Travel Behavior

Parents are important decision makers about children’s activities. It is critical to identify their attitudes and how they differ across neighbourhoods, and for what reasons parents grant ‘licences’ to their children for independent mobility and active travel. Past research on parental attitudes has produced a range of findings, possibly relating to the different approaches used, but highlighting the role of social environments in influencing parental attitudes and decisions. There have been few comprehensive studies on parental attitudes and perceptions about children’s independent mobility, though work has advanced more so in Australia than many countries. There remain research gaps about the relative importance of key factors (e.g. ‘stranger’ danger and road traffic danger) in parental decisions. The paper explores on data from 232 questionnaire surveys completed by parents and guardians of 10-13 year olds who were recruited from primary schools in six neighbourhoods in Perth, Melbourne and Brisbane. Three of the schools had been part of recent travel behaviour change programs, three had not. Analysis of key elements of parents’ decision making about their children’s independent and active travel is provided, highlighting differences between the two groups. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy initiatives to increase parental support for children’s active travel.

This study explores the use of discrete choice methods for airline passenger cancellation behavior. A discrete time proportional odds model with a prospective time scale is estimated based on the occurrence of cancellations (defined as refund and exchange events) in a sample of tickets provided by the Airline Reporting Corporation. Empirical results based on 2004 data from eight domestic US markets indicate that the intensity of the cancellation process is strongly influenced by both the time from ticket purchase and the time before flight departure. Higher cancellations rates are generally observed for recently purchased tickets, and for tickets whose associated flight departure dates are near. Cancellations rates are influenced by several other covariates, including departure day of week, market, and group size.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between travel behavior and immigrant status. The National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) allows us to explore the relationships between travel behavior and characteristics that are usually hard to discern in surveys with smaller samples. The correlation between travel behavior and immigrant characteristics such as place of birth and year of immigration in the US was tested while controlling for spatial and socio-demographic variables. The effects of place of birth and year of arriving to the US were found to be significant for some places of birth and for immigrants who entered the US in recent years. Understanding the differences in travel behavior and the possible explanations for these differences can help in modeling travel demand, finding policies best suited to meeting the travel needs of foreign-born communities, and addressing environmental justice concerns.

This paper explores the relationship between travel and social inclusion in relation to a relatively rarely examined group of travel destinations—arts and cultural activities. This paper examines travel behaviour to arts and cultural activities and how this relates to social inclusion. Research literature associated with these issues is examined and then an analysis of a household travel survey in Melbourne, Australia, is undertaken to explore how travel to arts and cultural activities varies by income, car ownership and location. The paper outlines a range of evidence linking participation in arts and cultural activities and positive outcomes for social inclusion. Arts and cultural activities do not fit well into traditional household travel survey definitions of trip purposes. There is also no definitional difference between travel to activities and ‘participation’ or ‘attendance’ in arts and cultural activities. This is unfortunate since social outcomes may vary by participation or attendance. Travel survey analysis shows that like other activities trip rates to arts and cultural activities increase with income. However higher participation is demonstrated for zero- and one-car households, which contrasts with previous research of work, education and social travel. Higher participation is also demonstrated for those living in inner parts of the city. The paper suggests that most travel to arts and cultural activity is quite localised and hence much travel may be led by the diversity and range of local opportunities provided. These are particularly high in inner parts of the city. A high share of travel is also demonstrated for older people, who are thought to have the time and desire for greater participation in arts and cultural activities.►Arts and cultural trip rates positively correlate to low work-force participation. ►Arts and cultural trip rates positively correlate to low household car ownership. ►Trip rates to the arts are influenced by the local availability of activities. ►Arts and cultural participation can be important to social inclusion. ►Arts and cultural activities are not accurately recorded in household travel surveys.

In an attempt to expand the research base on the land use-transport link in the developing world, a microeconomic model developed in the industrialized world context is adopted. The analysis focuses on the influence of three gross measures of urban form on travel behavior in Santiago, Chile. Controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors, the analysis attempts to demonstrate the influence of population density, relative share of commercial and service land uses, and relative share of vacant land on an individual's propensity to make home-based, nonwork, nonschool (HB NWNS) walking trips. Consistent with intuition, the model results suggest that the relative share of land devoted to commercial and service uses in the zone of trip origin increases the likelihood of making HB NWNS walking trips, whereas the relative share of vacant land decreases the probability. Somewhat surprisingly, population density in the zone of origin has no significant effect.

This document may be cited directly referring to the above mentioned final published version: Diana, M. (2008) Making the "primary utility of travel" concept operational: a measurement model for the assessment of the intrinsic utility of reported trips, Transportation Research Part A, vol. 42(3), pp. 455-474.

Traveler attitudes and preferences as well as demographic variables are important components in the travel behavior process. Using travel attitudes a factor and cluster analysis were conducted to segment the sample. Six distinct groups were extracted: Transit Enthusiasts, Anxious Status Seekers, Car-less Riders, Green Cruisers, Frugal Travelers, and Obstinate Drivers. The segments showed unique combinations of attitudes with distinct travel behaviors and varying degrees of intention to use public transport. Gender differences were then investigated and the results suggest that women and men exhibit differences on attitudes, preferences and behavior. The design of strategies to promote alternatives to car use should target the market segments that are most motivated to change, focusing on the attitudes that can induce a change, such as pro transit or sensibility to the environment.

From just about all accounts, Americans are driving more than ever, not just to work but to shopping, to school, to soccer practice and band practice, to visit family and friends, and so on. Americans also seem to be complaining more than ever about how much they drive - or, more accurately, how much everyone else drives. However, the available

Volatile oil prices. Looming climate change. Worldwide economic and political unrest. Worsening traffic congestion. Crisis in transportation financing. As we begin to face the consequences brought about by uncontrolled growth and neglected carbon awareness, we realize that America's ongoing love affair with the car will continue to cause widespread environmental impacts and global conflicts over oil supply. These challenges and their solutions are the ongoing focus of research by the Institute of Transportation Studies (ITS) at UC Davis. For over two decades, understanding the challenges and solutions have been the nexus of Institute's work. Dr. Dan Sperling and Dr. Tom Turrentine will present their insight of current strategies and research, and promulgate their unique and optimistic views of the rapidly evolving transportation and energy solutions of the future. The duo will unveil how new technologies will allow consumers to access a suite of transportation and energy applications, ranging from dynamic real-time ride sharing applications, to programs that help consumers conserve energy in their cars and homes. As tomorrow's advanced transportation technologies rapidly unfolds, will Lake Tahoe's environmentally sensitive communities be ready to drive to a sustainable future? Presenters:

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has become the dominant urban growth planning paradigm in the United States. Yet scant evidence has been proffered to indicate that it will produce significant environmental and social benefits commensurate with the costs of the major transportation system improvements that it requires. Sixteen distinct planning issues will determine whether TOD significantly changes travel behavior in a metropolitan region. While some analysis exists, understanding of these issues needs improvement. In particular, more research is needed on non-work travel, retail market dynamics, and the likely constraints this $2.3 trillion area of business and human behavior imposes on TOD.

Evolution of public road transportation system requires analysis and planning tools to improve the service quality. A wide range of road transportation simulation tools exist with a variety of applications in planning, training and demonstration. However, few simulations take into account the specificities of public transportation. We present in this paper a bus network simulation which models these specificities and allows to analyze and evaluate a bus network at diverse space and time scales. We adopt a multiagent approach to describe the global system operation from behaviors of numerous autonomous entities such as buses and travellers. The developed simulation has been integrated into a decision support system for the design and the evaluation of bus networks. Some experimental results on a real case, showing the efficiency of the proposed model, are presented and discussed.

ABSTRACT Older people are perceived to face different problems while commuting. Studies on mobility of the elderly and associated constraints are, in Nigeria, recent but scanty. Hence, this paper explores elderly mobility characteristics, commuting patterns, quality of transport services and problems associated with the use of public transport services. Questionnaires were administered to 250 elderly aged 60 years and above using a purposive sampling technique. Findings showed that 58.4% of the sampled elderly lack personal means of transportation. The study revealed that an elderly generates about 2.88 trips per day. Trip destinations within a distance of 2 km of respondents׳ residence accounted for 65.60% trips generated. Daily frequency accounted for 38.56% of the visits to four trip destinations (work, social, religion and market). Walking accounts for 36.89% of travel mode of the elderly. Transport constraints identified include high transport fare, lack of bus stops, poor nature of roads, traffic congestion, poor attitude of commercial transport operators and the absence of state owned transport services. There is also a low level of satisfaction with transport services with significant variation in satisfaction with transport service among the different age groups. The paper suggests that government should include issues of elderly mobility and safety in the nation׳s transport policy in addition to the provision of affordable public transport services for the elderly.

The impacts of home-based telecommuting on travel behavior and personal vehicle emissions for participants in the State of California Telecommuting Pilot Project are analyzed using the most advanced emissions modeling tools currently available. A comparison of participants' telecommuting day travel behavior with their before-telecommuting behavior shows a 27% reduction in the number of personal vehicle trips, a 77% decrease in vehicle-miles traveled (VMT), and 39% (and 4%) decreases in the number of cold (and hot) engine starts. These decreases in travel translate into emissions reductions of: 48% for total organic gases (TOG), 64% for carbon monoxide (CO), 69% for nitrogen oxide (NOx), and 78% for particulate matter (PM). Although the authors developed the methodology to investigate the emissions impacts of telecommuting, the analysis technique can be applied to any demand management or other transportation strategy where all of the necessary model inputs are available. An analysis of the number of personal vehicle trips and VMT partitioned into commute-related and non-commute-related purposes revealed that non-commute personal vehicle trips increased by 0.5 trips per person-day on average, whereas the non-commute VMT decreased by 5.3 miles. This important finding supports (for one indicator, the number of trips) the hypothesis that non-commute travel generation is a potential negative impact of telecommuting. This finding demonstrates the need to monitor these changes as telecommuting moves into the mainstream. In this study, however, the small increase in non-commute trips has a negligible impact compared to the overall travel and emissions savings.

Travel is derived from activity participation. Details of activity participation are strongly affected by social settings and transportation system. Understanding the changes in travel behavior is essential to comprehending the association between travel behavior and the settings. The paper aims at analyzing the changes in travel behavior over the last 8 years using household travel survey data collected in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) in 2002, 2006 and 2010, respectively. Changes of travel behavior were identified from the overall sample, and the detailed aspects of the changes were further investigated. The results show that the temporal and spatial characteristics of changes in travel behavior were interpretable regarding socio-economic/regional characteristics and travel characteristics. Implications of the results are discussed in the final section.

Focusing on the tradeoff between accuracy of the assignment and computation time this paper proposes different traffic assignment methods targeting at microscopic traffic simulation. The corresponding network-wide performance indices, the generated route sets and the respective significance tests are analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the saving on computation time is significant with use of macroscopic assignments. However, the deficiency of neglecting turning behaviors in macroscopic assignments results in worse assignment results. Moreover, the used computation time of some microscopic methods (e.g. the one-shot method) is competitive with that of the macroscopic assignments. While the exact parameterization as well as the sensitivity of the methods to the size of the scenarios still need further investigation, it seems favorable to employ microscopic assignment techniques or hybrid methods for producing a good traffic assignment for a microscopic simulation.

The link between the built environment and human behavior has long been of interest to the field of urban planning, but direct assessments of the links between the built environment and physical activity as it influences personal health are still rare in the field. Yet the concepts, theories, and methods used by urban planners provide a foundation for an emerging body of research on the relationship between the built environment and physical activity. Recent research efforts in urban planning have focused on the idea that land use and design policies can be used to increase transit use as well as walking and bicycling. The development of appropriate measures for the built environment and for travel behavior is an essential element of this research. The link between the built environment and travel behavior is then made using theoretical frameworks borrowed from economics, and in particular, the concept of travel as a derived demand. The available evidence lends itself to the argument that a combination of urban design, land use patterns, and transportation systems that promotes walking and bicycling will help create active, healthier, and more livable communities. To provide more conclusive evidence, however, researchers must address the following issues: An alternative to the derived-demand framework must be developed for walking, measures of the built environment must be refined, and more-complete data on walking must be developed. In addition, detailed data on the built environment must be spatially matched to detailed data on travel behavior.

This paper presents a dynamic mixed discrete-continuous choice approach to modeling pedestrian travel and activity choice behavior in public facilities. The approach views revealed behavior as a manifestation of pedestrians' preferences by assuming that pedestrians choose the alternative that maximizes expected (subjective) utility, while taking into account the uncertainty in expected traffic conditions. The choice dimensions are trajectories between origin and subsequent destinations, areas where activities are performed (multiple vs. fixed destination), execution of discretionary activities, and finally activities completion times and order. The disutility of a trajectory determines the trajectory choice of the traveler. Destination area choice is included in the modeling by determining time-dependent and destination-specific arrival costs. Furthermore, penalties for not executing a planned activity are introduced into the modeling framework. The resulting modeling approach has a clear analogy with stochastic control theory and dynamic programming in continuous time and space. The main innovations presented here is the relaxation of the assumption that routes are discrete sets of travel links. The approach relaxes the need to build a discrete network, while routes (trajectories) are continuous functions in time and space. At the same time, destination choice is included in the modeling framework.

This paper reviews the literature on travel feedback programs (TFPs). These constitute soft measures designed to change travel behaviour, mainly from automobile to non-automobile travel, in mobility management. We classified TFPs according to place, technique, procedure, and communication media, and reviewed the effectiveness of 10 TFPs in Japan. We found that TFPs in Japan reduced CO 2 emissions by about 19% and car use by about 18%, while increasing the use of public transport by about 50%. In addition, we found that TFP effectiveness increased when participants were asked to make behavioural plans to change their travel behaviour. r

ABSTRACT Over the last few years, travel-behavior researchers have generally acknowledged the importance of habits and key events in understanding travel-behavior changes. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the evolving research field of mobility biographies. With a retrospective, qualitative survey, 20 parents of small children are questioned about key events affecting their travel behavior and in particular the role of childbirth in this respect. The findings reveal that the commonly expected car-dependency after childbirth is only one pattern among others such as the stability or even increase of green mode use.

Author(s): Barbour, Elisa; Grover, Salvador; Lamoureaux, Yulia; Chaudhary, Gyanendra; Handy, Susan | Abstract: This report provides research findings from the first year of a two-year research project on patterns of local policymaking in California to support transit-oriented development (TOD), transit, and active transport. The project aims to assess motivations, perceived obstacles, and priorities for development near transit, in relation to patterns of local policy adoption, from the perspective of city planners in the state’s four largest regions: the San Francisco Bay, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Sacramento metropolitan areas. This first-stage report discusses research and policy context that informed the methodology, findings from the analysis of results from an online survey of city planning directors administered in the spring of 2019, and findings from two case studies of TOD policymaking in urban central cities, namely Los Angeles and Sacramento. A sampling methodology for...

A novel approach to travel behavior analysis is introduced, based on geotagged photos. A dataset comprises photos on Flickr by Hong Kong inbound tourists is built. The spatial and temporal information of photos infers tourists' movement trajectories. The advantage of the approach is shown by analyzing inbound tourist travel behavior. The study benefits destination development, transportation planning, and impact management.

By estimating multinomial choice models, this paper examines the relationship between travel mode choice and attributes of the local physical environment such as topography, sidewalk availability, residential density, and the presence of walking and cycling paths. Data for student and staff commuters to the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill are used to illustrate the relationship between mode choice and the objectively measured environmental attributes, while accounting for typical modal characteristics such as travel time, access time, and out-of-pocket cost. Results suggest that jointly the four attributes of the local physical environment make significant marginal contributions to explaining travel mode choice. In particular, the estimates reveal that local topography and sidewalk availability are significantly associated with the attractiveness of non-motorized modes. Point elasticities are provided and recommendations given regarding the importance of incorporating non-motorized modes into local transportation planning and in the study of how the built environment influences travel behavior. locate/trd private automobile. Accordingly, researchers have tested empirically the relationships between revealed travel behavior and neighborhood characteristics in order to identify key attributes that can influence travel behavior. Different travel behaviors, such as trip-making frequency and distance and time traveled, have been studied for a variety of neighborhood types (These studies are important because they constitute the theoretical and empirical foundation upon which policy makers and planners can anticipate the effectiveness of their interventions and base future policy decisions.

This article examines the relationship of the built environment to physical activity in suburban multifamily housing developments in a medium-sized city, testing Alfonzo's (2005) model of decisions regarding active travel. All complexes were within one-quarter mile of a shopping area with a major grocery store, but varied in pedestrian friendliness. Survey data were gathered on travel behavior to the stores, sociodemographic characteristics, preferences for an "active" environment, and perceptions of the extent to which their environment promoted activity. Multilevel analyses showed that residents in more pedestrian-friendly areas had significantly more active travel and less driving travel, indicating a substitution, rather than a supplementation, effect. Results remained when preferences for an "active" environment were controlled and, in most cases, when perceptions of the environment were

_The Physiology of Love and Other Writings_ is the first English annotated collection of Mantegazza’s selected works. In my extensive introductory essay, Mantegazza’s hybrid contributions from fiction, travel-writing, and ethnography to physiology, medicine, and politics are reevaluated as instances of a proto-cultural-studies approach attuned to the cross-fertilization of disciplines and the circulation of ideas in a period of European intellectual history that defied the notion of specialization.
Table of contents:
The Physiology of Love
And Selections from:
On The Hygienic and Medicinal Virtues of the Coca Plant and on Nervine Nourishment in General
One Day in Madeira
A Voyage to Lapland with my Friend Stephen Sommier
India
Epicurus: Essay in a Physiology of the Beautiful
The Neurosic Century
The Tartuffe Century
Head: Or, Sowing Ideas to Create New Deeds
Political Memoirs of a Foot Soldier in the Italian Parliament
The Year 3000: A Dream
The Psychology of Translation

This paper describes the conceptual development, operatonalization and empirical testing of Albatross: A Learning-based Transportation Oriented Simulation System. This activity-based model of activity-travel behavior is derived from theories of choice heuristics that consumers apply when making decisions in complex environments. The model, one of the most comprehensive of its kind, predicts which activities are conducted when, where, for how long, with whom, and the transport mode involved. In addition, various situational, temporal, spatial, spatial-temporal and institutional constraints are incorporated in the model. The decision tree is proposed as a formalism to represent an exhaustive set of mutually exclusive rules for each decision step in the model. A CHAID decision tree induction method is used to derive decision trees from activity diary data. The case study conducted to develop and test the model indicates that performance of the model is very satisfactory. We conclude therefore that the methodology proposed in this article is useful to develop computational process models of activity-travel choice behavior. meets space-time, institutional and household constraints and satisfies as much as possible preferences of the individual, is an inherently complex cognitive task. Acknowledging this complexity, several authors have stressed the importance of understanding the decision making processes that underlie activity patterns and proposed computational process models that are consistent with cognitive theories of problem solving, decision making and learning.

The age profile of the Taiwanese population is such that it contains one of the highest near ages in the world with 9% of the population being aged more than 65 years of age. The senior travel market has become an increasingly important area of interest to travel agents. This study examines the senior travel market and its behavior. Ridit analysis is used to explore the destination selection attributes of senior travelers. Three travel barrier factors were derived using factor analysis; the traveler capabilities, direct travel suppliers and indirect travel motivators. Senior travel satisfaction was explored based on tour related and tour staff service dimensions. This study offers some recommendations as to marketing techniques and means of extracting profit as a competitive strategy for traditional travel agents. r

This study reports the results of air-travel itinerary share models estimated at the city-pair level for all city-pairs in the United States. These models, named Itinerary Share Prediction (ISP) models, predict airline ridership at the itinerary level and aid carriers in long and intermediate term decision-making. The models are estimated using aggregate multinomial logit methodology and use official and comprehensive schedule and bookings data. Independent variables for the models measure various itinerary service characteristics: itinerary level-of-service (nonstop, direct, single-connect, or double-connect) with respect to the best level-of-service offered in the city-pair, connection quality variables, carrier, carrier market presence, fares, aircraft size and type variables, and time of day among others. The results are intuitive and consistent across all regions, and the models outperform existing methods. Finally, the impacts of changing various itinerary service attributes on carrier market share are discussed.

This article attempted to find out important factors influencing international students’ travel
behavior. A total of 409 international postgraduate students studying in five Malaysian research universities
(Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Malaya, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) participated in this quantitative study through a selfadministered
questionnaire. A structural equation modeling–partial least squares using Warp PLS
3.0 was applied to analyze data. The study revealed that a number of demographic characteristics
including age, marital status, nationality, and source of finance significantly affect preferred travel
activities and preferences. In addition, travel behavior (as a third-order factor) was also affected
by age, marital status, nationality, and source of finance. The moderating effect of information source
on relationship between nationality and travel behavior has also been identified, with its main function
being adjusting the strengths of relationships between nationality and travel behavior.

This paper presents the results of a qualitative study of public transport users and car users in order to obtain a deeper understanding of travellers' attitudes towards transport and to explore perceptions of public transport service quality. The key findings indicate that in order to increase public transport usage, the service should be designed in a way that accommodates the levels of service required by customers and by doing so, attract potential users. Furthermore, the choice of transport is influenced by several factors, such as individual characteristics and lifestyle, the type of journey, the perceived service performance of each transport mode and situational variables. This suggests the need for segmentation taking into account travel attitudes and behaviours. Policies which aim to influence car usage should be targeted at the market segments that are most motivated to change and willing to reduce frequency of car use.

This study attempts to develop a theoretical framework for tourists' safety and security perception and travel behavior in rural destinations. Secondary data analysis was adopted to review the existing literature and models with relevant focuses. A framework was conceptualized based on three renowned models: Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Information Integration Theory (IIT), and Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). The proposed framework is expected to provide insights for and to be tested empirically in future studies. The originality of this study is in constructing a theoretical foundation for the study of safety and security in rural destinations from a psychological perspective in which tourists' perception, attitude and behavior are included.

As  means  of  locomotion,  mount  animals,  sedan
chairs or chariots are known from ancient Egypt
for overland travel (Köpp, 2008b, 401-412; Köpp-
Junk, 2013: 6-9; 2014: 199-276). The oldest mode
of travel, however, was simply to walk because it
was  the  easiest  and  cheapest  way  to  move,  even
though it was the slowest. The very reverse applies
to  the  chariot.  Compared  to  all  other  means  of
travel, except for horseback riding, the chariot was
the fastest, but also the most expensive one. Be-
sides the chariot, the owner has to purchase horses
as  well  as  have  a  personal  staff  for  maintenance
and care of both. Therefore, at the beginning of the
18th Dynasty, only the king and
a few high officials could afford them (Hofmann,
1989: 33). However, about 2,000 chariots are esti-
mated for the Egyptian army of the 19th Dynasty
(Langenbach, 2009: 347). This figure provides indication of the increasing use of the chariot. How many additional chariots were privately owned is uncertain, but several tomb scenes
as well as textual evidence from the New Kingdom
show them as an obvious component of daily life
as a mode of locomotion.
This contribution discusses the general use of
chariots in civil contexts. Additionally, its radius
of  action  with  regards  to  overland  travel  is  analyzed, as well as how chariots were transported by
water. This is followed by on overview of the traveling speed of the vehicle.

Communities are increasingly looking to urban design and the concept of the New Urbanism as an effective strategy for reducing automobile dependence in suburban areas. While the available empirical evidence suggests that automobile travel is lower in traditional-style neighborhoods, it provides limited insights as to how and why, largely because the research methodologies used have been insufficent for the task. Most of the studies addressing this question fall into three categories: simulation studies, aggregate analyses, and disaggregate analyses. Two other approaches offer greater promise for understanding the relationship between urban form and travel behavior: choice models and activity-based analyses. This paper reviews alternative approaches for exploring the link between urban form and travel behavior, outlines issues and complexities that this research must address, and, finally, suggests that the focus of this research should shift from the search for strategies to change behavior to a search for strategies to provide choices.

Models depicting the spatial movement patterns of tourists within a destination are proposed in this paper. They are developed using an inductive approach based on urban transportation modeling and tourist behavior, to identify explanatory factors that could influence movements. Factors identified included a set of destination characteristics and a set of tourist characteristics that influence decisionmaking and behavior.

Despite the importance of market segmentation, the growth of the travel and tourism industry in Taiwan, and the repeat travel phenomenon in tourism, relatively few studies have examined the behavior of repeat travelers in the East Asia region. The present study was designed to fill this gap. This exploratory study applied multistage segmentation in the context of repeat travel behavior to Taiwan. It examined the socio-demographic profile, trip characteristics and expenditures of Taiwan inbound repeat travelers. The results indicated that nationality, income, type of travel arrangements and information search behavior significantly affected repeat travel behavior. In terms of travel expenditures, males spent significantly more than females. Those travelers between 40 and 60 years old tended to spend the most when they visited Taiwan compared to other groups. Chinese travelers were most likely to have traveled to Taiwan more than once among all nationalities compared in this study. Those from Korea and Japan spent the most money among all nationality groups. This study provided several significant implications for the marketers of tourism in Taiwan.

The ultimate goal of most transportation is "access," people's ability to reach desired goods, services and activities. Transportation decisions often involve tradeoffs between different forms of access. How transport is measured can have a major impact on these tradeoffs.

Commuting patterns in Sub-Saharan African cities are evolving in tandem with rapid levels of historical urbanization. Yet, our understanding of how the prevailing urban spatial structures shape travel patterns is limited. This study explores the land-use-travel nexus in the Kumasi metropolis in Ghana, by focusing on work commuting. It uses newly available land-use datasets to present TAZ-level analysis of the distribution of land-use activity types. From a survey of a representative sample of 1,158 workers, the characteristics of commuters and their travel patterns are examined. The analyses reveal a unique structure for the urban system, that is polycentric in both morphological and functional dimensions, but with a relatively stronger centre (i.e. CBD). Overall, homework commute flows strongly reflect the prevailing spatial structure. Residence in suburban neighbourhoods; non-home-based employment locations; homework distance exceeding 0.3km; and relatively higher-incomes influence motorized transport choice and car-use for work journeys. Walking to work is strongly associated with lower-income levels, residence in historical-core neighbourhoods and home-based employment. The paper contributes to conceptualizing, theorising and understanding the spatial structure-travel nexus at the intra-urban scale by focusing on a previously unexplored urban context. The implications of the findings for integrated urban development and transportation planning are highlighted.

to help develop a framework and advise on methods and approaches for integrating CO2 concerns into urban transportation in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC 1 ). The UC Berkeley team conducted an analysis of the current portfolio of World Bank transport projects in the region and carried out interviews with Bank staff working in the region. The review of the World Bank's work was followed by a four-day workshop, held at UC Berkeley and attended by 17 members of the World Bank's staff. At the workshop, UC faculty presented information on greenhouse gas (GHG) science, issues, and impacts, other regions' responses to the GHG challenge, LAC urban transport problems and their GHG consequences, and opportunities for intervention to reduce GHG emissions in the LAC context. Presentations were interspersed with group discussions and commentary. Then, drawing upon the literature on GHG reduction strategies, LAC transport issues, the review of the World Bank portfolio and staff interviews, and the workshop discussions, the UC Berkeley team developed a framework for consideration of GHG emissions reduction strategies in the Latin America and Caribbean region. The UC Berkeley team also prepared guidance on methods and procedures that could be used to analyze GHG emissions, and developed recommendations on ways to enhance or strengthen the interventions proposed to the World Bank from the client countries.