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AR130P- Theory of Architecture 1

Reviewer
Principles e.) Paraboloids- Intersection of
parabolas and ellipses
1. Principle of Dominance- Center of
f.) Sphere- Circular object that
structure
maintains shape when viewed in
2. Formal Balance/Symmetry-
different directions
Mirrors left and Right
g.) Cylinder- Centralized and highly
3. Principle of Contrast- Opposing
concentrated form
elements
h.) Cone- Stable when resting on its
4. Proportion- Relationship of
base, unstable when tipped
elements of composition
i.) Pyramid- Stable when any of its
5. Principle of Rhythm/Repetition-
sides are placed down
Repeating elements
j.) Cube- Stable on any of its faces,
6. Scale- size based on a reference
unstable on its corners
standard
7. Transformations
7. Dimension Change
a.) Additive- Adding to the object
Lesson 1- Primary Elements b.) Subtractive- Removing from the
object
1. Point- Indicates a position in space c.) Dimensional- Can be
2. Line- Extension of a point transformed while maintaining
3. Plane- Intersection of two or more its family of a form
lines
4. Volume Lesson 2- Dominance
a.) Solid- Space enclosed by plane
Hierarchy- Differences rely on the
b.) Void- Space displaced by mass
importance of the form and spaces due to
5. Forms
Function and Symbolic roles.
a) Size- Length(L), Width(W),
Height(H)  How designers assign values to
b) Texture- Visual form forms and spaces
c) Color- Hue, saturation and tonal  Hierarchy can be achieved by (1)
value Exceptional Size, (2) Uniqueness or
d) Orientation- Direction/Point-of- (3) Strategic Positioning
View
e) Position- Location Datum- line, plane or volume of reference
f) Visual Inertia- stability of form which other elements in composition can
6. Surfaces relate.
a.) Cylindrical Rhythm- movement characterized by the
b.) Translational- sliding a plane patterned recurrence (repetition) of elements
curve on a straight surface or or motifs at regular or irregular interval
another plane curve (Parthenon).
c.) Ruled- Motion of straight line
d.) Saddle- Upward curve on one  Proportion- Fibonacci Sequence
side, downward on the other
AR130P- Theory of Architecture 1

4. Parallel Planes- Two parallel


vertical planes define a volume of
Lesson 3- Space Theory
space
 Space-defining elements 5. U-shaped Plane- plane
 Spatial relationships configuration of vertical planes
 Spatial organizations defines a volume of space that is
 Proxemics oriented primarily toward the open
 Defensible space end of the configuration.
6. Four Planes- Four vertical planes
 Theory(territoriality)
establish the boundaries of an
Horizontal Elements Defining Spaces introverted space and influence the
field of space around the enclosure.
1. Base Plane- A horizontal plane
laying as a figure on a contrasting Opening in Space-defining Elements
background defines a simple field of
1. Openings Within Planes- An
space.
opening can be located wholly
2. Elevated Base Plane- A horizontal
within a wall or ceiling plane and be
plane elevated above the ground
surrounded by the surface of the
plane
plane.
3. Depressed Base Plane- A horizontal
2. Openings at Corners- An opening
plane depressed into the ground
can be located along one edge
plane utilizes the vertical surfaces to
3. Openings Between Planes- An
the lowered area to define volume of
opening extends vertically between
a space.
the floor and ceiling planes or
4. Overhead Plane- A horizontal plane
horizontally between two wall
located overhead defines a volume of
planes.
space between itself and the ground
plane. Spatial Relationships
Vertical Elements Defining Spaces 1. Space within a Space- A space may
be contained in another space
1. Vertical Linear Elements- Vertical
2. Interlocking Spaces- Overlapping
linear elements define the
of one or more spaces
perpendicular edges of a volume of
3. Adjacent Spaces- Two spaces
space.
sharing common border
2. Single Vertical Plane- A single
4. Spaces Linked by a Common
vertical plane articulates the space on
Space- Spaces relying on
which it fronts
intermediary space
3. L-Shaped Plane- An L-shaped
configuration of vertical planes Spatial Organizations
generates a field of space from its
corner outward along a diagonal 1. Centralized Organization- Spaces
axis. grouped in a centralized dominant
space
AR130P- Theory of Architecture 1

2. Linear Organization- Series of 2. Relative- the relationship of one part


spaces
Classical Proportion- proportion and
3. Radial Organization- Combination
harmony in the structure.
of both linear and centralized
4. Clustered Organization- Relies of KEN- Standardized Japanese residential
physical proximity architecture
5. Grid Organization- Spaces are
regulated by 3-d grid pattern or field The Divine Proportion- Human body
proportion
Proxemics- According to Antonio T. Hall
(1966), is the study of measurable distances Golden Ratio- Use of the golden rectangle
between people as they interact. via the Fibonacci Sequence

Categories of Spaces Material Proportions- Proportions with


natural strengths and weaknesses
1. Personal- 0.45-0.6 m
2. Formal- 1.20 m Structural Proportions- Span spaces and
3. Social- 12 ft/3.6 m transmits loads through supports
4. Strangers- Beyond Social Manufactured Proportions- Architectural
Defensible Space Theory- By Ar. Oscar elements are sized and structured
Newman, takes the ideas about crime 4.2. Scale
prevention and neighborhood safety into
consideration Types of Scales

Four Factors 1. Visual Scale- How big or small an


object appears to be
1. Territoriality– the idea that one's 2. Mechanical Scale- Relation of the
home is sacredca size to the accepted standard of
2. Natural surveillance– the link measurement.
between an area's physical 3. Human Scale
characteristics and the residents'
ability to see what is happening. Lesson 5- Colors
3. Image – the capacity of the physical Color Wheel- Shows the relationship of
design to impart a sense of security. primary, secondary and tertiary colors
4. Milieu – other features that may
affect security, such as proximity to Hue- Basic colors
a police substation or busy Value- Lightness or dullness of hue
commercial area.
 Tint- from pure color to white
Lesson 4- Proportion and Scale  Shade- from pure color to black
4.1. Proportion  Tones- Grayed down colors

Types of Proportion Intensity- Brightness and dullness

1. Absolute- relationship of part to the Color Temperatures


whole
AR130P- Theory of Architecture 1

1. Warm Colors- Red, Orange, Yellow 2. Commercial- all the colors in such
2. Cool Colors- Green, Blue, Violet an installation must relate to each
3. Neutral Colors- Black, White, other
Brown 3. Industrial- Each color has its sign
and meaning
Color Harmonies
4. Institutional- should be to provide
1. Monochromatic- One hue only an atmosphere that is friendly and
2. Analogous- Combination of two or inviting.
more hues 5. Educational- Children prefer
3. Complementary- Two hues that lies stronger colors
directly above each other in the color
Lesson 8- Visual Acuity and Perception
wheel
4. Split-complementary- Three color Visual acuity is a measure of the spatial
combination, complement and resolution of the visual processing system.
neighbor
Perception- the method by w/c the brain
5. Triadic- Three colors that are
takes all the sensations people experience at
equidistant from each other in the
any given moment.
color wheel
6. Rectangle (Tetradic)- Four hues Forms of Perceptual Constancy
coming from two complementary
hues 1. Size Constancy- Object’s size is the
7. Square- All four colors are same from anywhere it’s viewed
equidistant 2. Shape Constancy- Shape is constant
even when it’s distorted by the
Lesson 6- Balance and Rhythm human eye’s retina
3. Brightness Constancy- Apparent
6.1. Balance- all elements are
brightness is always constant even
equal
when light condition changes
Two systems of Balance
Gestalt Principles
1. Symmetry- Mirrors left and right
1. Figure Ground Relationship-
a. Axial- Single axis
tendency to perceive objects, or
b. Biaxial- Four quadrants
figures, as existing on a background.
c. Radial- Visual
2. Proximity- objects that are close to
2. Asymmetry/Informal Balance-
each other are of the same group.
equalizing the element forces despite
3. Similarity- Similar elements belong
their differences.
to the same group
6.2. Rhythm- Repetition of
4. Closure- Incomplete complete
elements
figures
Lesson 7- Chromatic Energy 5. Continuity- thing possible with a
continuous pattern rather than
- Color usage varies on locations
complex patterns.
1. Residential- Family members have
different color tastes and preferences
AR130P- Theory of Architecture 1

6. Contiguity- Things that happen 1. Stereoscopic- applied to


close together in time are related man’s ability to overlap
7. Depth Perception- The ability to views.
perceive the world in three 2. Kinesthetic- man experiences
dimensions. space in the movements of
the eye from one part of a
whole work of art to another.
a.) Monocular Cues 3. Figureground- a phenomenon
b.) Binocular Cues wherein drawings consisting
8. Monocular/Pictorial Depth Cues of black lines, any line which
a.) Linear Perspective- Parallel surrounds an area, and which
lines appear to converge each is recognized as representing
other an object is quickly picked
b.) Relative Size- Principle of size out by the observer, and it
constancy then seems to him to stand
c.) Overlap/Interposition- an out from the background in
object that appears to be blocking an obvious manner.
part of another object is in front 4. Reversible Figure- if a
of the 2nd object and closer to drawing is presented wherein
the viewer. two parts are equally
d.) Aerial/Atmospheric meaningful, there may be an
Perspective- Haziness that alternation of “figure” and
surrounds objects that are farther “ground” between them.
away from the viewer. 5. Fluctuation- instances of
e.) Texture Gradient- Textured fluctuation are given by the
surface becomes finer when phenomena of the alternating
farther from the viewer. perspective and retinal
f.) Motion Parallax- Closer objects rivalry.
move faster 6. Entasis- the application of a
9. Binocular Cues convex curve to a surface for
a.) Converge- Rotation of two eyes aesthetic purposes
to focus on an object.
Psychology in Architecture
b.) Binocular Disparity- difference
in images between two eyes - Architecture falls under
c.) Perception- the process by environmental psychology
which we organize and interpret - The elements that affects a person’s
the patterns of stimuli in our perception of a structure is:
environment, the immediate  Color
intuitive recognition, as of an  Texture
aesthetic quality.  Space
d.) Acuity- acuteness or clearness of  Light
vision
Types of Vision Gestalt Psychology
AR130P- Theory of Architecture 1

1. Gestalt- form or shape Objectives


2. Proximity Gestalt- Illustrates how
- Behavioral Support
people see a pattern in space despite
- Communication
distance
3. Repetitive Gestalt – demonstrates
equalities in object spacing where
non may exist.
4. Simplest and latest figure Gestalt –
suggests that the mind may fill in the
missing portions of the simplest and
largest figures visually presented
Lesson 9- Behavior Setting
Behavioral Setting Design- Identifies
behavior patterns that are independent and
stable.
Behavioral Setting Survey
- People
- Size Characteristics
- Objects
- Action Patterns
Organizing Space and Action-Behavior
Program
- Collaboration of the behavioral
scientist and designer because it is
based on behavioral knowledge.
- Designer, client, and users should all
be parties in preparing the program.
Factors that affect Behavioral
Considerations
- Linkage of the activity and the
setting
- Context
- Density
Land Use Diagram
- The plan begins with a diagram of
the proposed location of activity and
activity setting.

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