholder relationships, network synergies, airline companies, future growth, tourist markets, cultural tourism, health tourism, luxury tourism, city break tourism, convention tourism, tourism development of Athens, business environment in Greece, seasonality, infrastructures

This research aim to determine tourist perception about the quality of Labuan Bajo as a priority tourist destination in Indonesia using six (6) variables of the successful destination as the indicators. 200 Questionnaires were distributed purposively to tourists in Labuan Bajo, the city center of East Nusa Tenggara Province, in Flores Island, Indonesia. Data collected were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The results showed that domestic tourists valued the destination quality of Labuan Bajo from the uniqueness of the attraction (0.812), the quality of accessible information service (0.811), good infrastructure quality (0.887), the quality of local human resource’s expertise in handling tourists (0.866), the price conformity of the transportation (0.831), and the image of Labuan Bajo as a safe destination (0.856). Foreign tourists perceived the quality of Labuan Bajo are based on: the originality of attraction (0.850), accessible quality to the port (0.827), good infrastructure quality (0.827), quality of human resources to handle the Guests (0.893), the price conformity of the transportation (0.851), and the image of Labuan Bajo as a safe destination (0.846).

Considers how film can induce image, both individually and collectively. In particular, the psychological drivers of film are explored and how these may impact on tourism visitation. The impacts of film and cinema are explored as is the relationship between tourists’ motivation and purchase behaviour.
It reviews the limited literature on the subject and seeks for commonalities and resonances between film and tourism. Uses a focus group to develop a perceptual map with which to better understand the phenomenon. Conducts a questionnaire to research attitudes towards film and propensity to film-induced behaviour. The work suggests that there are commonalities between film and tourism and that film can evoke powerful and long-lasting images with the viewer, thus creating marketing opportunities for destination marketing organizations.
With greater understanding of the nature and power of filmic image, it is hoped that tourism destination marketing organizations may develop more effective strategies for attracting visitors to destinations.
Research in this topic is very limited and, as far as the author is aware, there is nothing which adopts an in-depth approach on the nature and application of film-induced tourism.

Ce travail sur la mise en tourisme de l’Ardenne se veut une première pierre sur laquelle, nous l’espérons, des recherches ultérieures, relatives à l’Ardenne mais aussi à d’autres espaces, pourront venir s’appuyer mais aussi se confronter. Pour poser les fondements, il fallait tenir compte du système touristique dans son ensemble et l’attaquer sur plusieurs fronts : celui des représentations, de la perception, celui correspondant à la réalité plus physique du territoire, celui de ses acteurs et en particulier des touristes qui le pratiquent. C’est que nous avons tenté. Notre travail s’est prioritairement basé sur les ouvrages touristiques (guides touristiques, récits de voyage et leurs multiples combinaisons), source, injustement décriée par certains scientifiques mais pourtant incontournable pour le chercheur, pour autant qu’il s’attache à la questionner de manière approfondie et avec des outils renouvelés. Ces outils, nous les avons trouvés dans la cartographie numérique, empruntée à la géographie. Elle a ici été employée de manière innovante et dynamique pour traduire dans l’espace les données présentes dans les sources et ainsi clarifier, illuminer les processus et les transformations qui s’opèrent au sein des espaces considérés. Dans une perspective interdisciplinaire, notre approche historique, s’est nourrie d’autres disciplines pour aiguiser ses méthodes. Elle s’en est aussi inspirée pour structurer ce travail. Le concept de mise en tourisme, créé par les géographes, exprime le passage, pour un territoire, d’un état non touristique vers un état touristique. Nous l’avons combiné, de manière souple, au concept d’artialisation, conçu par le philosophe Alain Roger et qui exprime quant à lui le passage pour un espace de l’état de territoire à celui de paysage, soit grâce aux transformations, aux modifications physiques opérées sur le territoire lui-même par divers acteurs – on parle alors d’artialisation in situ –, soit grâce aux transformations opérées dans (et par) le regard collectif posé sur cet espace et induites par des modèles ou des schèmes de perception – l’artialisation est alors dite « in visu ». L’intérêt des deux concepts résidait notamment dans la place particulièrement significative que chacun d’eux accordent aux acteurs. Un cadre qui s’envisageait selon trois grands axes était ainsi donné à nos résultats : Le premier de ces axes est celui de la mise en tourisme in visu, qui correspond aux transformations opérées dans le regard collectif posé sur l’espace considéré, qui transforme cet espace en territoire touristique, à travers des modèles ou des schèmes de perception. Nous y avons analysé l’origine de l’imaginaire associé à l’Ardenne, son contenu et son évolution ainsi que la construction de l’espace touristique ardennais comme un espace cohérent à travers les représentations et perceptions qui lui sont associées dans une série de médias (ouvrages touristiques, peintures, photographies, etc.). Le second axe choisi est celui de la mise en tourisme in situ qui correspond aux modifications opérées de manière plus physique sur le territoire. Nous y avons privilégié une approche basée sur l’analyse approfondie des implantations hôtelières touristiques et de leurs exploitants, sur celle des curiosités touristiques et enfin, dans une moindre mesure de la résidence secondaire. De manière générale, cette partie insiste sur le caractère progressif et l’ancrage local des infrastructures touristiques ardennaises qui contrastent avec la mise en tourisme in situ de la côte belge, réalisée à coup de projets de grande ampleur avec des capitaux extérieurs. Le troisième axe correspond aux acteurs : ceux qui interviennent dans les processus décrits ci-dessus mais aussi et surtout les touristes. Nous nous sommes intéressée dans le dernier chapitre à leurs origines géographiques, à leur profil socio-économique (petite et moyenne bourgeoisie essentiellement), à leurs pratiques, etc. L’analyse de la source particulièrement exceptionnelle que constitue le livre d’or des grottes de Rochefort a notamment permis de mettre en évidence, aux côtés d’une sociabilité familiale classique, la présence en nombre de touristes (environ 30% des visiteurs de la grotte) venant par le biais de diverses associations créées dans le but d’encadrer les loisirs mais aussi de protéger et consolider les fondements de la nation. Elles constituent l’une des bases sur lequel s’appuie le tourisme en Ardenne mais aussi, pour certaines, les prémices d’un tourisme social. Notre étude sur la mise en tourisme de l’Ardenne belge s’attache donc à expliquer comment ce territoire devient progressivement synonyme d’espace touristique, d’espace culturel et de loisirs. Elle en donne le sens. Elle permet sans aucun doute de mieux comprendre la genèse du tourisme en Ardenne, les liens profonds qui existent entre cette nouvelle activité et le territoire dans lequel elle s’insère. Elle lui donne un cadre spatial et explicite les processus actifs en son sein. Elle permet également certainement de mieux comprendre l’articulation et les différences entre le champ des représentations et celui des pratiques et de leurs infrastructures. Elle s’est intéressée de près aux acteurs de ces différentes sphères. A une autre échelle, elle éclaire une facette particulière de l’histoire de la Belgique.

... Kültürün bozulmamış hali gerçek çekim nedenini oluşturmaktadır. Oysa, turizmin gelişim surecinde pek çok destinasyonda kültürün pazarlanması ko-nusunda tek tipleşme ve sıradanlaşma görülmekte-dir (Göksan 1978). ... Zafer Öter - Osman N. Özdoğan ...

Con la intención de fomentar la competitividad turística de México con el contexto global y que su derrama económica se apoye y fortalezca otros sectores económicos, es menester de una estrategia competitiva crear las Agendas de Competitividad, y consolidar con el uso de éstas el desarrollo turístico nacional, entre otros aspectos. Sin embargo, éstas contienen divergencias, similitudes y diferencias que se asocian con el uso incorrecto de una metodología; que en su diseño y estructura presenta parámetros que discrepan entre sí y que se reflejan en la propuesta de implantación de 44 metodologías diferentes.

Tourism to indigenous populations is criticised as a form of modern colonialism, because the dominating tourist culture might overwhelm the so called fragile indigenous culture. This ethical research tries to evaluate this assertion on the example of tourism to the Tuareg-nomads in the region of Agadez, Republic of Niger, West Africa, Central Sahara. Therefore, interviews haven been done with a large number of local tour operators, tourists and the concerned Tuareg population of the Tuareg village of Timia in the central Aïr Mountains. The reconstructed structures and dynamics of the regional tourism development have been evaluated by an ethical model which is based on the principles of cybernetics and of sustainable development.
The ethical evaluation can proof, that tourism to Agadez in its present form doesn't destabilize the regional structures, even if there is a strong and sometimes even hostile concurrence between the Tuareg tour operators. Nevertheless tourism is an important economical factor of integration as the region suffers from unemployment, poverty and drought. By the population of Timia, tourism is seen as a tool to find contact to Europeans, who love to support this "idyllic but starving" village.
Obviously, the Tuareg from Timia have learnt to take advantage of those who are looking for an exotic, but endangered world to save.
Finally, most of the so found indicators don't support the assertion that tourisms to Tuareg nomads in the Agadez region could be a significant factor of its destabilization or something worse.

Reisen zu indigenen Kulturen sind umstritten, weil diese im Vergleich zur Tourismuskultur als fragil und somit als gefährdet gelten.
Die Richtigkeit dieser Hypothese wird am Beispiel von Tourismus zu Tuareg-Nomaden in der Region Agadez, Zentralsahara, überprüft. Dazu wurden die historischen, politischen, ökonomischen und kulturellen Rahmenbedingungen und Entwicklungsprozesse der Region als auch der Bevölkerung des Bergdorfes Timia untersucht. Im Zentrum der empirischen Untersuchungen standen die Strukturen der regionalen Tourismusentwicklung, wozu regionale Agenturbetreiber und Sahara-Touristen befragt wurden. Als Methode dienten Befragungen und Kataloganalysen. Als Evaluationsmaßstab wurde das System einer kybernetischen Ethik entwickelt, die sich an die Prinzipien der "nachhaltigen Entwicklung" anlehnt. Besonderes Augenmerk galt auch der ideologiekritischen Analyse des Tuareg-Mythos.
"Tuareg-Tourismus" wird überwiegend von urbanisierten Tuareg-Nomaden und einstigen Tuareg-Rebellen betrieben. Charakteristika der Tourismusstruktur sind ein weitgehend ungelenktes Tourismuswachstum, intensives Konkurrenzverhalten und geringe interkulturelle Qualifikation des Personals. Die Region leidet unter Arbeitslosigkeit und Dürren, weshalb die ökonomische Rolle des Tourismus signifikant ist, doch diese Einkommenschance trägt auch zu inneren Konflikten bei. Insofern weist Tourismus sowohl stabilisierende als auch destabilisierende Tendenzen auf.
Die Evaluation einer Rundreise konnte keine wesentlichen soziokulturellen und ökologischen Belastungen nachweisen. Die Belastungen des gesamten Tourismusaufkommens, maximal 4.000 Personen pro Jahr, halten sich aufgrund des großen Reisegebiets in Grenzen.
Die Befragung der Bewohner der Bergoase Timia ergab, dass Tourismus als willkommene Einkommensalternative sowie als Mittel betrachtet wird, um Entwicklungsprojekte zu requirieren. Dieser Haltung der Bevölkerung wird
vor dem Hinterrund der Transzendentalpragmatik und des Kulturalismus auf deren Legitimationskraft analysiert. Im Ergebnis kann die spezifische Form des Tuareg-Tourismus als vertretbar nachgewiesen werden, weil in seiner gegenwärtigen Form die stabilisierenden Effekte dominieren. Die Kritik am Tuareg-Tourismus wird zum Teil als Ausdruck exotisierender Projektionen entlarvt.

Correspondant à la basse vallée de l’Assif Mgoun, et par extension, à une partie de la vallée du Dadès, la « Vallée des roses », est une destination touristique en cours de construction autour d’une spécificité locale qui est la culture de la rose de Damas. Mais bien que fortement médiatisée, notamment par les brochures publicitaires, la rose joue un rôle encore mineur dans l’activité touristique, malgré les efforts des hébergeurs, des acteurs locaux, des agences de voyage et secondairement de la puissance publique. De ce fait la destination qui se contente de l’effet d’appel d’une image originale et accrocheuse et d’un festival annuel de 3 jours sans faire l’effort de développer de vraies activités autour de la rose, a du mal à émerger. A cela s’ajoute une certaine indifférence des touristes qui ne font que passer. La destination du pays de la rose reste donc à inventer.