Lab 7

Fluid Mechanics-I Lab (MEEN 2217)
Lab Report 07
Title: To determine the loss of head in pipe

using bends and fitting friction apparatus.
Student Name: Mohsin Arshad
Reg. Number: ME171008
Date: 10-02-2019
Page 1 of 7
Abstract
This experiment is performed to find the head loss in pipe using bends and fitting friction
apparatus. In this experiment minor losses and major losses discussed. Different losses at different
positions of apparatus discussed. These losses are due to change in direction of flow and due to
change the area of pipe of apparatus. The main purpose of this experiment is to find the head loss
during experiment.
Page 2 of 7
Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 2
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Background & Theory ........................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Major Head losses ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Minor head losses ......................................................................................................................... 4
3 Apparatus .............................................................................................................................................. 5
4 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................. 5
5 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.1 Specimen Calculations .............................................................................................................. 6
6 Discussion.............................................................................................................................................. 6
7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 7
8 References ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Page 3 of 7
1 Introduction
Energy losses in pipe flows are the result of friction between the fluid and the pipe walls and
internal friction between fluid particles. Minor (secondary) head losses occur at any location in a
pipe system where streamlines are not straight, such as at pipe junctions, bends, valves,
contractions, expansions, and reservoir inlets and outlets. In this experiment, minor head losses
through a pipe section that has several bends, transitions, and fittings will be measured.
2 Background & Theory

In this experiment two types of flow discussed.
2.1 Major Head losses
Major Head losses due to friction of fluid with pipe and due to friction of fluid molecules with
one another. These type of losses present at every point of fluid flow in system.
2.2 Minor head losses

Minor (secondary) head losses occur at any location in a pipe system where streamlines are not
straight, such as at pipe junctions, bends, valves, contractions, expansions, and reservoir inlets and
outlets. Losses due to the local disturbances of the flow in the conduits such as changes in cross
section, projecting gaskets, elbows, valves and similar items are called minor losses. In case of a
very long pipe, these losses are usually insignificant in comparison to the fluid friction in the length
considered. But In case of short pipes, these minor losses may actually be major losses such as
in suction pipe of a pump with strainer and foot valves. Minor loss in diverging flow is much larger
than that in converging flow. Minor losses generally increase with an increase in the geometric
distortion of the flow. Though minor losses are usually confined to a very short length of path, the
effects may not disappear for a considerable distance downstream. It is insignificant in case
of laminar flow.
Page 4 of 7
3 Apparatus
Figure 1 Bends and fitting apparatus
This apparatus is installed on hydraulic bench. Different readings taken by using this experiment.
4 Procedure
 Set the apparatus in Hydraulic bench.
 The apparatus should be balance on Hydraulic bench.
 Open the control valve of Hydraulic bench, water flow through apparatus.
 Adjust the flow of water by adjust the valve at some position.
 Find the flow rate by using stop watch.
 Note the height of fluid in manometers.
 Repeat this experiment for more readings.
Page 5 of 7
5 Results
Table 1 Calculations
Test 01 Test 02 Test 03 Test 04 Test 05

Measuring
0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
Volume
Hydraulic
Measuring
24 23.5 20.77 25.16 21.41
Time
Bench
Flow Rate 0.000208 0.000212 0.00024 0.00019 0.00023
h1 0.205 0.324 0.347 0.169 0.393
h2 0.21 0.33 0.356 0.174 0.40
h3 0182 0.305 0.319 0.149 0.359
Manometer
h4 0.157 0.276 0.278 0.123 0.315
h5 0.139 0.263 0.264 0.111 0.298
Readings
h6 0.125 0.249 0.246 0.09 0.281
h7 0.10 0.223 0.214 0.075 0.245
h8 0.079 0.201 0.184 0.055 0.218
h12 -0.005 -0.006 -0.009 -0.005 -0.007
h23 0.028 0.025 0.037 0.025 0.041
Head loss h34 0.031 0.029 0.041 0.026 0.044
across h45 0.012 0.013 0.032 0.012 0.017
fittings h56 0.014 0.014 0.018 0.012 0.017
h67 0.025 0.026 0.032 0.029 0.036
h78 0.021 0.022 0.03 0.02 0.027
5.1 Specimen Calculations
Q= V/t = 0.005/20.77=0.00024
h78= h7-h8=0.10-0.079=0.021
6 Discussion
In this experiment minor losses and major losses discussed. We came to know that Major losses occur at
every point of fluid, and it is due to friction between the molecules of liquid. Minor head losses occur at a
point where the streamline are not straight. Minor loss in diverging flow is much larger than that in
converging flow. Minor losses generally increase with an increase in the geometric distortion of
Page 6 of 7
the flow. Though minor losses are usually confined to a very short length of path, the effects
may not disappear for a considerable distance downstream. It is insignificant in case of laminar flow.
7 Conclusion
We concluded that from experiment that the losses are present in fluid system also due to
pressure losses in system at different section. These losses are due to change in geometry of
system. These losses are minor losses. Minor losses are less then Major losses generally. In
some cases Minor loss greater then Major losses if number of restriction increases.
8 References
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved
=2ahUKEwjckL-
oir3gAhW_wAIHHZNGCkgQFjABegQIABAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffcee.utm.my%2Fsyed%2Ffiles%
2F2015%2F03%2FE4-Lab-Sheet-Minor-Losses-in-Pipe.pdf&usg=AOvVaw33G-dy9ZiICLYJBJe5VF
(n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved
=2ahUKEwiXhb2Zjb3gAhVZiHAKHVS_CtYQFjABegQIAxAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.co
m%2Fdocument%2F366092557%2Flab-report-4-major-minor-
losses&usg=AOvVaw0cx_KXvXEWZ7pF7U48jG1U
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Fluid Mechanics-I Lab (MEEN 2217)

Title: To determine the loss of head in pipe

Student Name: Mohsin Arshad

Reg. Number: ME171008

2 Background & Theory ........................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Major Head losses ......................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Minor head losses ......................................................................................................................... 4

5.1 Specimen Calculations .............................................................................................................. 6

2 Background & Theory

2.1 Major Head losses

2.2 Minor head losses

Figure 1 Bends and fitting apparatus

Test 01 Test 02 Test 03 Test 04 Test 05

5.1 Specimen Calculations

(n.d.). Retrieved from

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