THE FIRST GENERATION VACUUM

TUBES AND THE SECOND

GENERATION TRANSISTOR
GROUP 1.
GENESIS PEREZ
L JAY BICO
AARON JAMES DELA CRUZ
THE FIRST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES

• ENIAC The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator And Computer), designed
• and constructed at the University of
Pennsylvania, was the world’s first
general-
• purpose electronic digital computer.
JOHN MAUCHLY, A PROFESSOR
OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF
PENNSYLVANIA, AND JOHN
ECKERT, ONE OF HIS GRADUATE
STUDENTS, PROPOSED TO BUILD
A
GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTER
USING VACUUM TUBES FOR THE
BRL’S APPLICATION.
ENIAC
The resulting machine was
enormous, weighing 30 tons,
occupying 1500 square feet of
floor space,
and contains more than 18,000
vacuum tubes. When operating, it
consumed
140 kilowatts of power. It was also
substantially faster than any
electromechanical
computer, capable of 5000
additions per second.
• The ENIAC was a decimal rather than a binary machine.
•
• Its memory consisted of 20 accumulators, each capable of holding a 10-
digit
• decimal number. A ring of 10 vacuum tubes represented each digit.
THE VON NEUMANN MACHINE

Stored program concept

Alan Turing developed the idea at about
the
same time. The first publication of the idea
was in a 1945 proposal by von Neumann
for a new computer, the EDVAC (Electronic
Discrete Variable Computer).
In 1946, von Neumann and his colleagues began the design of a new stored-
program computer, referred to as the IAS computer, at the Princeton Institute for
Advanced Studies. The IAS computer, although not completed until 1952, is the
prototype of all subsequent general-purpose computers.

• A main memory, which stores both data and instructions.

• An arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) capable of operating on binary data

• A control unit, which interprets the instructions in memory and causes them
to be executed

• Input/output (I/O) equipment operated by the control unit

First: Since the device is primarily a computer, it will have
to perform the elementary operations of arithmetic most frequently.
These are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Second: The logical control of the device, that is, the
proper sequencing of its operations, can be most efficiently car-
ried out by a central control organ.
Third: Any device that is to carry out long and complicated
sequences of operations (specifically of calculations) must have a
considerable memory
Fourth: The device must have organs to transfer . . . Information from R into its specific parts C and M.
Fifth: The device must have organs to transfer . . . From its
specific parts C and M into R.
With rare exceptions, all of today’s computers have this same general structure
and function and are thus referred to as von Neumann machines
The memory of the IAS consists of 1000 storage locations, called words, of
40 binary digits (bits) each.
THIS FIGURE REVEALS THAT BOTH THE CONTROL UNIT
AND
THE ALU CONTAIN STORAGE LOCATIONS, CALLED
REGISTERS, DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
• Memory buffer register (MBR): Contains a word to be stored in memory or sent
to the I/O unit, or is used to receive a word from memory or from the I/O unit.

• Memory address register (MAR): Specifies the address in memory of the word to be written
from or read into the MBR.

• Instruction register (IR): Contains the 8-bit opcode instruction being executed.
• Instruction buffer register (IBR): Employed to hold temporarily the right-

hand instruction from a word in memory.

• Program counter (PC): Contains the address of the next instruction pair to be

fetched from memory.

• Accumulator (AC) and multiplier quotient (MQ): Employed to hold tem-

porarily operands and results of ALU operations.
Once the opcode is in the IR, the execute
cycle is performed.

The IAS computer had a total of 21

instructions,
• Data transfer: Move data between memory and ALU
registers or between
two ALU registers.

• Unconditional branch: Normally, the control unit

executes instructions in
sequence from memory. This sequence can be changed
by a branch instruction,
which facilitates repetitive operations.

• Conditional branch: The branch can be made

dependent on a condition, thus
allowing decision points.

• Arithmetic: Operations performed by the ALU.

• Address modify: Permits addresses to be computed in

the ALU and then
inserted into instructions stored in memory. This allows a
program consider-
able addressing flexibility.
The term Stored
Program Control
Concept refers to the
storage of
instructions in
computer memory to
enable it to perform
a variety of tasks in
sequence or
intermittently
COMMERCIAL COMPUTERS THE 1950S SAW THE BIRTH OF THE COMPUTER
INDUSTRY WITH
TWO COMPANIES, SPERRY AND IBM, DOMINATING THE MARKETPLACE.

In 1947, Eckert and Mauchly formed

the Eckert-Mauchly Computer
Corporation to manufacture computers
commercially. Their first successful
machine was the UNIVAC I (Universal
Automatic Computer)
THE UNIVAC II, WHICH HAD
GREATER MEMORY CAPACITY
AND HIGHER PERFORMANCE
THAN THE UNIVAC I, WAS
DELIVERED IN THE LATE 1950S
AND ILLUSTRATES SEVERAL
TRENDS THAT
HAVE REMAINED
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE
COMPUTER INDUSTRY.
IBM, then the major manufacturer
of punched-card processing
equipment,
delivered its first electronic
stored-program computer, the
701, in 1953.
IBM introduced the companion 702
product, which had a number of
hardware features that suited it to
business applications
THE SECOND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS

The first major change in the electronic

computer came with the replacement of
the vacuum tube by the transistor.
Unlike the vacuum tube, which requires
wires, metal plates, a glass capsule, and
a vacuum, the transistor is a solid-state
device, made from silicon. The transistor
was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 and
by the 1950s had launched an
electronic revolution.
The use of the transistor defines the second generation of computers.
The second generation saw the intro-
duction of more complex arithmetic and logic units and control units,
the use of
high-level programming languages, and the provision of system
software with the computer.
The second generation is
noteworthy also for the
appearance of the Digital
Equipment Corporation (DEC).
DEC was founded in 1957 and,
in that year, delivered its first
computer, the PDP-1.
THE IBM 7094 From the introduction of the 700 series in 1952 to the
introduction of the last member of the 7000 series in 1964, this IBM product
line underwent an evolution that is typical of computer products.
This figure shows a large (many peripherals)
configuration for an IBM 7094,
which is representative of second-generation
computers [BELL71].

A data channel is an independent I/O

module with its own
processor and instruction set.

Another new feature is the multiplexor, which

is the central termination
point for data channels, the CPU, and
memory. The multiplexor schedules access to
the memory from the CPU and data
channels, allowing these devices to act
independently.