2.1 Spectrum - technical v1.0

Implementation of International Mobile Telecommunications 2020 (IMT-2020) Systems and Deployment of 5G
Training for The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa
Spectrum for 5G/IMT-2020 - technical perspective
Vadim Poskakukhin, International Telecommunication Union expert,

Technical director, Ubiquitous Wireless LLP
26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa

Content of the report

• Spectrum supply and spectrum demand
• Spectrum issues in sub-1 GHz bands
• Spectrum issues in mid-bands
• Spectrum issues in mm-waves
• Technology neutrality
• Spectrum for backhaul
26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 2

Frequency bands for 5G and 6G networks
“Low-bands” “Mid-bands” “mm-bands”

Coverage layer: Wide coverage and Coverage and capacity layer: The best compromise Ultra-high capacity: Use in scenarios requiring
coverage deep inside buildings between coverage and capacity the highest speeds
Combination of individual channels At least 80-100 MHz solid band per At least 400-800 MHz solid band
with a width of up to 20 MHz
6G/IMT-2030 per operator
operator
~2 GHz 7 GHz > 24 GHz
The most popular range for 5G
Distribution of launched 5G networks in the world Amount of 5G terminal types in different
3.3-4.2 GHz
bands
26/28 GHz
700 MHz
2.6 TDD & FDD
2.1 GHz
38 GHz
1.8 GHz
Source: GSA,
February 2023
700 MHz
850 MHz
900 MHz
4.4-4.99
2.6 TDD
2.6 FDD
2.1 GHz
1.8 GHz
3.3-4.2
3.3-3.8
Source: GSA,
April 2023

Frequency bands for a recipe for an efficient 5G network
Millimeter bands for the most demanding
and solvent customers
Not critical for developing countries
The most calorific and financially

attractive layer of medium frequency
bands to meet bandwidth needs
A solid and necessary, but not very

financially attractive foundation of low
frequency bands

History of IMT-frequency bands consideration in ITU-R
Identification on WRC-07 and Identification in relation to R1 First IMT bands on the VAKR-92
Идентификация на ВКР-07 и Идентификация в части стран Первые полосы IMT c ВАКР-92
clarification ofусловий
conditionsна
on ВКР-12
WRC-12 countries at WRC-15 (including the satellite segment)
уточнение Р1 на ВКР-15 (включая спутниковый сегмент)
Low-bands
450 470 614 694 790 862 960 1427 1518 1710 1920 2025 2110
Рассматривается на ВКР-23 с учетом Идентификация на ВКР- Идентификация изначальных
Is considered
ситуации в Р2atи WRC-23 taking into account
Р3, в особенности в части Identification
12 и уточнение onусловий
WRC-12 Identification
полос 2G для of the
IMToriginal
на ВКР- 2G
the situation
полосы 614-694 especially
in R2 and R3, МГц with and clarification
на ВКР-15 of bands for IMT on
2000 WRC-2000
regard to the 614-694 MHz band conditions on WRC-15
Идентифицирована
Identified for a small numberдля малого числа
of countries стран на ВКР-15.
on WRC-15.Expansion of the
OnНа ВКР-2000 (широкие каналы
WRC-2000 (wide channels only if Considered on WRC-23 for
только в случае использования всей Расширение списка
list of countries странchange
and partial и частичная сменаon
of conditions условий на ВКР-19. Рассматривается
WRC-19.Further на ВКР-23 для
the entire band is used
полосы для for TDD)
TDD) Дальнейшее уточнение на ВКР-23. identification for
идентификации дляIMT
IMT
clarification on WRC-23.
Mid-bands
2.3 2.4 2.5 2.69 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.8 4.99 6.425 7.125
На ВКР-07 (широкие каналы На ВКР-15 для Рассматривается с ВКР-07, но
On WRC-07 (wide channels only
только в случае использования
On WRC-15 forстран,
отдельных individual Considered
будетwith WRC-07, but
повторно
ifдля
used for oneоператора)
одного operator) countries, clarification
уточнение на ВКР-23 on will be re-considered
рассматриваться наatВКР-23
WRC-23
WRC-23
47.2
Mm-bands
24.25 27.5 37 40.5 43.5 45.5 47 48.2 66 71
Identified on WRC-19,
Идентифицированы наconditions for some
ВКР-19, условия дляbands differ in
некоторых different
полос Regions of
различаются ITU-R Районах МСЭ-R
в разных

Frequency bands for 5G in addition to the IMT identification process
Low-bands
450 470 614 694 790 862 960 1427 1518 1710 1920 2025 2110
4.4 5.0
Mid-bands
2.3 2.4 2.5 2.69 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.2 4.8 4.99 6.425 7.125
Unlicensed usage
2.3 5.15 5925 7.125
47.2
mm-bands
6
24.25 27.5 29.5 37 40.5 43.5 45.5 47 48.2 66 71
Included in 3GPP specifications

Spectrum requirements for IMT systems
Needs assessment in the lower bands Spectrum needs assessment for mid-bands for 2025-2030*
Providing Population
Activity factor
coverage without density
per square
increasing BS km.
density
A new spectrum Johannesburg

for increasing the LTE800
(Average
В десять раз
capacity and LTE800 Ten times more
дороже, чем
LTE800
density)
expensive than
maintaining the LTE700 добавление нового
adding a new band
диапазона
density of BS Десятки км
tens of kilometers
Continued
spectrum deficit
compared to mid-
bands
* - based on the forecast and the Coleago model (2020) to assess the needs of
Source: Coleago
the spectrum in medium frequencies with a rate reduction to 50/25 Mbit/s

Spectrum in South Africa Plans for new spectrum awards
Already awarded spectrum
Plus new international bands from WRC-23 and bands

not identification for IMT in RR



Use of spectrum in the bands below 1 GHz for mobile communications in developing countries
1990-2010 900 MHz
2010-2020 +800 MHz

The key band for reducing digital gap at the
moment
2020-2030 +700 MHz
Around Below 700 MHz

2030 WRC-23 or subsequent
conferences

Problems of EMC between DTV and mobile networks
Co-channel Adjacent channel
Interference
Помехи наtoЦТВ
DTV in the DL band (758-788
МГц) MHz) Помехи на ЦТВ UL UL
отthe по in
соседним
в полосе DL (758-788 Interference to DTV from adjacentканалам
channels
ТВ ПРД
TV Tx
БС
BS
Usually up to few tens km
BS
БС ТВTV Tx
ПРД
The limitations can be minimized by using detailed data and Up to tens m (highly unlikely)
estimating C/I.
Помехи
Interference to DTV from the DLна
in aЦТВ
wholeот DL воMHz)
470-694 всейband
Помехи наto
Interference IMT
IMT in the UL
в полосе UL(703-733 МГц) MHz)
band (703-733 полосе 470-694 МГц
TVПРД
ТВ Rx
БС Up to 100-150 km
BS BS
БС ТВ ПРД
TV Tx
The interference effect can be quite strong and exclude the possibility Up to few km
of normal operation of some sectors
Solved by coordination and replanning Solved by lowpass filters in specific cases

Long-term prospects for the development of mobile networks below 694 MHz
US approach to the 470-698 MHz band before Approaches discussed before WRC-23
WRC-15
Using the 600 MHz band for one of the existing plans
35 MHz 35 MHz А) (presumably an APT variant)
DL UL
617 652 663 698 DL UL
612 652 663 703
Б) Flexible use for organizing only DL similar to broadcast

networks
LTE SDL(eMBMS
LTE SDL (передача 15 DL 800
New frequency plan proposed by APT and ТВ TV
данных & eMBMS)
and data)
5 30
30 MHz UL 3 SDL
МГц UL 5 30
30 MHz UL 3 МГц
МГц DL
standardized by 3GPP (incompatible with the US 733 738 758 791
470 698 703
frequency plan)
40 MHz 40 MHz
DL UL
612 652 663 703
B1) Reusing the topology of the CTV B2) Reusing the topology of mobile
networks for the actual replacement of networks to expand the capacity of
broadcast technology networks

Coordination and replanning effort
700 MHz international experience National replanning activity
From 2 MUX spread across channels 21-46 to 4 MUX up to CH36.

Additional 3 MUX are above CH36 (overlap with 600 MHz)

450 MHz band usage is predominantly for B2B/B2G segment
According to “Rules for Services operating in the Frequency Band
450 MHz to 470 MHz” all existing radio frequency spectrum
licences as of the 1st of April 2023 are revoked except for cases of
some Government licences. The migration started in 2016 and was
to be completed in 2022 with Dual Illumination ending in 2022.
Brazil. In Brazil, the spectrum in the 450 MHz band was distributed in addition to the auction in Spain. The company SIRDEE (State's Integral Digital Emergency Radio communication Service), which is
the 2.6 GHz band in 2012. The auction winners received regional licenses (different regions to a special state network operator for the interests of police and other services, received spectrum in
different operators) in the bands 451-458 MHz and 461-468 MHz with fairly strict coverage the 450 MHz and 700 MHz bands for the deployment of LTE networks. As in other bands, the LTE
requirements. In practice, operators have failed to meet these requirements. During the network for SIRDEE will be built and operated by the mobile operator Telefonica.
negotiations, two of the four operators (the smallest players) agreed to return the spectrum
due to the complete lack of deployment. The bigger players have implemented the deployment
to some extent.
Poland. In 2017, the mobile operator Orange Polska decided not to renew the license and returned
the frequencies to the state, the payment for the extension was $ 28 million. Subsequently, Orange
Finland. The mobile operator Elisa in 2019 bought the operator Digiset Oy, which owned a Polska and other operators considered the possibility of buying back the spectrum at a lower price.
spectrum license in the 450-470 MHz band. Based on it, the operator Elisa has created a However, in 2019, the Polish government decided to use this spectrum for the digitalization of electric
separate LTE network to serve housing and utilities companies and other professional users. networks. The spectrum was transferred to the energy company PGE Systemy.
Saudi Arabia. In 2022, the United States held consultations on the issue of releasing and licensing the
Sweden. In Sweden, the state operator Teracom, which serves government agencies, develops a
451-456 MHz and 461-466 MHz bands on a national basis to create an LTE network for specialized
network in the 450 MHz band under the Net 1 brand, provides services to a wide range of users,
users. At the same time, it is supposed to use a competitive procedure to determine the operator,
including rural communications services. In 2020, Net 1 renewed its existing license for the bands
taking into account that the band is not intended for commercial use. It is expected that the allocation
452.5-457.5/462.5-467.5 MHz until 2044 for the amount of $ 11.4 million.
of these frequency bands contributes to the formation of an ecosystem for the b72 frequency plan.

L-Band usage for IMT
1432 1517
EESS (passive)
Addition Initial SDL (Band 32) Addition MSS (s-E)
and RA
1427 1452 1492 1518
Potential guard band to Potential guard band to

fulfill OOBE requirements fulfill OOBE requirements
Complex ecosystem: Amount of 5G terminal types in different

bands
Band 32 = 1452 –1496 MHz (SDL 44 MHz, LTE only) SDL requires Source: GSA,
Band 75 = 1432 –1517 MHz (SDL 85 MHz, LTE + NR)
aggregation April 2023
Band 76 = 1427 –1432 MHz (SDL 5 MHz, LTE + NR)
Band 50 = 1432 –1517 MHz (TDD 85 MHz, LTE + NR) TDD is self-
Band 51 = 1427 –1432 MHz (TDD 5 MHz, LTE + NR) sufficient
Band 11 = 1427.9 –1447.9 / 1475.9 –1495.9 (FDD 2x20 MHz, LTE only)
Band 21 = 1447.9 –1462.9 / 1495.9 –1510.9 (FDD 2x15 MHz, LTE only) FDD is self-
Band 74 = 1427 –1470 / 1475 –1518 MHz (FDD 2x43 MHz, LTE + NR) sufficient

L-Band sharing and compatibility aspects
1432 1517
EESS (passive)
Addition Initial SDL (Band 32) Addition MSS (s-E)
and RA
1427 1452 1492 1518
Potential coordination and exclusion zoned around
airports and port to protect specific MSS usage
Potential
Fixed links reallocation in SA
coordination
and exclusion
zoned around
RA sight in SA
(if any)
WORKING DOCUMENT TOWARDS A PRELIMINARY

DRAFT NEW RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.[REC.MSS &
IMT L-BAND COMPATIBILITY]



Current status on the use of 3400-3800 MHz and 3800-4200 MHz bands
3.4-4.2 GHz
3.45-3.98 GHz
3.4-4.2 GHz 3.3-3.8 GHz 3.4-4.2 GHz
0 MHz
3.3-3.6 GHz
200 MHz
3.4-3.8 GHz
300 MHz
400 MHz
500 MHz
or more Source: GSMA и открытые источники

Проблемы ЭМС между сетями ФСС и сетями сотовой подвижной связи
Co-channel interference in the orientation of Interference to a low-noise amplifier in the
More powerful and broadband
the BS to the ES of the FSS entire reception band of the ES FSS
5G equipment
AAS 5G MIMO 8x8
-85 dBm
I/N=-10 dB
Broadband channels up to 100

MHz and EIRP up to 75-77 dBm
to provide coverage comparable
to lower bands .
An example of the most conservative estimates An example of conservative protection of the FSS from
without taking into account the underlying surface, the saturation of the LNA without taking into account the
obstacles at the sites of equipment installation and underlying surface, obstacles in the places of equipment
the C/I ratio (typical for cross-border coordination). installation.

Measures to solve the problems of compatibility between 5G/IMT2020 networks and ES FSS
Co-channel interference Interference in adjacent bands and on the LNA
Optimization of the use of

transponders inside the 3400- Migration to X- and Ku-bands
4200 MHz band
Consideration of the underlying surface, obstacles in the places of

equipment installation, as well as artificial shielding of the ES FSS
Impact assessment taking into account the modes Installation of filters for
actually used and the C/I ratio for them the protection of the ES
FSS above 3800 MHz
Frequency-territorial restrictions for the remaining ES FSS and

the introduction of restrictions on the installation of new ones

International experience with spectrum reallocation in C-band
Brazil US China
400 ES stations in C-band

More than 10000 TVRO
Widespread of TVRO station and ES stations
Shift to above 3700 MHz
and install filters
13 billions USD for reallocation in
Shift TVRO to above 3700 MHz addition to auction fees
with protection by filters
Shift of more than 10000 stations

to above 4000 MHz with
Decision to move to Ku band protection by filters

The need to establish common approaches for synchronization of TDD networks
Block 1 Block 2 Block3 Block 4

20 20 20
≥ ≥ ≥
ECC Report 296: ECC Recommendation

National (15)01 on cross-border
synchronisation ECC Report 331:
coordination for
regulatory framework Efficient usage
mobile/fixed
options in 3400-3800 of the spectrum
communications
MHz: a toolbox for at the border of
networks (MFCN) in
coexistence of MFCNs CEPT countries
the frequency bands:
in synchronised, between TDD
694-790 MHz, 1452-
unsynchronised and MFCN in the
1492 MHz, 3400-3600
semi-synchronised frequency band
MHz and 3600-3800
operation in 3400- 3400-3800 MHz
MHz
3800 MHz

Long-term prospects for the development of mobile networks in 3800-4200 MHz
National-scale networks are being deployed in the The 3700-4200 MHz band is being considered for
3700-3980 MHz band future 5G networks
National-scale networks are being deployed in the The 3800-4000 MHz band is being considered for
3800-4100 MHz band future 5G networks
The 3800-4000 MHz band is being considered for The 3800-4000 MHz band is being considered for
future 5G networks future 5G networks
The 3800-4200 MHz band is used for local licensing for The 3800-4200 MHz band is being considered for
the deployment of 5G networks in enterprises future 5G networks
The 3800-4200 MHz band is being considered for local As 5G develops and traffic grows, the next iteration
licensing for the deployment of 5G networks is expected in the development of the C-band for
both commercial and private 5G networks

Additional problems of implementing cellular networks in 3800-4200 MHz and 4400-4990 MHz bands
AIRCRAFTS Защитная
Guard HELICOPTERS
Restrictions on antenna gain, beam полоса
band Авиационные
Aeronautical Requirements for additional filtration on the
5G/IMT-2020
directions and territorial restrictions around около
around высотомеры
altimeters BS to protect helicopter altimeters and
3800 4100 100
100 MHz
МГц 4200 4400
airports to protect aircraft altimeters restrictions on the installation of BS
Helicopter
The scanning angle is limited

from above and below (to 50 мm Япония
Japan BS
exclude the appearance of Descending
11км
km Франция
France in в
spurious radiation of side- ruralместности
сел. areas
lobes in the upper PFD in USA
hemisphere) (Japan)
Ground distance
Restriction of macro BS 1000м Additional filtration requirements in Japan

placement zones around 2100м
2640м Attenuation Spacing from the edge
take-off and landing lines 200м of the bandwidth
Япония
Japan USA
США
910м 1450м
Canada, France
Канада, Франция
20 dB 20-50 MHz
Installing filters on some older 30 dB 40-90 MHz
types of aircraft or banning their 40 dB 50-120 MHz
operation at airports near 5G 50 dB 60-170 MHz
networks (USA)
60 dB 80-220 MHz

Long-term prospects for the development of mobile networks in 6425-7125 MHz band
Global campaign for additional spectrum The decisive EMC scenario on WRC-23 to determine
between 5G and Wi fi the possibility of use for 5G
5925 6425 7125
FSS Receiver
China considers the entire band for IMT
The USA and a number of other countries have allocated for Wi fi
Europe for Wifi Decided at WRC-23 The compatibility issue with spacecraft requires
international regulation. National measures are
5925 6425 7125 limited or non-existent.



EMC problems between radio facilities of other services and mobile mobile networks in 24250-27500 MHz band
Global restrictions for the Local restrictions for the Local restrictions to protect
protection of space services protection of the ES EESS remaining RRL
Passive sensor of EESS
and inter-satellite
service
Limitation of unwanted radiation in the A few of km or less in case of local

23.6-24 GHz band and limitation of BS obstacles. Up to 25 km in case of line Up to 40 km in the worst case and a few of km
power under Article 21.5 (application is of sight and the worst orientation of in other cases. In the future, a complete
specified on WRC-23). the antennas. switch-off of the RRL is expected.

Long-term prospects for the development of mobile networks in the 40500-43500 MHz band
Predominant use in R1
RRL ES FSS
5G/IMT-2020
(s-E)
37 40.5 43.5
800
BS hotspots
Interference in the adjacent 600

FSS Earth station
band to uncoordinated FSS 400
200
Probabilistic interference
0
modeling
-200
-400
-600
-800
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Based on the results of CEPT studies, a decision was made on the sufficiency of existing
standards for out-of-band interference, but monitoring of the situation is planned.



Background for the use of technological neutrality for 5G/IMT2020 networks
Number of LTE device types by band
The development of technological 16000
14000 TDD
neutrality in previous generations claimed 12000
10000
8000
to wait for the growth of the penetration 6000
4000
2000
of LTE terminals with support of GSM and 0
UMTS bands.
Источник: GSA, Май 2022
Amount of 5G terminal types in different bands

The penetration of NR terminals is still low,
especially in developing countries.
However, the deployment of NR using LTE Source: GSA,
bands can be implemented already now April 2023
due to new technical solutions.
700 MHz
850 MHz
900 MHz
4.4-4.99
2.6 TDD
2.6 FDD
2.1 GHz
1.8 GHz
3.3-4.2
3.3-3.8

Technical possibilities of combining NR networks with networks of previous generations
Dynamic methods using the capabilities of flexible frame adjustment inherent in NR
Time Time
Extensions of the principle of technological LTE UL channel LTE DL channel
neutrality for the possibility of including the

NR signal in the LTE signal on existing LTE
carriers
Frequency Frequency
Static methods for combining with 2G/3G using non-standardized capabilities

Using a flexible LTE/NR channel band and LTE/NRLTE/NR
Канал 8.9 MHz
8.9channel
МГц
additional digital filtering for GSM or UMTS
bands in order to maximize the spectrum for LTE UMTS 3.8MHz
Канал UMTS
or NR in already allocated radio frequency channel
3.8 МГц LTE/NR
Канал11.2 MHz11.2
LTE/NR channel
МГц
bands
LTE/NR LTE/NR
Канал 4.4MHz
channel
4 .4 МГц

Using existing frequency bands to address the issue of coverage problems in the 3.4-3.8GHz band
+7 dB using 2Rx antennae +3..7 dB

+10 dB using 4Rx ntennae
Source: Ericsson, GSMA



Spectrum demand for wireless backhaul is also growing
Source: GSMA

High capacity backhaul for rural areas
XPIC with one channel Aggregation of multiple channels into one
Achievable bandwidth in the 6-13 GHz bands
Spectrum Number Without

Bandwidth, With XPIC
Modulation effitiency of XPIC
MHz (Mbit/s)
(Bit/Hz) channels (Mbit/s)
28 QAM64 5.5 2 308 616
28 QAM256 7 2 392 784
56 QAM64 5.5 2 616 1 232
56 QAM256 7 2 784 1 568

High demand in majority of bands
New deployment share per frequency range
Potential cannibalization by IMT Source: Ericsson

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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Implementation of International Mobile Telecommunications 2020 (IMT-2020) Systems and Deployment of 5G

Training for The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa

Spectrum for 5G/IMT-2020 - technical perspective

Vadim Poskakukhin, International Telecommunication Union expert,

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa

Content of the report

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 2

“Low-bands” “Mid-bands” “mm-bands”

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 3

Not critical for developing countries

The most calorific and financially

A solid and necessary, but not very

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 4

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 5

2.3 5.15 5925 7.125

Included in 3GPP specifications

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 6

A new spectrum Johannesburg

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 7

Already awarded spectrum

Plus new international bands from WRC-23 and bands

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 8

Content of the report

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 9

1990-2010 900 MHz

2010-2020 +800 MHz

2020-2030 +700 MHz

Around Below 700 MHz

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 10

Solved by coordination and replanning Solved by lowpass filters in specific cases

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 11

Б) Flexible use for organizing only DL similar to broadcast

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 12

From 2 MUX spread across channels 21-46 to 4 MUX up to CH36.

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 13

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 14

Potential guard band to Potential guard band to

Complex ecosystem: Amount of 5G terminal types in different

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 15

WORKING DOCUMENT TOWARDS A PRELIMINARY

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 16

Content of the report

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 17

3.4-4.2 GHz 3.3-3.8 GHz 3.4-4.2 GHz

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 18

AAS 5G MIMO 8x8

Broadband channels up to 100

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 19

Optimization of the use of

Consideration of the underlying surface, obstacles in the places of

Frequency-territorial restrictions for the remaining ES FSS and

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 20

400 ES stations in C-band

Shift of more than 10000 stations

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 21

Block 1 Block 2 Block3 Block 4

ECC Report 296: ECC Recommendation

26-27 June 2023, Centurion, Pretoria, South Africa 22