Handou 3 Esp Part 2

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ENGLISH 213-ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES

First Semester 2013-2014

HANDOUT 3: THEORIES IN ESP

Theory of Multiple Intelligences


by Howard Gardner

Visual-Spatial - think in terms of physical space, as do architects and sailors. Very aware of their environments.
They like to draw, do jigsaw puzzles, read maps, daydream. They can be taught through drawings, verbal and
physical imagery. Tools include models, graphics, charts, photographs, drawings, 3-D modeling, video,
videoconferencing, television, multimedia, texts with pictures/charts/graphs.

Bodily-kinesthetic - use the body effectively, like a dancer or a surgeon. Keen sense of body awareness. They
like movement, making things, touching. They communicate well through body language and be taught
through physical activity, hands-on learning, acting out, role playing. Tools include equipment and real objects.

Musical - show sensitivity to rhythm and sound. They love music, but they are also sensitive to sounds in their
environments. They may study better with music in the background. They can be taught by turning lessons
into lyrics, speaking rhythmically, tapping out time. Tools include musical instruments, music, radio, stereo,
CD-ROM, multimedia.

Interpersonal - understanding, interacting with others. These students learn through interaction. They have
many friends, empathy for others, street smarts. They can be taught through group activities, seminars,
dialogues. Tools include the telephone, audio conferencing, time and attention from the instructor, video
conferencing, writing, computer conferencing, E-mail.

Intrapersonal - understanding one's own interests, goals. These learners tend to shy away from others.
They're in tune with their inner feelings; they have wisdom, intuition and motivation, as well as a strong will,
confidence and opinions. They can be taught through independent study and introspection. Tools include
books, creative materials, diaries, privacy and time. They are the most independent of the learners.

Linguistic - using words effectively. These learners have highly developed auditory skills and often think in
words. They like reading, playing word games, making up poetry or stories. They can be taught by encouraging
them to say and see words, read books together. Tools include computers, games, multimedia, books, tape
recorders, and lecture.

Logical -Mathematical - reasoning, calculating. Think conceptually, abstractly and are able to see and explore
patterns and relationships. They like to experiment, solve puzzles, ask cosmic questions. They can be taught
through logic games, investigations, mysteries. They need to learn and form concepts before they can deal
with details.

At first, it may seem impossible to teach to all learning styles. However, as we move into using a mix of media
or multimedia, it becomes easier. As we understand learning styles, it becomes apparent why multimedia
appeals to learners and why a mix of media is more effective. It satisfies the many types of learning
preferences that one person may embody or that a class embodies. A review of the literature shows that a
variety of decisions must be made when choosing media that is appropriate to learning style.

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