archaic Greek Pottery

This article offers an overview of the most important developments in the Bulgarian media sphere after the changes of 1989. It fills a conceptual gap by analyzing the place of Bulgarian media in the context of the relationship between democracy and capitalism. The transition from socialist to private and market-oriented media, Bulgaria’s opening up to foreign media companies, the expansion of media into the internet environment, and the role of media regulation are identified as the key – and ambivalent – factors of change in the media sphere. The article argues that the tension between media democracy and media capitalism unfolded in the form of a permanent crisis in the media field. The analysis leads to the conclusion that indeterminacy and hybridity are key characteristics of the Bulgarian media system.

Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü'nün (DAI) Kısaltmalar Dizini'nde 'OLBA' şeklinde yer almaktadır. OLBA dergisi hakemlidir ve Mayıs ayında olmak üzere, yılda bir kez basılmaktadır. Published each year in May. KAAM'ın izni olmadan OLBA'nın hiçbir bölümü kopya edilemez. Alıntı yapılması durumunda dipnot ile referans gösterilmelidir. 'RESEARCH CENTER OF CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY' JOURNAL 'OLBA' Scope Olba is printed once a year in May. Deadline for sending papers is November of each year. The Journal 'Olba', being published since 1998 by the 'Research Center of Cilician Archeology' of the Mersin University (Turkey), includes original studies done on antropology, prehistory, protohistory, classical archaeology, classical philology (and ancient languages and cultures), ancient history, numismatics and early christian archeology of Asia Minor, the Mediterranean region and the Near East.

This article presents a series of ceramic pots and sherds found at the site of Kamiros (Rhodes) and now preserved between the Archaeological Museum of Rhodes and the British Museum. The specimens share some common elements, both morphologically and decoratively, which enabled early scholars to consider them as a unified production. The aim of this article is to propose an update on this topic and to provide a comprehensive overview of the pieces that can be attributed to this production, as well as a reflection on their significance for the Archaic ceramic horizon of the eastern Aegean.

A rim fragment of a handmade vessel with intaglio decoration is part of the ceramic finds from tomb complex 4+5 at Kition on the south coast of Cyprus. It can be identified as a cup/bowl of the Apennine culture group, which makes it the only Apennine vessel known from the Eastern Mediterranean so far. The distribution of the parallels for the combination of vessel shape and motif in Italy demonstrates that the main production area of such vessels was Campania. The date of the parallels in the Italian Middle Bronze Age 3 fits with the date of the earliest of the pottery grave goods in tomb complex 4+5, as most of those were produced in LH IIIA2. Presumably during this time, the Apennine vessel came from southern Italy – most probably from Campania or the Taranto region, where Mycenaean pottery of the same age has also been found – to Cyprus.

John Boardman was a towering figure who dominated the study of Greek art and archaeology in the second half of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st. His was a brilliant mind, which could be intimidating as he often anticipated one's reactions and could be well ahead of his contemporaries. He truly was one of the luminaries of classical studies on the world stage. His academic career was spent at the University of Oxford, where he taught an international cast of pupils, many of whom went on to teach in their home countries, carrying on a tradition of excellence to younger generations. His teaching was supplemented by a spate of handbooks, translated into several languages. 1 In awe of him, students were inspired by his example of hard work and dedication. "How many hours did you spend in the library today?" was the dreaded question to the usual suspects. Along with lives, he also touched a great range of subjects and was a leading specialist in disparate fields such as vase painting and iconography, sculpture, gems, colonization, and the impact of the Greeks in Asia. This short notice cannot do justice to his multifaceted personality. His memoirs give a succinct account of his life and works, and the reader is referred there for more details. 2 He was born on 20 August 1927 in Ilford, Essex, the son of Frederick Archibald Boardman and Clara Wells. His parents had been born in the 19th century and were already in their forties when he arrived. 3 He died on 23 May 2024 at a hospice near his home in Woodstock, Oxfordshire. He is survived by his children, Julia and Mark, and two grandchildren. His wife, Sheila Stanford, died in 2005. John Boardman read Classics in Magdalen College, Cambridge, where he was mentored by Robert M. Cook, a Greek pottery specialist. Cook advised him to pursue research on early pottery in the British School at Athens, where he stayed from 1948 to 1950. He returned to Athens in 1952 to serve as assistant director of the British School until 1955. During his tenure, and while he was on his honeymoon on Aegina, he picked up an inscribed fragment of a painted clay plaque exposed by recent rain in the soil near the temple of Apollo. He recognized it as being the earliest painted Greek inscription (ca. 700 BCE) and promptly published it in 1954. 4 He donated the fragment to the Athens National Museum, where it is on display with his name as donor. In the British School library, he came across Adolf Furtwängler's volumes on Greek gems, which provided the inspiration for a lifelong interest. During his

The sanctuary of Apollo Amyklaios – also known as the "Amyklaion" – is best known for its unique archaic temple, called "Throne" of Apollo, and the feast of the Hyakinthia. However, the excavations carried out since 2005 as part of the Amykles Research Project – under the auspices of the
Archaeological Society – make now possible a much more comprehensive approach to the sanctuary, its organisation, its finds and, consequently, the ritual and votive practices that took place there. The 2017-2020 campaigns in the southern sector of the site have brought to light stratified archaic levels that are extremely rich in artefacts. In addition to faunal remains, bronze, lead and ivory objects, as well as numerous sherds of Laconian and imported pottery, several thousand miniature vases were
discovered. These objects had already been identified during earlier excavations on the site and are known from other Laconian sanctuaries. The assemblage in the southern sector stands out for its sheer size in terms of objects, the very strong over-representation of aryballs and the high typological variability of the latter. Following a presentation of the context in which these miniatures were discovered, the preliminary typology created to classify this corpus will be presented, before proposing a technical approach to their production. One of the challenges will be to determine the use value of these objects - some of which are not hollowed out and the existence of technical variations according to typological categories. A final section will be devoted to contextual analysis, seeking to determine the possible ritual and/or votive function of these objects as part of the cult of Apollo and Hyakinthos.
***
Le sanctuaire d’Apollon amycléen – également dénommé « Amyklaion » – est surtout connu pour son temple archaïque à l’architecture unique, dit « Trône » d’Apollon, et la fête des Hyakinthia. Les fouilles menées depuis 2005 dans le cadre de l’Amykles Research Project – sous les auspices de la Société Archéologique – permettent néanmoins aujourd’hui de proposer une approche beaucoup plus complète du sanctuaire, de son organisation, mais aussi de son mobilier et, partant, des pratiques rituelles et votives qui s’y déroulaient. Les campagnes 2017-2020 dans le secteur Sud du site ont en particulier entraîné la mise au jour de niveaux archaïques stratifiés extrêmement riches en mobilier. Outre des restes fauniques, des objets de bronze, de plomb et d’ivoire, ainsi que de nombreux tessons ce céramique laconienne et importée, plusieurs milliers de vases miniatures ont été découverts. Ces objets avaient déjà été identifiés sur le site lors des fouilles anciennes sur le site et sont connus par ailleurs dans d'autres sanctuaires laconiens. L’assemblage du secteur Sud se distingue par l’ampleur des volumes concernés, la très forte surreprésentation des aryballes et la forte variabilité typologique de ces derniers, laquelle justifie le titre de cette communication. Après une présentation du contexte de découverte de ces miniatures, il s’agira de présenter la
typologie préliminaire créée pour classer ce corpus, avant de proposer une approche technique de leur production. L’un des enjeux sera notamment de déterminer la valeur d’usage de ces objets – pour certains non évidés – et l’existence de variations techniques en fonction des catégories typologiques. Une dernière partie sera consacrée à l'analyse contextuelle, en cherchant à déterminer l’éventuelle fonction rituelle et/ou votive de ces objets dans le cadre du culte d'Apollon et de Hyakinthos.

Budapest 1939, 32 (cat. no. 24); Liptay in István Bárkányi ed., A fáraók Egyiptoma. A Móra Ferenc Múzeum kiállításának vezetője [Egypt of the Pharaohs. Guide to the exhibition of the Móra Ferenc Museum], Szeged 2014 (cat. no. 12). 32 Petrik in Kóthay and Liptay 2012 (n. 22), cat. nos. 77b and 77c; Petrik in Kóthay and Liptay 2013 (n.22), cat. nos. 79b and 79c. 33 Ross I. Thomas, "Terracotta and stone figurines from Naukratis", British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 24 (2019), 192-194. See also an online catalogue of the British Museum (Naukratis: Greeks in Egypt): https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ ukgwa/20190801105436/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/online_research_catalogues/ng/ naukratis_greeks_in_egypt.aspx. 34 The symbolic function of this object group is difficult to exactly define, but seems strongly linked to the goddess Hathor: Elizabeth A. Waraksa, "Female Figurines (Pharaonic Period)", in Willeke Wendrich ed., UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles 2008 (http:// digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/ zz000s3mm6). Still in the same year, in 1960, from a private collection the museum managed to acquire a contemporaneous example of another subtype of the same object group representing a nude female figure standing in a shrine (inv. no. 60.33-E). 35 London, The British Museum, inv. no. EA 9524 (James Henry Breasted Jr., Egyptian Servant Statues (Bollingen Series 13), New York 1948, pl. 65a; Angela Mary Johanne Tooley, "Middle Kingdom Burial Customs. A Study of Wooden Models and Related Material", PhD diss., University of Liverpool 1989, 137-38; London, UCL Culture, Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, inv. no. UC75621. Gerard P. F. Broekman, "Falcon-headed Coffins and Cartonnages",

A 7th-century b.c. cup from the sanctuary of Kommos in Crete presents what
may be the most complex and multifigured scene on a Cretan ceramic vessel of
any period, and it has long puzzled scholars. Based on a recent reexamination
of the cup, the present study offers original insights into its fabric, its technique
of manufacture, and especially its iconography. Through this examination, an
identification of episodes from the Trojan War is proposed, the relevance of this
imagery to the cultural context of production and consumption is explained,
and this interpretation is situated within the debate over the identification of
myth and ritual in Cretan art of the early 1st millennium b.c.

This article presents the results of comprehensive studies of three Attic plastic vessels from the 4th century BC, drawn from the State Historical Museum collection. The application of X-ray tomography, large-scale XRF mapping, energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis under SEM and synchrotron XRD analysis enabled a comprehensive examination of the vessels' state of preservation, including the identification of restoration traces and the delineation of the manufacturing technology
employed. Additionally, the analysis facilitated the identification of the pigments utilized in the surface painting. A reconstruction of the polychrome painting of the vessels was proposed based on the pigment
residues identified both visually and on XRF maps. Given the poor state of preservation of the coating on the surface of two vessels, a reconstruction of their possible polychrome painting was performed based
on a comparison with known analogues.

Οι ανασκαφές που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο σπαρτιατικό ιερό του
Απόλλωνα Αμυκλαίου μεταξύ του 2018 και του 2021 από το Ερευνητικό
Πρόγραμμα Αμυκλών, υπό την αιγίδα της Εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας και τη διεύθυνση του Σταύρου Βλίζου, οδήγησαν στην ανακάλυψη μιας αναβαθμίδας στα νότια του λόφου της Αγίας Κυριακής, παράλληλα με την περίβολο του 6ου αιώνα π.Χ., η οποία πιθανότατα παρείχε πρόσβαση στο ιερό από τα νότια. Η επίχωση της αναβαθμίδας του αναλήμματος απέδωσε μια πλήρη στρωματογραφία, η οποία περιελάμβανε ένα πλούσιο αρχαϊκό στρώμα. Σκοπός της ομιλίας είναι η παρουσίαση της αρχαϊκής κεραμικής, της πρώτης ομάδας αρχαϊκής κεραμικής από στρωματογραφημένα αρχαιολογικά συμφραζόμενα στο Αμύκλαιο. Η παρουσίαση των διαφόρων τυπολογικών κατηγοριών της κεραμικής θα αναδείξει τα πολλά σχήματα που χρησιμοποιούνταν για πόση, ανάμειξη και αρωματισμό. Τα μελανόμορφα αγγεία παρέχουν νέες ενδείξεις για το στυλ Laconian 1 του 7ου αιώνα π.Χ., ενώ η παρουσία των κυλίκων Droop και των αγγείων πόσης τεκμηριώνει τη συνέχεια, κατά την αρχαϊκή περίοδο, των συλλογικών πρακτικών οινοποσίας, η ύπαρξη των οποίων έχει ήδη αποδειχθεί για τη γεωμετρική περίοδο από τη Βίκυ Βλάχου. Ιδιαίτερη προσοχή θα δοθεί επίσης στους αρυβάλλους και τους χιλιάδες μικρογραφικούς αρυβάλλους που
ανακαλύφθηκαν στο ιερό. Το ιερό περιέχει τη μεγαλύτερη ποικιλία λακωνικών τύπων αρυβάλλων στη Λακωνία και τη Μεσόγειο, καθώς και τη μεγαλύτερη συγκέντρωση μικρογραφικών αρυβάλλων. Για τους τελευταίους θα παρουσιαστεί η τυπολογία. Η ερμηνεία της κεραμικής σε σχέση με τα αρχαιολογικά συμφραζόμενα θα μας επιτρέψει να εξετάσουμε τη διαδικασία με την οποία αποτέθηκαν τα
αντικείμενα αυτά, καθώς και τις αναθηματικές και τελετουργικές πρακτικές που λάμβαναν χώρα στο ιερό. Εκτός από πλούσιο κεραμικό υλικό, το αρχαϊκό στρώμα απέδωσε αντικείμενα από ελεφαντόδοντο, χαλκό και μόλυβδο, καθώς και υπολείμματα ζώων από στρώμα με στάχτη, τυπικό των τελετουργικών απορριμμάτων ενός ιερού. Τέλος, η μελέτη της αρχαϊκής κεραμικής θα βοηθήσει στην αποσαφήνιση της στρωματογραφικής ακολουθίας της αναβαθμίδας και στη διάκριση των διαφόρων φάσεων της μνημειακής διαμόρφωσης του ιερού.

Acknowledgments for assistance are given below under appropriate sections. All illustrations except 580 JAMES C. WRIGHT ETAL. Melos, Lakonia, Thessaly, and elsewhere.2 These researches established archaeological sequences, defined regional artifact and settlement types, and provided an overview of settlement from prehistoric times on. After World War II a series of extensive, but more systematic, surveys in many areas of the country was conducted by R. Hope Simpson and colleagues.3 Meanwhile a continuing tradition of geographic studies described natural as

Εκτύπωση: ΙΔΕΑ & ΤΥΠΟΣ-Φίλιππος Σπ. Λένης © Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού & Αθλητισμού-Ταμείο Αρχαιολογικών Πόρων & Απαλλοτριώσεων και Εργαστήριο Αρχαιολογίας Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλίας Ο τόμος τυπώθηκε με δαπάνες του Υπουργείου Πολιτισμού & Αθλητισμού-Ταμείου Αρχαιολογικών Πόρων & Απαλλοτριώσεων και του Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλίας. Οι περισσότερες ανακοινώσεις ανασκαφών ή αντικειμένων έχουν προκαταρκτικό χαρακτήρα και για οποιαδήποτε αναδημοσίευσή τους χρειάζεται η άδεια του συγγραφέα.

Recent research on ceramic and coroplastic production in Akragas: Reflections on some archaic and Hellenistic contexts · In the research carried out by the University of Bologna and the Park of the Valley of Temples in Agrigento, the topic of handcraft production has been the subject of studies aimed first of all at the systematic analysis of previous investigations about the polis. This led to the onset of new field surveys, particularly in the area of the proasteion near Porta V. The excavations conducted here (2019-2022) were meant to expand the know- ledge of a crucial craft sector assigned to ceramic and coroplastic production from the 6th-5th centuries BCE. Recent research has also focused on Insula III of the Hellenistic-Roman Quarter: among the archaeological evidence of production, attention is here drawn to a test pit excavated in the 20th century. From its deeper layers come black-glaze pottery and terracotta figurines from the Hellenistic period, conducing to consider it as the waste of a workshop. The two con- texts are appraised in connection with the city and its territory between Archaic and Hellenistic periods.

Nelle ricerche svolte dall’Università di Bologna con il Parco Valle dei Templi di Agrigento, il tema della produzione artigianale è stato oggetto di studi mirati innanzitutto all’analisi sistematica delle indagini pregresse nella polis. Ciò ha stimolato l’avvio di nuove indagini sul campo, in particolare nell’area del proasteion presso Porta V. Qui sono stati condotti scavi (2019-2022) volti ad approfondire la conoscenza di un importante settore artigianale de- dicato alla produzione ceramica e coroplastica di VI-V sec. a.C. Le ricerche recenti si sono concentrate anche nell’insula III del Quartiere Ellenistico-Romano: tra le evidenze archeologiche della produzione, si pone qui l’attenzione su un saggio indagato nel secolo scorso. Dai suoi strati più profondi provengono ceramiche a vernice nera e terrecotte figurate di età ellenistica che inducono a considerarlo lo scarto di un’officina. Si valutano i due contesti in rapporto alla città e al suo territorio tra età arcaica ed ellenistica.

Статья посвящена проблеме производства светлоглиняной керамики в VI-IV вв. до н. э. (Поздний период). Незначительное количество памятников, на которых найдены гончарные мастерские этого периода, затрудняет изучение данного вопроса. Поэтому наше исследование опирается на сведениях о ремесленных мастерских в Мемфисе, сосудах и их формовочнных масс из археологических раскопок. На основе этих данных делается попытка предположить, где находились гончарные мастерские, специализировавшиеся на продукции из светложгущихся глин.

The paper is devoted to production of Marl-based pottery in the 6th–4th c. BCE (the Late Period). The study of this issue is complicated by a small number of archaeological sites where pottery workshops of the Late Period were found. This research is based on our knowledge of various workshops at Memphis, pottery from archaeological excavations and fabrics. Based on this data, an attempt is made to suppose where pottery workshops for production of Marl and Mixed vessels were located.

В статье приведены результаты исследования формовочных масс древнеегипетских светложгущихся сосудов VI-IV вв. до н. э. (эпоха Позднего периода). Сосуды найдены в ходе археологических раскопок Центра египтологических исследований РАН на Ком-Тумане (Мемфис, Египет). Они выполнены из мергельных (известковых) и смешанных глин. Сравнительный анализ описаний глин аналогичных сосудов с других памятников Египта позволил изучить появление и распространение подобной керамики в эпоху Позднего периода.

The paper is devoted to investigation of pottery fabrics dated to the 6th–4th c. BCE (the Late Period). The pottery was discovered in course of archaeological excavations of the Centre for Egyptological studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences on Kom Tuman (Memphis, Egypt). These vessels were made of marl
and mixed clays. The comparison with fabric descriptions of parallels from other Egyptian sites raise the issue of appearance and distribution of this pottery during the Late Period.

The Roman Period ceramics recovered from Chamber Tomb I, Chamber Tomb II and their surroundings excavated in 2020 in the Ancient City of Syedra constitute the subject of this thesis. It is thought that the burial chambers built on a sloping land were destroyed by theft or illicit diggings. The possibility that the flowing soil may have filled the burial chambers was also taken into consideration and it was understood that the context of the finds was not preserved. The Roman Period ceramics recovered during the excavations in and around Chamber Tomb I-II were analyzed and evaluated within the scope of the study. Among the ceramics recovered during the excavations, 140 sherds were selected and included in the thesis. These sherds were analyzed in three main groups: fine ceramics, coarse ceramics and unguentariums. The fine ceramics include East Sigillata D ceramics, Sagalassos red slipped ceramics, African red slipped ceramics, Late Roman D red slipped ceramics and mugs; while the coarse ceramics group includes cooking pots, kitchen vessels and amphorae. The third and last group includes unguentariums. The ceramics analyzed within the scope of the study generally consist of forms dating between the 1st century BC and the 7th century AD. East Sigillata D ceramics constitute the dominant group among the analyzed ceramics. All the imported ceramics recovered from Chamber Tombs I-II indicate the intensity of commercial activities in the city.

The use of organic coatings on unglazed ceramic vessels, to seal surfaces and decrease permeability, has a long history extending from prehistory to modern traditional potters. A range of substances has been used, often water-insoluble natural products that tend to survive well under archaeological conditions. Identification of these coatings provides useful insights into past vessel production and properties and may also offer opportunities for interpretation of reuse and circulation of vessels. Results are presented here from the investigation of coatings on a small number of sixth-century bc vessel sherds from Naukratis (Egypt). All the deposits were found to be composed of pitch derived from conifer wood, which may be the remains of linings used to seal the vessels or residues of the vessels' contents. In one case, fig pulp and 'seeds' are associated with the pitch, which seem not only to suggest that the pitch was used as a lining, but have also offered a rare opportunity to elucidate both the sealing technology and vessel contents. The results are considered in terms of the broader interpretation of the past use of organic coated vessels and highlight the benefit of a multidisciplinary approach to organic residue analysis.

The article is devoted to the genesis and cultural transformation of the population of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Taman and the Kuban left bank areas. In all probability, as well as the Greeks, it was associated with the Proto and Early Thracian tribes of the Sabatinovo and Belozerka archaeological cultures. New facts demonstrate that in the late 7th – early 6th centuries BC, after the end of the climate crisis and the prolonged desolation of the Taman Peninsula, a stable corridor of communications developed between the Greeks, who appeared in the area of the Anapa Paleoliman, and a group of the Early Meotic population of the Kuban left bank area.
The emergence of a Greek emporium near Anapa in the last third of the 7th century BC was obviously accompanied by "concentration" of heterogeneous tribal groups around it, which, according to the analysis of their ceramic complexes, continued to preserve their cultural identity until the end of the 5th century BC, despite their active participation in the trade. In this regard, the fact of occupation of the environs of the emporium by a large group of the Early Meotic population from the Kuban left bank area is especially important. Those active and stable contacts between the Greeks and the "barbarians" contributed, probably a little later (at the beginning of the 6th century BC) to the emergence of two similar "places" (relay points, and later emporiums): in the southwest (settlements Volna 1 and Artyushchenko 2) and the northeast of the Taman Peninsula (settlements Akhtanizovskaya 4 and Golubitskaya 2).
The development of the interior areas, the coasts of the Taman Bay and the inner estuaries was carried out by the Greeks later – within the second quarter of the 6th century BC. After that, in the second half of the 6th century BC, the development of the southern shore of the Kiziltash estuary and the Kuban floodplain from the Utash Gulch to the Shuha River near Varennikovskaya village was performed too. Back then the old tracts and the crossings were used as overland roads.

This paper examines the colonial foundation traditions and the archaeological evidence which connect Crete and Rhodes, and investigates their possible relevance to the foundation of Gela. I place emphasis on the mythological figure of the Peloponnesian Althaemenes, who allegedly colonized both Crete and Rhodes, and I hypothesize that this figure could have informed the joint venture of Rhodians and Cretans in Sicily. Additionally, I approach the ktisis of Gela by mapping the Mediterranean island networks which could have facilitated the joint venture. This exercise demonstrates that bidirectional contacts between Rhodes and Crete are identifiable no earlier than the 8th century BCE, shortly before the ktisis of Gela. Additionally, I find that the evidence from Crete is scattered across the north coast of the island, and I reflect on the implications of this pattern for the question of the specific origins of the Cretans who joined the Rhodians in the foundation of Gela. This question has attracted different hypotheses, with most scholars focusing on South Central Crete, but I argue that people from different parts of Central Crete could have been involved in the venture, and I single out the possible participation of people from Lyktos on the basis of literary, epigraphic and archaeological evidence.

Greek sanctuaries are iconic monuments of the ancient world and their archaeology has
attracted much attention. Yet, final publications on these sites frequently focus on architecture, sculpture, metal finds, inscriptions and figurines, and show considerably less interest in the much more copious finds of pottery. Indeed, the pottery from most major and many minor Greek sanctuaries remains largely unknown, partly because it was once discarded in bulk, and partly because it is not studied systematically given the challenges involved in the treatment of large bodies of material. The present monograph addresses this problem by studying and publishing a large body of Greek and Roman pottery from the sanctuary of Syme Viannou in Crete.
The sanctuary of Syme Viannou is renowned as one of the most long-lived cult sites
of ancient Crete and the Greek world. Located on the southeast part of central Crete, the site occupies a magnificent karstic theater facing the Libyan Sea and is located by a spring which remains abundant to the present day. Because of this exquisite geomorphological setting, Syme Viannou has been called the Cretan Delphi. The sanctuary was used continuously from the beginning of the second millennium BCE until after the mid-first millennium CE. During the Greek and Roman period, the sanctuary was dedicated to Hermes and Aphrodite, with the early types of Proto-Hermes and Proto-Aphrodite attested in the early first millennium BCE. In certain phases, the site attracted visitors from much of the eastern half of Crete.
The two volumes study a body of 865 pieces of Greek and Roman pottery from
Syme Viannou, which dates from the beginning of the first millennium BCE to the mid-first
millennium CE and covers a wide range of shapes and types, the representation of which
fluctuated markedly over time. The approach to the material integrates traditional typological and chronological inquiries (Chapters 2 and 4), contextual considerations (Chapters 2 and 5), macroscopic and petrographic analyses of ceramic fabrics (Chapters 3 and 6), and quantitative studies (Chapters 3 and 4). The contribution of my work is threefold. First, it provides detailed documentation of the pottery from Syme Viannou and explores its ritual and other roles within the diachronic panorama of cultic and other activities at the site. Second, it promotes a broader understanding of the role of ceramics in sanctuary contexts by introducing systematically comparative perspectives on pottery from other Cretan and Greek sanctuaries. Third, it makes important methodological contributions to the study and publication of pottery from sanctuaries.

THE ACADEMY BEFORE PLATO.A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF EARLY ATHENS
by ALEXANDRA ALEXANDRIDOU & ALEXANDROS MAZARAKIS AINIAN
and contributions by
Maria Chountasi, Antonia Livieratou, Anastasia Papathanasiou & Katerina Trantalidou


This book attempts to enrich the archaeological data of Early Iron Age Athens through the thorough study of architectural remains, burials and movable finds that came to light in the area of Plato's Academy at a distance of about three kilometers from the center of Athens. This is the final publication of the results of the excavations carried out by Konstantinos Kourouniotis under the auspices of the Academy of Athens (1929-1939), those by Phoivos Stavropoullos under the auspices of the Archaeological Society at Athens (1956-1964), and finally of the complementary excavations of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Athens (2015) with the collaboration of the authors.

The so-called "Sacred House" occupies the largest part of the study. It was discovered in 1958 by Stavropoullos and was visible in the current archaeological park of the Academy until it was covered over for protection reasons in 2015. The examination of the findings, the information from the excavator's diaries and the new evidence that emerged from the recent excavation overturned the prevailing until then theory of ritual use of the building. On the contrary, the architectural remains were considered as parts of a residential nucleus, the main phase of life of which was placed in the last three decades of the 8th and the first decades of the 7th century BC. The clay vessels, which represent the majority of the finds, were the main basis for the reconstruction of activities at the site during that period; these were combined with the study of the remaining clay and metal objects, as well as the organic remains found during the excavations.

Three chapters complete the study on the pre-classical Academy and deal with different spatial and-temporal assemblages of the region. The first examines the remains of the Early Helladic period and the second a set of drinking vessels, of the 10th to 8th century BC, in the Kokkinogenis plot, a short distance from the "Sacred House", both from the excavations of Ph. Stavropoullos. The third chapter deals with the burials investigated by K. Kourouniotis in 1939 in the southwest corner of today's archaeological park.

The study of Athens in the early historical period has until today been based almost entirely on the data offered by excavated cemeteries and burials. At the Academy, however, the large volume of findings derive not only from a burial environment and thus highlighted several different aspects of the life of a community that lived and acted only a few kilometers away from the Acropolis.

In the Late Geometric period, the ceramic artist starts to communicate with the viewer by adding narrative content into the decorations. This article investigates how the artist decided on dimensions, aspect, and relative placement of the various elements on basis of essence rather than in attempt for realistic representation.

Purpose - Cemeteries, intrinsically linked to the history of
people and communities, are places of historical remembrance
and significant witnesses to local history. However, their abundant
written and artistic testimonies often remain obscure, primarily
due to the association of these sites with death and decay. The
Anastasis Cemetery (“Cemetery of Resurrection”) in the Evgenia
Drapetsona area of Piraeus is a noteworthy case. Numerous
funerary monuments attest to the presence of prominent families
from Piraeus, who have contributed to the historical development
and shaping of the city's identity. The purpose of this article is
twofold: first, to highlight the "voices" of the cemetery audience
regarding the sepulchral heritage of Piraeus, focusing on its
preservation, enhancement, and utilisation; and second, to
suggest ways for the transformation and cultural revitalisation of
the burial site, primarily through cultural routes and various
activities.

Design/methodology/approach - To study the attitudes and
opinions of the audience at the Anastasis Cemetery, an online
survey was conducted over approximately one year. This digital
approach proved effective, resulting in a considerable number of
completed questionnaires. Participants from municipalities in
Attica were invited to engage, provided they had prior familiarity
with the Cemetery and had visited it at least once. In total, the
survey engaged 104 participants.

Findings - The research highlighted the participants' attitudes
and opinions on issues related to the use of the burial site, as well
as its educational and cultural utilisation through activities, art
exhibitions, lectures, tours, and workshops, while always
considering its primary function and users. Additionally, it
identifies ways in which the audience could contribute to the
management of the burial site.

Originality/value - This research introduces, for the first time,
the issue of showcasing and utilizing Greek funerary heritage,
examining the "voices" of the cemetery audience, which
constitutes the users of the space.

Metaphora sozcugu klasik Yunancada meta on ekini alan ve bir yerden baska bir yere tasimak anlamina gelen pherein fiilinden turemistir. Latinceye ise yine ayni anlama gelen transferre fiilinden tureyen translatio terimi ile aktarilmistir. Turkcede gecici kullanimi isaret eden egretileme ve odunc alinmayi gosteren istiare sozcukleriyle karsilanmistir. Bu calismada metaphora ve translatio karsiligi olarak egretileme sozcugu kullanilacaktir. Egretileme benzerlik iliskisi olan iki sozcukten birini gercek anlaminin disinda diger sozcugun yerine kullanmak olarak tanimlanir. Egretileme kaynagi ise sozcugun odunc alindigi alani belirtmektedir. Her dilde ve kulturde oldugu gibi Latincede de genis bir kullanim alani bulunmaktadir. Denizcilik, tarim ve hayvancilik, doga olaylari, kolelik, askerlik, oyunlar, avcilik, ates ve isikla ilgili sozcukler Latincenin baslica egretileme kaynaklari arasindadir. Latin ozanlari ve yazarlari bu alandan odunc aldiklari sozcukleri diger alanlarda baska bir so...

Gadolou, A. 2017a "Δύο κρατήρες πρώιμων ιστορικών χρόνων από την Αχαΐα. Εκφράσεις κοινωνικής διαφοροποίσης και εδραίωσης της συλλογικής ταυτότητας, στη διάρκεια του 8ου αιώνα π.Χ. " In: Vlachou, V. & A. Gadolou (eds.) ΤΕΡΨΙΣ, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology in honour of Nota Kourou (Études d'Archéologie 10), Bruxelles, 17-60. Gadolou, A. 2017b "Achaian interaction and mobility in the area of the Corinthian Gulf during the seventh century BC". In: INTERPRETING , 212-220. Gadolou, A. 2017c "Thapsos-Class Pottery Style: a Language of Common Communication Between Corinthian Gulf Communities". In: KOINAI, 323-342. Gauer, W. 1975 Die Tongefäße aus den Brunnen unterm Stadion-Nordwall und im Südost-Gebiet (Olympische Forschungen 8), Berlin. Gazis, M. 2017 "Teichos Dymaion, Achaea. An acropolis-harbour of the Ionian Sea looking westwards". In: HESPEROS, 463-472. Gentili, G.V. 1988 "Testimonianze dell'abitato villanoviano ed 'Etruscoide' di Verucchio", La Formazione della città proromana in

Starting from a synthesis of previous data, this contribution focuses on the results of the investigations on the artisanal area located to the west of Porta V in Akragas; it intends to present an updated overview of the excavations carried out so far, outlining the perspectives of future research in this area. The first point at issue is the framing of the area and its structures in relation to the topography, to natural resources, and to the urban and monumental development of the colony. The analysis then concentrates on kilns D and E, which were active from the second half of the 6th c. to about the middle of the 5th c. BC. Structure F and data on the waste deposits from the kilns are presented for the first time, with special emphasis on finds from the large deposit found southward of kiln E. The final part of the paper is dedicated to some considerations on the craft area, its relation to the history of the colony and the main perspectives of the research project.

In the last 15 years, the excavations at the island of St. Kirik offshore from Sozopol (ancient Apollonia Pontica) on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast have yielded thousands of fragments of Archaic Greek pottery, including a sizeable collection of drinking cups from the last decades of the 7th and the early 6th centuries BC – North Ionian hemispherical cups (“bird bowls”, “meander bowls”, etc.) and early types of South Ionian cups with everted rims (“Ionian cups”). The comparison with the assemblages from Istros, Berezan, Orgame, and Taganrog, all of them presumably earlier than Apollonia – with a traditional foundation date c.610 BC, reveals practically an identical repertoire. A couple of "anomalous” fragments that are even earlier, from the middle or third quarter of the 7th century BC, have parallels only at Berezan. The paper argues that there are grounds to suggest an earlier chronology of Apollonia’s foundation, closer to that of the other early Ionian apoikiai.

For decades, clay figurines, although they were fully part of the visual and cultural landscape of ancient cultures, have been neglected by scholars who favored other corpora deemed more "noble". For the pioneer of Egyptology W.M.F. Petrie, they were mere "clay toys" (this function being assigned as an a priori supposition simply because of their miniature scale and rudimentary material). While these terracottas have now long been studied from an iconographic, stylistic and typological point of view, they have often neglected their properly technical and technological aspects. Recent studies, however, tend to shed light onto the manufacturing processes and technical gestures of the craftsmen (although the pioneer studies of E. Jastrow (1941) and R.V. Nicholls (1952) on moulding and that of M. Ono (1984) on modelling have to be mentionned). At the same time, new perspectives of research have emerged, taking more into account the discovery context of these figurines, their range of uses and users, thanks to modern excavation techniques.
This interdisciplinary workshop gathers several specialists so as to apprehend, for the very first time, the coroplastic production (a craft rarely mentionned in literary and papyrological sources) in Egypt from a diachronic point of view. We aim to:
1- Review the general mutations of religious and cultural practices of consumers of terracotta/raw clay figurines in Egypt throughout the centuries;
2- Inventoriate and describe the various recipes (fabric composition), processes and tools used to produce these figurines: modelling, partial moulding, full moulding and moulding over, addition of elements in plaster, raw clay, shell, faience, cloth etc., and reconstruct the relative chronology of these various technical choices;
3- To reconstruct the chronological mutations of the decorative techniques used for these objects (incisions, pasted elements, painting...) and try to characterize the nature of the pigments used to colour these figurines:
4- To gauge the level of skill and technicity needed from the craftsmen in order to manufacture these objects, as well as to distinguish elements linked to the craftsmen's skill level (are they potters, sculptors, professional coroplasts?) and elements linked to the conditions and means of production (is the process standardized, what is the value of the finished product, are there imperatives with regard to the rapidity or volume of the production?)