Respiration Group 4

DE1 SCIENCES 2024 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
GASEOUS EXCHANGE, RESPIRATION

& VENTILATION MECHANISM
GROUP 4
122/24 GUTSARO, PRECIOUS
BATSIARI - F
128/24 GWEESE, PERSEVERANCE - F
132/24 HAVADI, ANGELINE - F
136/24 HONDYEDZOMBA, NYASHA - F
138/24 HWANDE, LORNA - F
139/24 JAKACHI, METTLE GRACE - F
148/24 JONASI, TENDAI - F
152/24 KADANGO, MOILA - F
153/24 KADUNGURE, ROLLISON
"Overview of Respiration and Gaseous
Exchange"
Respiration is a metabolic process involving the
release of energy from organic molecules,
primarily glucose, through the consumption of
oxygen and production of carbon dioxide.
Gaseous exchange is the process where

respiratory gases (O₂ and CO₂) are transferred
between the organism and the environment,
facilitating aerobic respiration at the cellular
level.
In animals, gaseous exchange occurs at

specialized surfaces like the alveoli in mammals,
Gaseous
Exchange
Gaseous exchange relies on diffusion, the
passive movement of gases from areas of
higher concentration (or partial pressure) to
lower concentration.VISION
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move across

respiratory surfaces following their
concentration gradients.
Fick’s Law of Diffusion explains that the rate

of diffusion depends on surface area,
concentration gradient, and the thickness of
the exchange surface.
Respiratory System Components in
Mammals
Nose/Nasal Cavity: Warms, filters, and moistens
incoming air.
Pharynx (throat): Passageway for air and food.
Larynx (voice box): Contains vocal cords; air passes

through, allowing speech.
Trachea (windpipe): Supported by cartilage rings,

keeps the airway open.
Bronchi: The trachea divides into two bronchi (right

and left) that lead into the lungs.
Bronchioles: Smaller branches of bronchi that carry

air to the alveoli.
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs where gaseous exchange occurs.

Gaseous Exchange in
Alveoli
The alveoli are the site of gaseous
exchange.
Oxygen moves from the alveoli

(where it is at a higher
concentration) into the blood
(where it is at a lower
concentration) by diffusion.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the

blood (high concentration) into
the alveoli (low concentration) to
be exhaled.
Mechanism of Breathing
(Ventilation)
Inspiration (Inhalation):
The diaphragm contracts and flattens, moving downward.

External intercostal muscles contract, lifting the rib cage up
and out.
This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, lowering
the air pressure inside the lungs.
Air flows into the lungs from the outside, where the
pressure is higher.
Expiration (Exhalation):
The diaphragm relaxes and curves upward.

Intercostal muscles relax, causing the rib cage to move
down and inward.
The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, and the
pressure inside the lungs increases.
Air is pushed out of the lungs.
The Role of the Diaphragm and Intercostal
Muscles
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle
located below the lungs.
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts,

creating more space in the chest cavity, which
draws air into the lungs.
External intercostal muscles (between the ribs)

contract to expand the ribcage during
inspiration.
During expiration, the diaphragm and

intercostal muscles relax, and the ribcage
moves back to its original position, pushing air
Control of
Breathing
⚬Breathing rate is controlled by the medulla
oblongata in the brainstem, which sends signals
to the respiratory muscles.
⚬The brain responds to levels of carbon dioxide
in the blood:
⚬If CO₂ levels are high, breathing rate increases
to expel more CO₂.
⚬Chemoreceptors in the blood and brain detect
changes in CO₂ levels and adjust breathing
accordingly.
⚬Oxygen levels can also influence breathing, but
CO₂ levels are the primary driver.
Gas Transport in
Blood
Oxygen transport:
Oxygen is transported in the blood, mostly

bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and
releases it to tissues that need it.
Carbon dioxide transport:
70% of CO₂ is transported as bicarbonate

ions (HCO₃⁻) in the plasma.
20% binds to hemoglobin, forming
carbaminohemoglobin.
10% is dissolved directly in plasma.
Adaptations of the Respiratory
System
⚬Large surface area: Alveoli provide a vast surface for gas
exchange.
⚬Short diffusion distance: The thin walls of the alveoli and

MISSIO
capillaries ensure that gases do not have to travel far.
N
⚬Rich blood supply: The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries
to maintain a constant supply of deoxygenated blood and
removal of oxygenated blood.
⚬Moist surfaces: Gases dissolve in the moisture lining the

alveoli, facilitating diffusion.
Diseases of the Respiratory System
(Optional)
1.Asthma: A chronic condition that causes the airways to narrow,

making breathing difficult.
2.Emphysema: A disease caused by damage to the alveoli, reducing

the surface area for gas exchange.
3.Pneumonia: An infection that inflames the air sacs (alveoli),

sometimes filling them with fluid.
THE END
GROUP MEMBERS
122/24 GUTSARO, PRECIOUS BATSIARI
-F
128/24 GWEESE, PERSEVERANCE - F
132/24 HAVADI, ANGELINE - F
136/24 HONDYEDZOMBA, NYASHA - F
138/24 HWANDE, LORNA - F
139/24 JAKACHI, METTLE GRACE - F SERVICE
148/24 JONASI, TENDAI - F 04
152/24 KADANGO, MOILA - F
153/24 KADUNGURE, ROLLISON
CLEOPAS - M

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DE1 SCIENCES 2024 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

GASEOUS EXCHANGE, RESPIRATION

Gaseous exchange is the process where

In animals, gaseous exchange occurs at

Oxygen and carbon dioxide move across

Fick’s Law of Diffusion explains that the rate

Pharynx (throat): Passageway for air and food.

Larynx (voice box): Contains vocal cords; air passes

Trachea (windpipe): Supported by cartilage rings,

Bronchi: The trachea divides into two bronchi (right

Bronchioles: Smaller branches of bronchi that carry

Alveoli: Tiny air sacs where gaseous exchange occurs.

Oxygen moves from the alveoli

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the

The diaphragm contracts and flattens, moving downward.

The diaphragm relaxes and curves upward.

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts,

External intercostal muscles (between the ribs)

During expiration, the diaphragm and

Oxygen is transported in the blood, mostly

Carbon dioxide transport:

70% of CO₂ is transported as bicarbonate

⚬Short diffusion distance: The thin walls of the alveoli and

⚬Moist surfaces: Gases dissolve in the moisture lining the

1.Asthma: A chronic condition that causes the airways to narrow,

2.Emphysema: A disease caused by damage to the alveoli, reducing

3.Pneumonia: An infection that inflames the air sacs (alveoli),

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