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    The endocrine system communicates through hormones, which are chemicals released from glands into the bloodstream. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and either directly influence gene expression (steroid hormones) or trigger secondary messengers within the cell (nonsteroid hormones) to induce changes in cell activity. Together, hormones work to maintain homeostasis in the body.

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    34-1 PowerPoint

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    The endocrine system communicates through hormones, which are chemicals released from glands into the bloodstream. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and either directly influence gene expression (steroid hormones) or trigger secondary messengers within the cell (nonsteroid hormones) to induce changes in cell activity. Together, hormones work to maintain homeostasis in the body.

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    The endocrine system communicates through hormones, which are chemicals released from glands into the bloodstream. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and either directly influence gene expression (steroid hormones) or trigger secondary messengers within the cell (nonsteroid hormones) to induce changes in cell activity. Together, hormones work to maintain homeostasis in the body.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    52 views23 pages

    34-1 PowerPoint

    Uploaded by

    rihana yadav
    The endocrine system communicates through hormones, which are chemicals released from glands into the bloodstream. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and either directly influence gene expression (steroid hormones) or trigger secondary messengers within the cell (nonsteroid hormones) to induce changes in cell activity. Together, hormones work to maintain homeostasis in the body.

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    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Lesson Overview
    34.1 The Endocrine System
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Hormones and Glands


    The endocrine system is like a radio, “broadcasting”
    chemical messages.

    These chemicals, called hormones, are released in one


    part of the body, travel through the blood, and affect
    cells in other parts of the body.

    Hormones can affect almost every cell in the body.


    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Hormones
    Hormones act by binding to specific chemical receptors on
    cell membranes or within cells.

    Cells that have receptors for a particular hormone are


    called target cells.

    If a cell does not have receptors for a particular hormone,


    the hormone has no effect on it.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Hormones
    Many endocrine functions depend on the effects of two
    opposing hormones, such those shown, to help maintain
    homeostasis.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Glands
    A gland is an organ that produces and releases a
    substance, or secretion.

    Exocrine glands release their secretions through tube-like


    structures (called ducts) out of the body or directly into the
    digestive system. Exocrine glands include those that
    release sweat, tears, and digestive enzymes.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System
    Glands
    Endocrine glands usually release their secretions
    (hormones) directly into the blood, which transports the
    secretions throughout the body.

    Other body structures, such as bones, fat tissue, the


    heart, and the small intestine, also produce and
    release hormones.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Prostaglandins
    Nearly all cells have been shown to produce small
    amounts of hormonelike substances called
    prostaglandins.

    Prostaglandins are modified fatty acids that are produced


    by a wide range of cells. They generally affect only nearby
    cells and tissues, and thus are sometimes known as “local
    hormones.”
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Hormone Action
    Hormones fall into two general groups—steroid and
    nonsteroid hormones. Each type of hormone acts on a target
    cell in a different way.

    Steroid hormones are produced from a lipid called


    cholesterol.

    Nonsteroid hormones include proteins, small peptides, and


    modified amino acids.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Steroid Hormones
    Because steroid hormones are lipids, they can easily cross
    cell membranes.

    Steroid hormones act by entering the nucleus of a cell and


    changing the pattern of gene expression, making the
    effects of many steroid hormones especially powerful and
    long lasting.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Steroid Hormones
    1. A steroid hormone enters a cell by passing directly across
    the cell membrane.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Steroid Hormones
    2. Once inside, it binds to a steroid receptor protein and
    forms a hormone-receptor complex.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Steroid Hormones
    3. The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the
    cell.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Steroid Hormones
    In the nucleus, it binds to regions of DNA that control gene
    expression.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Steroid Hormones
    4. This binding initiates the transcription of specific genes to
    messenger RNA (mRNA).
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Steroid Hormones
    5. The mRNA moves into the
    cytoplasm and directs
    protein synthesis.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Nonsteroid Hormones
    Nonsteroid hormones
    generally cannot pass
    through the cell membrane of
    their target cells.

    Nonsteroid hormones bind to


    receptors in a target cell and
    cause the release of
    secondary messengers that
    affect cell activities.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Nonsteroid Hormones
    1. A nonsteroid hormone binds to receptors on the cell
    membrane.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Nonsteroid Hormones
    2. The binding of the hormone activates enzymes on the
    inner surface of the cell membrane.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Nonsteroid Hormones
    3. These enzymes release secondary messengers to relay
    the hormone’s message within the cell.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Nonsteroid Hormones
    One common secondary messenger is cAMP (cyclic
    AMP), which is produced from ATP.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Nonsteroid Hormones
    Other secondary messengers include calcium ions,
    nucleotides, and fatty acids.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Nonsteroid Hormones
    4. These secondary messengers can activate or inhibit a
    wide range of cell activities.
    Lesson Overview The Endocrine System

    Hormone Action
    Steroid and nonsteroid hormones can have powerful effects
    on their target cells.

    This makes it especially important to understand the ways in


    which the endocrine system regulates their production and
    release into the blood.

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