Lecture 1

LECTURE – 1
History of Plumbing &

Basic Hydraulic Parameters
The Word PLUMBING
• The word Plumbing has been derived from Plumbum (latin word) which
is the chemical name of Lead. Lead is abbreviated as Pb and it is placed
at No. 82 in the Periodic Table.
• In Roman civilization Lead (Plumbum) was used for pipes so any work
related with such pipes was named as Plumbing.
• Even though now there are various other materials available for the
pipes, and Lead is no more used for the purpose but the name remains
as Plumbing.
• Lead was discontinued to be used for water supply when people became
aware of its poisonous properties which caused a number of deaths
during that era.
PLUMBING
History of PLUMBING
• Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations like Greek, Roman,
Persian and Chinese.
• But the oldest signs of Plumbing has been found in The Indus Valley
Civilization in the cities of Mohenjodaro & Harappa which existed around
3000 BC (Bronze age) and discovered in 1922 AD during excavation.
• Indus valley civilization reveals that there were well planned water
supply and drainage systems made up of earthen materials like clay.
• In some parts of these areas, metallic materials like Copper were also
found to be used for such systems.
• During Roman Civilization around 40 BC (Iron Age), Lead pipes were used
for the conveyance and disposal of water.
Mohenjodaro Remains, Pakistan
3000 BC
Water Well & Drains, Mohenjodaro, Pakistan
3000 BC
Water Storage Reservoir, Mohenjodaro, Pakistan
3000 BC
Clay Pipes, Greece
500 BC
Lead Pipes, Rome, Italy
50 BC
Fluid & Liquid
• Fluid
• A Fluid is a substance that continually deforms (change shape) during an
applied pressure. In simple words, anything which flows under pressure
is called a Fluid. It includes liquids and gases.
• Liquid
• Liquid is one of the four states of matter. It is the only state which has
definite volume but no shape. It includes water, oil, juice, blood, milk
etc.
• All liquids are fluids but all fluids are not liquids.
Basic Hydraulic Parameters
• Water Density
• Water Unit Weight
• Water Pressure
• Water Discharge / Flow
• Water Velocity
Water Density
• Water Density can be defined as the
mass of water per unit volume.
𝒎
𝝆=
𝑽
• Density can be expressed in terms of

kg/m3
• Density of water varies with

temperature. As temperature of
water is increased, its volume
increases and density decreases.
Comparison of Density
• When put together in a container, the
material having greater density settles at
the bottom.
Material Density (kg/m3)
Wood 350-950
Vegetable Oil & Ice 920
Water 1000
Milk 1030
Blood 1035
Honey 1420
Concrete 2400
Aluminum 2700
Steel 8050
Osmium 22600
Water Unit Weight
• Unit Weight of Water can be defined as the weight of water per unit
volume.
𝑾 𝒎𝒈
𝜸= = = 𝝆𝒈
𝑽 𝑽
• Unit weight can be expressed in terms of N/m3
• Where g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2

Example 1
• A water dispenser bottle is full of water. The capacity of bottle is 19 lit
(0.019 m3). Determine the mass of water in the bottle. The unit weight of
water is 9.81 kN/m3.
• Solution
• Volume = 𝑽 = 19 lit = 0.019 m3
𝑾 𝒎𝒈
• Unit Weight = 𝜸 = =
𝑽 𝑽
𝒌𝑵
𝜸𝑽 𝟗.𝟖𝟏 𝟑 × 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟗𝒎𝟑
• Mass =m= = 𝒎
𝒎
𝒈 𝟗.𝟖𝟏 𝟐
𝒔
= 19 kg
Pressure
• All fluids exert pressure on
the surfaces with which they
are in contact.
• Pressure is defined as the

force exerted per unit area.
Pressure
𝑭
𝒑=
𝑨
Molecules
• Pressure can be expressed in

terms of Pascal (Pa) or N/m2
Atmospheric Pressure
• Atmosphere is a fluid, as it is composed of gases. So it has some weight
which acts downward on the earth. This force exerted per unit area of
the earth is known as atmospheric pressure.
• The atmospheric pressure is maximum at the Mean Sea Level and it

reduces with altitude till it becomes Zero in outer space.
• The standard atmospheric pressure is measured at Mean Sea Level

which is
1 atm = 101 kPa = 101 kN/m2 = 14.69 psi
• The atmospheric pressure has no effect inside any closed system.

Atmospheric Pressure
Gauge & Absolute Pressure
• The value of pressure shown by a gauge when it is connected to some
pressurized system is known as gauge pressure. When the gauge is not
connected to any system it shows zero pressure value.
• The absolute pressure is the sum of atmospheric pressure and gauge

pressure.
𝒑𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝒑𝒈 + 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎
• So at the Mean Sea Level, gauge pressure

is 0 KPa but the absolute pressure shall be 101 kPa.
Example 2
• In a Plumbing system pipe, water is running with a pressure of 73 psi as

shown by the gauge. How would you read the gauge pressure and the
absolute pressure?
• Solution
• 𝒑𝒈 = 73 psi
• 𝒑𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝒑𝒈 + 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎
= 73 + 14.69 psi
= 87.69 psi
Atmospheric Pressure vs Altitude
Static Water Pressure
• Water exert pressure at any point below its top surface. The intensity of
the pressure at any point below the surface of water depends upon the
depth of its submergence.
• Static water pressure is the function of the unit weight of water and the
depth at which pressure is being measured.
𝒑 = 𝜸𝒉
• The units of measurement for static water pressure are the same as for
the Pressure, which are Pa or N/m2.
Static Water Pressure
• The pressure at the surface of the water is zero and it keeps on
increasing with the increase in depth.
• Any container filled with some water shall have the highest pressure at
its bottom and the lowest at the top surface.
Example 3
• A stack (vertical sanitary drainage pipe) of height 1.5m and diameter

82mm is half filled by water. Determine the pressure exerted by water at
the bottom of the stack. Unit weight of water is 9.81 kN/m3.
• Solution
• Height of water = 0.75 m
• 𝒑 = 𝜸𝒉 1.5 m
= 9.81 kN/m3 x 0.75 m
= 7.36 kN/m2
= 7.36 kPa
Water Discharge / Flow
• The volume of water passing through any
cross sectional area is known as water
discharge or water flow.
• Discharge is the function of cross sectional

area of the container in which water is
flowing and the velocity of water.
𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗
• The above mentioned equation is also known

as Continuity Equation and is the most
commonly used equation wherever the
hydraulics are involved.
• Water discharge or flow is measured in terms

of m3/s.
Continuity Equation
𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
Water Velocity
• Water Velocity can be defined as the rate of change of position of the
water with respect to time or in other words the distance travelled by
the water during flow in 1 second.
• Velocity can be expressed in terms of m/s.
• As there are various types of fluids having different properties, so the

calculations for velocity of fluid also varies depending upon the flow
surface, type of fluid and pressure conditions.
Thank You

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LECTURE – 1

History of Plumbing &

• Water Unit Weight

• Water Discharge / Flow

• Density can be expressed in terms of

• Density of water varies with

• Unit weight can be expressed in terms of N/m3

• Where g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2

• Pressure is defined as the

• Pressure can be expressed in

• The atmospheric pressure is maximum at the Mean Sea Level and it

• The standard atmospheric pressure is measured at Mean Sea Level

• The atmospheric pressure has no effect inside any closed system.

• The absolute pressure is the sum of atmospheric pressure and gauge

• So at the Mean Sea Level, gauge pressure

• In a Plumbing system pipe, water is running with a pressure of 73 psi as

• A stack (vertical sanitary drainage pipe) of height 1.5m and diameter

• Discharge is the function of cross sectional

• The above mentioned equation is also known

• Water discharge or flow is measured in terms

• Velocity can be expressed in terms of m/s.

• As there are various types of fluids having different properties, so the

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