This document provides an introduction to computer architecture and organization. It defines architecture as the attributes that directly impact program execution, such as instruction sets and data representation. Organization is defined as how architectural features are implemented in hardware. While different computer families may share the same architectural principles, their internal organizations can differ. The document then outlines the basic functions, structures, and operations of a computer from a top-down perspective, starting with data movement, storage, and processing at a high level and drilling down to illustrate the control and interconnection between the CPU, memory, and I/O components.
This document provides an introduction to computer architecture and organization. It defines architecture as the attributes that directly impact program execution, such as instruction sets and data representation. Organization is defined as how architectural features are implemented in hardware. While different computer families may share the same architectural principles, their internal organizations can differ. The document then outlines the basic functions, structures, and operations of a computer from a top-down perspective, starting with data movement, storage, and processing at a high level and drilling down to illustrate the control and interconnection between the CPU, memory, and I/O components.
This document provides an introduction to computer architecture and organization. It defines architecture as the attributes that directly impact program execution, such as instruction sets and data representation. Organization is defined as how architectural features are implemented in hardware. While different computer families may share the same architectural principles, their internal organizations can differ. The document then outlines the basic functions, structures, and operations of a computer from a top-down perspective, starting with data movement, storage, and processing at a high level and drilling down to illustrate the control and interconnection between the CPU, memory, and I/O components.
This document provides an introduction to computer architecture and organization. It defines architecture as the attributes that directly impact program execution, such as instruction sets and data representation. Organization is defined as how architectural features are implemented in hardware. While different computer families may share the same architectural principles, their internal organizations can differ. The document then outlines the basic functions, structures, and operations of a computer from a top-down perspective, starting with data movement, storage, and processing at a high level and drilling down to illustrate the control and interconnection between the CPU, memory, and I/O components.
Architecture & Organization • Architecture is those attributes that have direct impact on the logical execution of a program. • Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. • e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• Organization is how features are implemented
• Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. • e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
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Architecture & Organization … • All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture • The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture
• This gives code compatibility
• At least backwards • Organization differs between different versions
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Structure & Function • Structure is the way in which components relate to each other • Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
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Function • All computer functions are: • Data processing • Data storage • Data movement • Control
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Functional View
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Operations (a) Data movement
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Operations (b) Storage
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Operation (c) Processing from/to storage
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Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O
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Structure - Top Level
Peripherals Computer
Central Main Processing Memory Unit
Computer Systems Interconnection
Input Output Communication lines
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Structure - The CPU
CPU
Computer Arithmetic Registers and I/O Login Unit System CPU Bus Internal CPU Memory Interconnection
Control Unit
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Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU Sequencing ALU Logic Control Internal Unit Bus Control Unit Registers Registers and Decoders
