Translation Technology

In the year when ten new accession countries have joined the European Union, the institutions are jointly reviewing effective multilingual document management strategies and workflow. The integration of a range of translation software and tools is also under discussion, not least because a new Call for Tenders for the supply of a translation memory tool for all EU institutions is in process.

What problems relating to data management, integration of translation technology and workflow have been identified by one of the world’s largest suppliers of multilingual translation? What solutions have been suggested and finally selected, and what was the rationale behind such decisions? How successfully have such solutions been implemented within and across the EU institutions? And what new challenges are anticipated by those managing workflow in the EU?

This paper will address these questions by presenting original findings from a recent six-week research placement during which the author was based in the English Unit of the Directorate General for Translation of the European Commission, with additional access to translation tools specialists, members of the committee on translation workflow, translators from both pre- and post-accession member states, Heads of Units and indeed other institutions, including the Parliament, Court of Auditors and Translation Centre, both in Luxembourg and Brussels. Research took the form of tailored interviews, work shadowing, performing translation tasks using in-house tools and observing training in translation tools. Issues relating to translation workflow and data management were thus investigated across different languages and institutions, resulting in a comprehensive, up-to-date and comparative overview of effective translation management strategies within an expanding multilingual non-profit organisation.

Research findings will be of interest to a wide audience including translators, managers, trainers and academic researchers. The effect of latest developments in translation software and user aspects of translation software will be examined via a practical problem-solving approach.

The potential benefits of integrating machine translation into human translation workflows are now widely recognised. In many sectors of the translation industry, translators’ throughput is improved with the use of machine translation as a tool in the translating process. Post-editing of machine translation is also a service in its own right, with specific guidelines and, more recently, an international standard. We introduce this special issue by providing a brief overview of post-editing as a practice, service and research topic. Contributions to the issue are then presented. The issue moves from a magnified perspective of translators’ work to important aspects of translation products, translators’ attitudes and translator training. It has four themes: the post-editing process; reception of post-edited products; attitudes and perceptions; and competence, training and education.

The rapid technological developments have led to emerging industries and practices, such as the localization of websites, video games, and software. This has been directly associated with the digitization of products, including their textual content. The relatively rapid evolution in turn might be one of the reasons for the confusion of the related terms in Translation Studies (TS). While the industry introduced most of these terms, TS research adopted them in many cases or contributed to proliferating others. This multiplicity of the terms has led to more fuzziness. Given the different and contradictory points of view regarding localization, from the academia and the industry, this paper attempts to pinpoint key arguments in order to help accelerate the pace of integrating research on localization in TS, to refresh the academic perspective with this regard, and to find out where translation and TS can fit in localization. The paper sheds light on the different points of view in terms of the definition of localization, its process, and frequent arguments on its relationship to or independence from translation, on its process, agents, and other concepts compared with translation. The theoretical discussion is an attempt to contribute to previous research with this regard and to bridge the gap between TS and the industry.

Netflix, which has been increasing in popularity during recent years and has millions of viewers, is an international platform since it has multicultural films and their translations. Due to the content of TV series, films, documentaries, and various programs on Netflix, it appeals to the young and adult audiences and besides, offers unique options for children. This study aims to argue that the programs on Netflix are supportive, especially in learning and supporting a second foreign language. Second foreign language learning methods and language competence topics constitute the theoretical background. As a general theme, using videos, and movies in learning and developing foreign language is taken as a basis. Within the scope of this research, a questionnaire consisting of 8 questions to analyse the Netflix programs was used and given to a sample of 150 students studying translation in the English-Turkish language pair. These students are Netflix programs' audiences. The data obtained from the questionnaire has been analysed with the descriptive analysis method and a general situation assessment has been received concerning whether Netflix could help improve foreign language competence. As a result of this research, it has been determined that Netflix programs as a video-film category may contribute to the development of the second language. Thus, by using it in a controlled manner, Netflix may contribute to foreign language competence. KEYWORDS Netflix, digital media, language competence, foreign language education, second language (L2) CLASSIFICATION JEL: I29, Z13

http://www.editorialuoc.com/herramientas-tecnologicas-para-traductores

Este libro presenta una panorámica general clara y en profundidad de las tecnologías que se aplican hoy en día en el mundo de la traducción: herramientas de traducción asistida, traducción automática, y extracción y gestión de terminología. La obra presenta tanto los principios de funcionamiento de las principales herramientas, como los recursos imprescindibles para todo traductor: las memorias de traducción y las bases de datos terminológicas. Se trata de una obra imprescindible para todos aquellos profesionales interesados en obtener el máximo rendimiento de estas tecnologías en su tarea diaria. El autor tiene una dilatada experiencia en el uso, diseño y docencia de las herramientas de ayuda para la traducción.

This article reports on an exploratory study conducted on applied languages undergraduate students' use of machine translation. Starting from the observation that they widely use free tools available online, our aim was to understand whether they are capable of identifying and correcting machine translation errors, and if so to what extent.

A majority of African student translators manifest weakness at two major levels: the conceptual and productive. From different perspectives, this is either termed 'language' or 'cognitive' problem. This dual view is a pointer to the tacit but intractable bond between language and cognition. The language↔cognition↔translator education relationship that begins with the mother tongue (L1), as well as its impact on the African translation learner constitutes the essence of this write-up. Working from the hypothesis that the cognitive development of the African child is adversely affected by the lack of a 'veritable' L1 blueprint, this reflection qualitatively substantiates this claim, and then concludes that mother tongue inclusion in the African school syllabus through appropriate language planning is, more than before, an imperative, given that as a contextual L1, it engenders and nurtures cognitive skills which are indispensable in translation learning and practice.

Komputery stały się niemal nieodzownym elementem pracy tłumacza – w kontakcie z klientem oraz podczas opracowywania terminologii, korzystania ze źródeł, tłumaczenia zleconego tekstu i archiwizacji gotowego tłumaczenia. Niniejszy rozdział ma na celu przybliżenie podstawowych zagadnień z zakresu tłumaczenia wspomaganego komputerowo, zaczynając od wyjaśnienia, czym różni się tłumaczenie maszynowe od wspomaganego komputerowo, co to są pamięci tłumaczeniowe i bazy terminologiczne itd. Ze względu na praktyczny charakter rozdziału opisano w nim wybrane przykłady oprogramowania dla tłumaczy. Oprócz programów do tłumaczenia, przedstawione są też rodzaje i przykłady zasobów dostępnych online i offline, z których mogą korzystać tłumacze. Kolejna część koncentruje się na tłumaczeniu maszynowym, którego jakość jest wciąż daleka od ideału, ale które może dla odpowiednich tekstów okazać się wartościową pomocą.
Każda sekcja przedstawia również wyniki ankiety przeprowadzonej wśród zawodowych tłumaczy, którzy korzystają z technologii wspomagających tłumaczenie. Ankieta dotyczyła zwyczajów, zachwytów i rozczarowań w użytkowaniu programów i pomocy tłumaczeniowych oraz stosunku użytkowników do tłumaczenia maszynowego. Rozdział podsumowują rozważania na temat przyszłości tłumaczenia z punktu widzenia automatyzacji i komputeryzacji zawodu – w jakim kierunku rozwijają się technologie tłumaczeniowe i czy kiedykolwiek tłumacza zastąpi maszyna?

This chapter focuses on the theme of computers in translation practices, including the advent and proliferation of machine translation (MT). The purpose of the chapter is to introduce technical communicators to central concepts that underlie translation, translation practice, and the role that translation plays in the business of global communication. The chapter first presents a general overview of how such factors developed over time. It then examines the basic terms and concepts of technology in translation. The latter includes discussions of cost, finances, and billing considerations, as well as the benefits that technology yields in communication practice. Reviewing such factors can help technical communicators better understand procedures using MT and contextualize them in relation to technical communication practices.
The chapter also provides technical communicators with practical hints to gain an understanding of translation from the perspective of content creators and/or project managers. Such information can help contextualize translation within workflow processes and production practices. The chapter then concludes with a discussion of what the future of translation technology is likely to hold. This discussion includes considerations relating to the eventually endangered status of nonprofessional and noncompetitive translators, whose work, in specific situations, might increasingly be replaced by MT technology. The examination of these topics in this way can provide technical communicators with key insights that can help guide their current and future practices as they relate to working with translation and translators.

ABSTRACT (followed by French version)
Designed as a contribution to the development of translation sociology, the paper hypothesises that translation is not yet given the importance it deserves in development planning across Africa. Taking Cameroon as a case in point in view of a model which may well apply to similar situations elsewhere, the paper reviews the main language planning models observed from colonial period to date. From a translational stand point, mainly two options have tended to prevail: the no-translation policy and the one-sided or unilateral translation policy. Based on some developments observed both in current policy trends and in translation studies, a third option is recommended: the integrated and inclusive translational planning model. Suggestions are made as to how translation and translation studies can efficiently impact on language and cultural planning at status and corpus levels, through the process of what is referred to as translational contact as well as language and culture co-development. There is argument that such a model is likely to foster a true dialogue between peoples, prevent conflicts as well as promote equitable and adapted national cultures and identities.
KEYWORDS: Language and Culture Planning, Co-development, Metaglossia, Multilingualism, Translation Sociology

RÉSUMÉ
Conçue comme contribution au développement de la sociotraductologie, la présente étude part de l’hypothèse suivant laquelle la traduction devrait jouer un rôle bien plus important que celui qui lui est actuellement réservé dans les questions de planification du développement. Elle se sert du cas particulier du Cameroun pour proposer un modèle qui pourrait bien s’appliquer ailleurs dans le monde. À cet égard, elle passe en revue différentes thèses relatives à l’aménagement linguistique, de la colonisation à nos jours. L’analyse des différents modèles du point de vue traductionnel révèle la prédominance de deux tendances: nihiliste et unilatéraliste. Sur la base de progrès enregistrés aussi bien en matière de politiques linguistiques qu’en traductologie, une troisième voie est proposée: la planification traductionnelle. Des suggestions sont alors faites quant aux possibilités qu’offrent la traduction et la traductologie pour l’opérationnalisation du contact traductionnel et du co-développement des langues, dans la perspective d’un aménagement linguistique et culturel plus viable, au double plan du statut et du corpus. L’étude soutient qu’une telle approche est susceptible de faire éclore un véritable dialogue des cultures, prévenir les conflits et promouvoir une culture et une identité nationales, de même qu’elle favorisera un développement équitable et adapté.
MOTS CLÉS: Aménagement linguistique et culturel, co-développement, métaglossie, plurilinguisme, sociotraductologie

En el año 2011, la Comisión de Recursos Tecnológicos del Colegio de Traductores Públicos de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires editó la primera obra argentina dedicada exclusivamente a la informática aplicada a la traducción, el «Cuaderno de herramientas informáticas». En ese momento, la obra venía a echar un poco de luz sobre un tema del cual ya se hablaba mucho en el país, pero que no formaba parte de casi ningún plan de estudio de los traductorados.
¿Y qué ha cambiado desde entonces? Pues no demasiado, salvo que lo que antes se podía resumir en enseñar una herramienta de traducción como SDL Trados Studio hoy se convirtió en mucho más que eso. El avance de la tecnología en general, y de la traducción automática en particular, hace que sea muy necesario para las casas de estudio brindar una formación integral en tecnología. Y, por otra parte, los traductores profesionales en ejercicio tienen, ahora más que nunca, la obligación de dominar y acompañar los desarrollos de la informática.
El «Manual de informática aplicada a la traducción» es una biblia de herramientas tecnológicas que le dará al lector todos los trucos necesarios para dominar la computadora desde cero, con el software y el hardware, hasta los entornos de traducción más usados del momento, como SDL Trados Studio, memoQ y Wordfast. Además, el lector conocerá las herramientas más importantes que debe tener y usar en su tarea profesional, lo cual convierte a este libro en la guía definitiva de la informática aplicada para los traductores de todas partes del mundo hispanoamericano.

Studies on Machine Translation (MT) development have focused on producing MT systems that can translate general texts, news reports or government documents, and little attention has been paid to literary MT. The present paper reports the results of two experiments in an ongoing project aiming at developing a literary MT system. The first phase of the project, reported here, focuses on solving machine understanding problem. This phase attempts to reveal the extent to which the computer can understand translated literature, using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), an information retrieval technique that is applied to Natural Language (NL) understanding problems. LSA is used in the experiment as an automated method to conduct categorization and thematic similarity analysis of three hundred translated short stories from Arabic into English. The initial results show that the machine can understand the themes and concepts included in the translated short stories and can categorize the stories into groups depending on their shared themes or topics.

This is a study about the integration of translation technology in a course named Translation of Specific Fields IV given at the Division of Translation and Interpreting in English of Istanbul University. The educator of the course decided to make use of a ‘cloud-based translation management system (TMS)’. The term can be defined as a translation management system where the translation memory system and all other resources for translation are hosted on a remote server and can be accessed via Internet. The purpose of study was to find out whether the use of this type of translation tool in translation courses can help students become self- and life-long learners and what advantages and disadvantages this practice can offer. For this purpose, the author (who was also the educator) made use of her observations on her own course practices. It was seen that cloud-based TMSs could easily be integrated in translation courses. Advantages are more than disadvantages. The advantages are not only for the students but also for educators and
departments. These systems could be used in a way that contributes to self-learning and self-discovery skills of students.
Keywords: Cloud-based translation management systems, IT translation, technology
integration, translation technology, translation education.

Chinese traditional wedding is a marriage ceremony established with a pre-arrangement between families involving a ritual procession. In this respect, this study deals with the semiotics translation of Chinese traditional wedding signs in the ritual processions located in Medan.The aims of this research are: to analyse the types of semiotics displayed in the Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding signs, to translate the semiotics of each sign Chinese traditional wedding in Medan realized in English, and to discuss the cultural value in the semiotics translation of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding in Medan. The research focuses on the semiotics meanings of Chinese traditional wedding signs in Medan, North Sumatra, by the community of Hokkien. The study employed a qualitative research design. Interview and documentations were used as the data collection methods. The research results showed that: there are thirty signs of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Weddings discussed in this research consisting of semiotics meanings which influenced and gave an effect to the bride and groom in their wedding, the tradition that has been practiced consisted of the cultural category of ecology culture, material culture, social culture, organization culture, gesture, and habit culture in which the most dominant one was the social culture. Based on these, it was concluded that all of the signs used in Chinese traditional wedding for the pre-wedding and wedding ritual were in hereditary from generation to generation, though some modifications had been made.

The current paper aims to analyse the main features and the limitations of the online automatic subtitling platforms. Based on different applications such as: video-to-text transcription programs, machine translation programs, and text segmenters, automatic subtitling involves a complex workflow and is meant to enhance the productivity of the professional subtitler. There are very few studies about the online subtitling platforms, therefore, the analysis we carried on will provide comprehensive empirical data and will contribute to a better knowledge of these innovative systems.

It is an undeniable fact that in the direction of the needs of translators, the departments of translation training should update their curriculum. The lack of curriculum-oriented courses in translation-training departments required steps to be taken in the academic field. As a result of the lack of academic awareness on terminology, this research was carried out and the place of terminology and the term management tools in the translation training was tried to be researched. The fact that the curriculum of the departments providing translation training should be updated in line with the needs of the translators constitutes the basis of the study. The mixed method research model was preferred and descriptive mixed method design was used within the scope of the dissertation. The views of the instructor, the students' views, and the curriculum analysis constitute the three pillars of the study. The study population consisted of Translation Studies, and Translation & Interpreting departments in Turkey are comprised of faculty members and students. The pilot study has been conducted among the lecturers (N=33) of the department of Translation Studies and Translation & Interpreting as well as the junior and senior students (N=131) of theses departments. Two questionnaires were prepared for academic staff and students as a data collection tool. Their responses were analyzed through SPSS 26 program.
In the qualitative phase of the study, six instructors and six students in the study group voluntarily answered the structured interview questions. The responses obtained from these interviews were transferred to NVivo 11 program. In addition, secondary data on curriculum oriented courses were obtained and the inventory collection on the terminology concerning courses given by the departments of Translation Studies, and Translation & Interpreting was gathered. The contents of the courses in the curriculums of these departments based in our country were examined and terminology courses were classified accordingly. During the secondary data analysis, the names of the courses related to terminology, the contents of these courses, the semester they were given, whether they are compulsory or elective courses, and their ECTS information are categorized. The researcher examined the contents of the curriculum of these departments  based in our country. As a result of the extensive literature survey conducted within the dissertation and the results of the surveys and the interviews with the voluntary participation of the lecturers and students, it should be emphasize that there should be the courses called Terminology I and Terminology II within the curriculum of Translation Studies, and Translation & Interpreting departments.
In order to show the importance and the place of the terminology in the field of translation, it is thought that thanks to this dissertation, the students and the lecturers would be familiarized with the field of Terminology which will be beneficial. This study is expected to be a guide to the need for a special place in terminology in translation training. In this context, by adding to the limited number of sources in this related field, this study is expected to be one of the sources for those who can’t reached the specific works written in a foreign language.

As a crucial communication material, the brand name exhibits its growing importance in the worldwide communication. It is a special text with a strong function and a clear persuasive purpose. This paper aims to explore the translation strategy and methods of English brand names from the perspective of culture. According to Skopostheorie, the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose of the overall translational action. The translation methods should be based on the text's function and the target culture. This paper is a tentative study of the guiding strategy and possible methods used in English brand names translation by analyzing the Chinese and English brand names, and how they fulfill the function of promoting products and enhancing the cultural exchange in the hope of offering a new perspective in the brand name translation practice. The study used the Skopostheorie as the guiding theory and strategy to analyze English brand names, which were selected from the brand names database " brandirectory ". It is found that the translation should follow the target-culture oriented strategy to conform to the habitual use of target language, social culture and aesthetics in target market.

Andrew Pickering’s view of agency in scientific practice challenges other views from the sociology of science in that he seeks to account for both human and non-human agency within a performative idiom of science. His approach has been applied in various contexts, within and beyond the sciences. This paper explores the potential of mobilizing Pickering’s notions of the ‘‘mangle of practice’’ and the ‘‘dance of agency’’ to conceptualize translation practice, specifically to develop a deeper understanding of translators’ interaction with translation technology, both individually and collectively. I argue for the relevance of this conceptualization and make a case for a ‘‘mangle-inspired’’ reading of translators’ contributions to an online technical forum. However, I also reflect on how this analysis deviates from the principles of the mangle and conclude by discussing some of the methodological challenges of researching the interaction between translators and translation technology within this framework.

In the era of the 21st century, the best higher education institutions have more than one role. Not only do they educate and train students but they also create new ideas and knowledge for the short-term contemporary issues as well as long-term complex problems. In the strategic goals, five aspects are critical in higher education: the democratization of knowledge and access, the contestability of the market and funding, the research technologies, the global mobility and the integration with the industry. Universities should have strategic plans including strategic goals. In this study, the strategic models and plans of the public (5) and private (5) universities are analysed from the five different aspects. In order to deeply understand the dynamics at these universities, the phenomenological interpretive analysis is preferred. University leaders
and managerial departments should consider market needs and do strategic plan accordingly. Hence, they should develop the strategic thinking capacity of both their academic staff and researchers for short and long terms need of the industry. Results have shown that most universities have wrong perception regarding the strategic model and plan. Neither private nor public universities possess enough knowledge on the subject.
Keywords: Higher education, university and industry partnership, strategic model and planning, higher education management, financing of higher education.

Nowadays, translatability can be said to be so inherent to culture and society that we could refer to the digital age as ‘the translation age’ instead (Cronin, 2013: 3). The acceleration of information sharing and
acquisition, instant messaging and access to knowledge, the progressive automation of the profession, new digital formats and translation tools are only some of the aspects that have contributed to (1) the configuration of translation as a form of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) (O’Brien, 2012) and (2) the rising need for Translation Studies to focus on human issues arising from said interaction (Kenny,
2017). This paper reports on an ongoing doctoral research project that operates within this framework, exploring the dynamic, mutual and social construction of human-computer interaction in literary translation – defined by Toral and Way as ‘the last bastion of human translation’ (2014: 174). The study adopts a socio-technological theoretical framework inspired by the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) model (Pinch and Bijker, 1984) in order to ask literary translators to share their perceptions of their role in an increasingly technology-dependent globalised society and their attitudes towards technology as related to their profession.

Günümüz koşullarında çevirmenlerin çeviri sürecinde yararlandıkları ve süreci kolaylaştıran pek çok alternatif çeviri aracı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bunda sürekli gelişen çeviri araçlarının ve dijital teknolojilerin önemi büyüktür. Bu araçların yanı sıra en son teknolojiyle donatılmış nöral makine çevirisi sistemleri gibi yeni çeviri sistemleri de geliştirilmeye devam etmektedir. Klasik araçlara alternatif olarak geliştirilen bu yeni çeviri sistemleri sürecin daha hızlı, daha kolay ve daha üretken tamamlanması adına olumlu bir adım olarak görünmektedir. Ancak söz konusu araçlar çevirmenin çeviri sürecinde daha detaylı bir araştırma ve tutarlı bir çeviri metin üretmesini sağlayabilecekleri gibi bazı açılardan çeviride anlam karmaşası, çeviri kalitesi vb. olumsuzluklara da neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada çeviri sürecinde Google Translate kullanımı 10 katılımcı çevirmenin katıldığı bir anket üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Bu şekilde Google Translate motorunun çeviri sürecinde kullanımının olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılarak aynı zamanda çeviri sürecinde bu araca başvurmanın hangi açılardan etik olup olmadığı da tartışılmıştır. Çalışmada 10 katılımcıya ulaşılmasına rağmen elde edilen sonuçların gelişen literatür araştırıldığında yeterli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Böylelikle bu çeviri aracının çeviri sürecinde kullanımına yönelik bakış açıları ortaya çıkarılmak istenmiştir. Çeviribilim alanında yürütülen söz konusu çalışmanın benzeri çalışmalara katkı yapması umularak ilgili literatürü de zenginleştirmesi hedefler arasındadır. Zira özellikle bu çalışma çeviri sürecinde Google Translate kullanımına bir standart getirebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Google Translate, Google Çeviri, çeviri süreci, çeviri motoru, etik, etik meselesi.

We live in a world which is globalized and where international relations are much more active than ever. As people do not speak common language, need for translation and interpreting is more crucial in this regard. We cannot think of close contacts among states, societies, people and businesses without the mediation of translation and interpreting than before. Thus, translation and interpreting have became crucial and are playing a very important role in human interactions. International law, which regulates relations between organizations and states, has also gained importance. Thus, it can be said that international law (as a result of this translation and interpreting as well) has also become more crucial. Thus, legal translation has also become important among the other domains of translation. However, translating and interpreting are not easy at all. There is no room for error in translation and interpreting as legal consequences may follow. Legal translation involves very complex matters and specialized terminology. This is why it is extremely important to assign the legal translation task to a translator who is well qualified and specialized to handle translation of legal documents. The field of legal translation in Kosovo is not so much developed. There is a limited work and study done in this regard. Therefore, this paper attempts to make a modest contribution in this regard with description and discussion of the issues regarding translation of legal texts. Solutions offered herein may be taken as a basis for further research.

The collective power of Japanese popular culture permeating the rest of the world through manga and anime is a recent issue of interest for scholars. Studying the scanlation and translation of the manga, which are multimodal texts that hybridize linguistic and visual arts, also entails several topics of discussion and interest for the translation scholar. There are facets of these multimodal texts as in manga the narrative is conveyed through composite, cinematographic narrative with integrated frames. In turn these can yield interesting translation solutions and strategies, especially when compared in terms of the two mediums of production (i.e., in print and on the Internet). The following study entails a comparative analysis of the scanlation and translation of the manga Naruto into Turkish especially concentrating on: the format (i.e., arrangement of pages, lettering, typography), what was translated what was not (i.e., dialogues, onomatopoeia, honorifics, names), and the use of diverse translation strategies (i.e., adding notes, dealing with discourses, registers and translators choices). In this sense, as is the aim behind the study, manga translations present translation studies with rich grounds of research into multimodal, multicultural dialogue and interaction. As the potential for intercultural dialogue through comics has never been stronger than the present, manga seem to be a medium through which this may be achieved across cultures. Comparative studies in different languages and cultures would not only be a benefit for the comics' translators and scholars, but also the field of translation, as discussing the abundance of decisions and possibilities would enrich the discipline.

Bu çalışmada, işlevci çeviri kuramları arasında yer alan Mänttäri'nin " çeviriye ilişkin eylem kuramı " ve Vermeer'inSkopos kuramlarının günümüz koşullarında nasıl alımlanması gerektiği incelenmiştir. Her iki kuram da 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısının sonlarına doğru geliştirilmiş ve çeviribilim camiası tarafından bugün bile geçerliliği savunulan kuramlar/paradigmalar arasında gösterilmektedir zira kendinden önceki diğer çeviri kuramlarının aksine, Skopos ve çeviriye ilişkin eylem kuramı erek odaklılığı vurgulamaktadır. Neticede, çeviri eylemi erek kültürün beklentilerine göre yapılmalıdır. Ne var ki, 1990'lardan sonra popülerleşen ağ teknolojisi ve yerelleştirme endüstrisi çevirinin uygulanma şeklini de değiştirmiştir. Buna paralel olarak, dijital çağın etkisini hızla arttırdığı düşünülürse, çalışmada tartışılan çeviri kuramlarının da yeni nesillere faydalı olmaya devam edebilmesi ve çeviribilimin olgun bir bilim dalı haline geldiğini kanıtlayabilmek için yeniden yorumlanması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle, çalışma boyunca, bu iki kuramdan yola çıkılarak, günümüzde gelinen nokta değerlendirilmiş ve yeniden yorumlanması gerektiği düşünülen söz konusu kuramlar üzerinde yerelleştirme endüstrisinin etkisi tartışılmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: işlevci kuramlar, Skopos kuramı, çeviriye ilişkin eylem kuramı, erek odaklılık, yerelleştirme endüstrisi, dijital çağ. Abstract This study examines how Mänttäri's " Translational Action Theory " and Vermeer's " Skopos Theory " which are among functional translation theories should be received today. Both of the theories were developed in the late twentieth century and they are regarded as being effectual by translation scholars even today because these theories, unlike the former ones, underscore target-orientedness. As a result, translation activity must be done in favour of the target audience. However, since 1990s, the network technology and localization industry have been popularized and have changed the way translation is done. Correspondingly, considering the increasing influence of the digital age, the translation theories discussed in this study must be re-interpreted in order for them to be useful to new generations and prove the fact that translation studies is now a maturated discipline. Therefore, these two theories are evaluated by focusing on their status today and the effects of the localization industry on these theories are questioned in the study.

Even though CAT tools are becoming increasingly important, and almost indispensable, in the translator’s work routine, the academic environment is still very hesitant to implement them into translation and localisation courses. The primary objective of this master’s thesis is to analyse and determine how CAT tools are used in translation courses at selected Balkan universities, which is important from the point of view of translation pedagogy as a baseline for further research. The secondary objective of the dissertation is to possibly, depending on the results of the primary objective, devise pedagogical practices that help universities increase the teaching effectiveness of their current methods of using CAT tools. Finally, the tertiary objective is to eventually design an introductory course that could help potentially interested universities to implement CAT tools in their curricula.
The main motivation of this master’s thesis is that the employment of CAT tools should, in the future, positively affect employability of translation students in comparison with those who do not have such experience. This motivation stems from the fact that there are very few scientific papers and reference works on how to use CAT tools in teaching at institutions of higher education, let alone papers that deal with syllabi reforms which aim at increasing employability in the domain of translation and/or translation studies.
The research is going to be done among universities that are part of the Academic Edition programme of Memsource, a Prague-based translation and project management platform. The introductory course is thus going to be primarily designed for the Memsource platform, but its application will be possible in other cloud-based platforms and tools as well. The best practices defined in the thesis then are applicable with any CAT tool.

The study aimed to correlate the reading comprehension and translation performance of English linguistic students, then inform some pedagogical implications for the teaching of reading comprehension in translation classes in order to enhance the translation quality performed by the students. To this end, 45 junior students of English linguistics specialization of Hung Vuong University, including 5 males and 40 females, aged from 20 to 22, were subject to a TOEFL reading comprehension test and a translation performance test (ATA guidelines, 2011). Data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation, SPSS version 20.0. The coefficient correlation of students' reading comprehension and their translation performance was noted 0.721 at the significant level of 0.01. It was found that the Reading comprehension was closely related to translation performance. Along the reading comprehension question types, translation performance was affected by the ability to determine gist and main ideas of the text, identify the vocabulary, infer the implied meanings and identify the writer's style and attitudes. The results were discussed, and implications for teaching reading comprehension to enhance translation performance were presented.

Translation software has been the subject of many authors in recent years. However, these studies lack a realistic professional approach because they are mainly focused on CAT tools, without mentioning other tools commonly used such as image editors or PDF tools. The aim of this paper is thus to overcome these shortcomings, presenting a quick overview of a wide variety of electronic tools for Windows which make the translation process easier and faster and of which translators should have a good command in order to satisfy today's market demands.

Even though CAT tools are becoming increasingly important, and almost indispensable, in the translator’s work routine, the academic environment is still very hesitant to implement them into translation and localisation courses. The primary objective of this master’s thesis is to analyse and determine how CAT tools are used in translation courses at selected Balkan universities, which is important from the point of view of translation pedagogy as a baseline for further research. The secondary objective of the dissertation is to possibly, depending on the results of the primary objective, devise pedagogical practices that help universities increase the teaching effectiveness of their current methods of using CAT tools. Finally, the tertiary objective is to eventually design an introductory course that could help potentially interested universities to implement CAT tools in their curricula. The main motivation of this master’s thesis is that the employment of CAT tools should, in the f...

Technological developments affecting translation industry from several perspectives have recently started to catch the attention of translation scholars as well. This study investigates the place of translation technologies in Turkish translation education context. Besides, the current thesis describes the final point arrived at the use of computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools in academic translation education in our country and presents pedagogical suggestions in this regard. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used in the thesis.

Çeviri sektörünü birçok açıdan etkisi altına alan teknolojik gelişmeler son yıllarda çeviribilimcilerin de ilgisini çekmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye örnekleminde çeviri teknolojilerinin çeviri eğitimindeki konumunu sorgulamaktadır. Bunun yanında bu tez, akademik çeviri eğitiminde ülkemizde bilgisayar-destekli çeviri (BDÇ) araçlarının kullanımı adına gelinen son noktayı betimlemekte ve bu bağlamda pedagojik tavsiyeler sunmaktadır. Tez içerisinde hem nitel hem de nicel veri toplama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır

The research tends to make a clear description of Machine Translation for users to be familiar with terminologies related to Machine Learning and precisely CAT tools (translation applications). The purpose of this paper is to broaden the scope of the use of translation technology and to explore its application in translation. There have been issues relating to Machine Translation. Since most translators are not familiar with translation aids, it is, therefore, necessary for translators to explore the translation applications. Translation can be achieved in different ways i.e. human and machine. Consequently, human translation lacks speed and accuracy hence, translation applications must come into play. One can find a variety of such applications online. The software assists human incapabilities and limitations in different ways especially for translation memory which assists the translator to be consistent and coherent in using terminologies. This paper applied analytical and descriptive approaches of translation. The study finally observed that each translation software has its unique identity and most of the sophisticated ones are not free. The researcher traced the processes or systems that support CAT tools such as machine language, machine learning, and finally features and metrics of evaluating Machine Translation. The researchers, therefore, concluded that translation without machine technology will definitely be difficult especially when translation involves huge tasks and different languages.

This research attempted to evaluate the quality of Persian translation of drug leaflets. The researchers randomly selected a set of 30 pharmaceutical leaflets collected between March-August, 2015. The leaflets were analyzed based on House's functional-pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. At first, the profiles of both source texts and target texts were collected. Then, their overtly and covertly erroneous errors and the kinds of strategies used by the translators in translating the pharmaceutical leaflets into Persian were identified. The results indicate that out of 90 selected sentences of English leaflets, 47 were overtly erroneous and 43 were error-free. These overtly erroneous translations had 27 instances of " mistranslation " , 15 instances of " grammatical mistakes " , six instances of " addition " , six instances of " omission " and four instances of " substitution ". The only covert error was " tenor mismatch " in all sample sentences. The study findings can help teachers in translation studies to improve the quality of students' translation. Moreover, awareness of the errors in the current leaflet translations can assist students in performing their future jobs as translators. The findings may directly and indirectly affect the health of patients in an efficient and effective way.

The present paper studies diverse procedures related to Venuti " s strategies of domestication and foreignisation in Farsi dubbing and subtitling of the English movie, Warcraft directed by Duncan Jones. The procedures of both domestication and foreignisation were studied and statically analysed for the purpose of exploring the film translation method (dubbing or subtitling) which is closer to target-language-culture and the one which is closer to source-language-culture. In other words it was intended to explore which translation strategy (domestication or foreignisation) dominates dubbing and which one dominates subtitling. The tertiary purpose was to compare the reasons of differences in dubbing versus subtitling on the one hand, and the reasons of differences of the target text from the source text. The statistical analysis revealed that in dubbing, cultural equivalence is the most frequently used procedure (38.26%) apparently for making the movie visible for the public Iranian audience and adjust the movie to cultural considerations. Henceforth, dubbing orients to domestication. However, subtitling, with literal translation as the most frequently used procedure (57.4%), orients to foreignisation. In dubbing of the movie, most differences are related to cultural equivalence (38.26%) and the literal translation (29.56%) is in the next step. An interesting point is that the procedure of calque is neither used in subtitling nor in dubbing. In subtitling, cultural equivalence stands in the second place (17.34) and explanation (9.50%) occupies the third place. Other procedures " frequencies show no meaningful difference. Once implemented on more cases, the findings of this study have the potentialities of generalization to identify the most frequently occurred errors in movie translation industry and henceforth suggesting translation solutions for rendering dubbing and subtitling with more degree of naturalness.

Due to the important role of figures of speech in prose, the present research tried to investigate the figures of speech in the novel, Harry Potter Series, and their Persian translations. The main goal of this research was to investigate the translators' problems in translating figures of speech from English into Persian. To achieve this goal, the collected data were analyzed and compared with their Persian equivalents. Then, the theories of Newmark (1988 & 2001), Larson (1998), and Nolan (2005) were used in order to find the applied strategies for rendering the figures of speech by the translators. After identifying the applied translation strategies, the descriptive and inferential analyses were applied to answer the research question and test its related hypothesis. The results confirmed that the most common pitfalls in translating figures of speech from English into Persian based on Nolan (2005) were, not identifying of figures of speech, their related meanings and translating them literally. Overall, the research findings rejected the null hypothesis. The findings of present research can be useful for translators, especially beginners. They can be aware of the existing problems in translating figures of speech, so they can avoid committing the same mistakes in their works.

Translation quality assessment is at the heart of any theory of translation. It is used in the academic or teaching contexts to judge translations, to discuss their merits and demerits and to suggest solutions. However, literary translations needs more consideration in terms of quality and clarity as it is widely read form of translation. In this respect, Persian literary translation of Kite Runner was taken for investigation based on House's (2014) functional pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. To this end, around 100 pages from the beginning of both English and Persian versions of the novel were selected and compared. Using House's model, the profile of the source text register was created and the genre was recognized. The source text profile was compared to the translation text profile. The results were minute mismatches in field, tenor, and mode which accounted for as overt erroneous expressions and leading matches which were accounted for as covert translation. The mismatches were some mistranslations of tenses and selection of inappropriate meanings for the lexicon. Since the informal and culture specific terms were transferred thoroughly, the culture filter was not applied. Besides, as the translation was a covert one. The findings of the study have implications for translators, researchers and translator trainers.

Цель работы: изучение особенностей научно-технического стиля в аспекте машинного перевода.
Задачи работы:
описать в общих чертах стилистику научно-технического текста;
описать принципы работы, основные типы систем машинного перевода;
изучить особенности языковых средств научного стиля;
выяснить какие из языковых средств остаются в тексте после его перевода;
сравнить текст, переведенный машиной и профессиональным переводчиком.
Объектом исследования являются преобразования, возникающие при машинном переводе текста научно-технической литературы.
Предметом исследования являются особенности структурно-семантических трансформаций при машинном переводе определенной научной работы с английского языка на русский.
В ходе исследования были использованы следующие методы:
аналитический;
сравнительный;
изучение монографических публикаций и статей;
метод сплошной выборки;
методы лингвистического анализа;
метод обобщения.
Теоретическая значимость работы заключается в попытке собрать и систематизировать информацию о малоизученном аспекте взаимодействия двух областей знаний:
об особенностях стиля научно-технической литературы;
об особенностях систем машинного перевода.

Практическая ценность работы определяется:
описанием особенностей научного стиля в виде диаграмм и схем, что, по нашему мнению, является наиболее доходчивым и методически оправданным.
комплексом собранных сведений относительно систем машинного перевода, которые также представлены в виде диаграмм и схем;
приведенным стилистическим анализом отрывков из классического труда Д. Кнута «Искусство программирования»;
сопоставлением машинного и «человеческого» перевода приведенного отрывка.

В качестве теоретической основы исследования были использованы как классические работы А. И. Гальперина И. В. Арнольд, посвященные стилистике английского языка, Я. И. Рецкера, А. Д. Швейцера, посвященные общей теории перевода, так и современные труды Ю. Н. Марчука, П. Н. Хроменкова, Б. Н. Рахимбердиева, посвященные машинному переводу. Особенно хотелось бы отметить работу С. Рассела, в которой дается объяснение принципов работы многих приложений искусственного интеллекта, в том числе машинного перевода.

Subtitles are a transcription or translation of a film, video and television presentations displayed as text on the lower part of the screen. An emotion is basically defined as a mental and physiological state associated with thoughts, feelings and behaviors. The preparation of film subtitles imposes certain requirements that make this type of translation complex. One of the constraints with subtitles is the failure sometimes to indicate the emotional nuances of dialogue, such as intonation, volume, and other vital information which may be required to fully comprehend the message conveyed. Consequently, the wrong use of Audiovisual Translation (AVT) techniques and strategies may lead to communication problems for the receiving audience. The aim of this article was therefore to i) identify the difficulties faced by the translator/subtitler in the translation of emotions in the subtitling process of the film Paris à tout prix from French into English for multilingual context viewers in Cameroon and ii) establish the strategies used in this process and propose solutions where necessary. The methodology involved the viewing of the two versions of the film [French version (Paris a tout prix) and its subtitled English version (Paris at any cost)], identification of emotions cases in the two versions, examination of the subtitling strategies used to translate the identified emotions in the films and highlighting inherent difficulties in rendering them into the target language of the audience. Findings revealed that the translator/subtitler used the strategies of modulation and adaptation to improve understanding of emotions in the film and thereby facilitating communication issues in the target language of the viewers. Proposals aimed at improving the quality of the subtitles of the film in particular and, the quality of Cameroonian audiovisual products in general are made where necessary.

This descriptive, library research considers the effects of globalization on the cultural acceptability of words and expressions transmitted to different linguistic-cultural communities via audiovisual materials through mass media such as movies industry, satellite channels or the internet. As words and expressions carry overlays other than lexical, the early assumption is that they have associations which are not acceptable in the culture of recipient communities. This is especially true about audiovisual texts that are highly culture-bound in form and communication style. The first question is whether globalization has positive or negative impact on translation as a whole. The second question is whether globalization can improve cultural acceptability and tolerance of cultural differences demonstrated in audiovisual products translated through various languages. The hypothesis is that due to technological advancement and globalization, mass media has acted as a facilitator among cultures in recent decades. The findings of the study show that the growing trend of globalization together with the fast pace of information technology and access to transnational satellites has brought cultures closer together. As well, introducing culture-specific terms to global viewers or readers has created linguistic connections among communities and many of such terms are now accepted and used by different people around the globe. Consequently, translation has become an easier task and a higher acceptability of translated audiovisual texts is achieved helping communities share cultures. Based on the findings, less known languages and cultures are encouraged to produce high-quality audiovisual products for global media and provide translations into different languages to have a share in global circulation of culture. Translators are also advised to make smarter choices for translation into/from their languages because they are assumed a higher status in the transfer of culture in a globalized world.