Civil Service Reforms

أعمال مؤتمر مصر والتنمية المستدامة في أفريقيا: الرؤى وآليات التفعيل في ضوء أجندة الاتحاد الأفريقي 2063
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعريف بما هو المقصود بالخدمة العامة وإصلاحها وأهميتها ، مع استعراض نموذج خصخصة قطاع المياه في كينيا كآلية من آليات إصلاحه مع ذكر التحديات والنتائج المترتبة على التطبيق.

"Solidarity is at the same time a foundation of European integration and a condition for its progressive development. This is true for both aspects of solidarity – as a principle of mutual responsibility, and as practical mutual assistance and support. For many years now, the Economic and Monetary Union and the Common European Asylum System have been in a deep crisis. The epicenter of such crises is Greece, but their root lies deeper, in a constitutional and legal framework that hinders the pursuit of the common interest and the development of solidarity. The efforts undertaken so far to remedy these shortcomings are not up to the challenge. And what is at stake is not only the success of two important integration projects, but the preservation of the values on which the Union is founded, above all democracy and fundamental rights.
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La solidarité est à la fois un fondement de la construction européenne et une condition de son développement. Elle l’est dans ses deux dimensions : principe de responsabilité réciproque et action concrète d’assistance mutuelle. Depuis plusieurs années, l’Union économique et monétaire et le Système européen commun d’asile sont en crise. L’épicentre de ces crises est la Grèce, mais leur origine réside, en amont, dans un cadre constitutionnel ou légal empêchant l’affirmation de l’intérêt commun et le développement d’une action réellement solidaire. Les efforts entrepris jusqu’ici pour remédier à ces carences ne paraissent pas à la hauteur des défis. Or, l’enjeu n’est pas seulement la réussite de deux importants projets d’intégration, mais aussi la préservation des valeurs sur lesquels l’Union est bâtie, et tout particulièrement des principes de démocratie et de respect des droits fondamentaux."

What happens to informal institutions and practices when political actors decide to implement democratic institutional reforms aimed at relieving formal institutions of informal constraints? Does informality disappear, or do the elites and affected populations continue to apply and abide by informal rules? What do we know about the relationship between institutional reforms and informal institutions? This book seeks to improve our understanding of how, when, and under which conditions democratic institutional reforms affect informal institutions and practices in countries transitioning to democracy, also known as hybrid regimes. With an empirical focus on three transitional post-Soviet regimes—Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine—this book aims to explain the contentious relationship between democratic institutional reforms and informality in the broader post-Soviet context. These findings have implications not only for hybrid regimes, but also for the majority of other post-Soviet, as well as other post-communist, countries. This book engages with a large and growing body of literature on informal institutions and practices and offers theoretical insights relevant to comparative politics, democratization and institutional development studies, political sociology, human geography and political economy.

This article aims at offering a framework for analysing party patronage and state politicisation based on game-theoretic reasoning. It is argued that in order to reveal the main causal mechanisms behind these phenomena, one can focus on the cooperation between political parties analysis based on the model of prisoner’s dilemma. The article identifies four sets of obstacles to party cooperation in Central and Eastern
Europe: unstable and polarised party systems; “the rules of the game” legitimising party patronage; dense party networks and their building through patronage; and insufficient regulation and weak enforcement of the merit principle in state administrations. The influence of these causal mechanisms in the post-communist countries can be explored through historical process-tracing and other methods. Finally, the article proposes several country-specific hypotheses for the empirical study of party patronage and state politicisation in Lithuania.

Con el fin de contar con un marco conceptual sobre el grupo de Directivos Públicos del nuevo servicio civil peruano, el mismo que se enmarca en las disposiciones de la Ley del Servicio Civil, la Autoridad Nacional del Servicio Civil-SERVIR, ha elaborado el documento que hoy se presenta y en el que se plasman las grandes líneas del modelo de Directivos Públicos en consonancia con las tendencias internacionales sobre Dirección Pública Profesional de los países más desarrollados.

El sistema de empleo público chileno no se ajusta a principios de carácter técnico y profesional que aseguren la igualdad de oportunidades de ingreso y desarrollo de quienes ingresen, ni tampoco garantiza una estabilidad fundada en los mismos principios, ignorando las previsiones constitucionales. Distintas líneas jurisprudenciales han procurado corregir parte de estos defectos, pero el legislador no ha asumido la tarea de aprobar un modelo general que cumpla los propósitos enunciados. Con el ánimo de contribuir en esta tarea, se describen algunos cambios legales que contribuirían a ello y son factibles de realizar en el corto plazo.

Wang Anshi (1021–1086) is well known as one of the greatest statesmen of classical China, but it is rarely recognized that his 1058 ‘Wan Yan Shu’ is one of the first texts of public management in the modern sense. This is because Wang addressed still current concerns of a civil service—selection, training, motivation, remuneration—often presenting solutions that are completely in line with today’s perspectives. Wang’s work is particularly relevant now given the current global state of public management—post-NPM but with no clear new paradigm having emerged.

This piece, the lead article in a special issue of Public Administration Review on "Civic Engagement in the 21st Century," makes the case for a new understanding of democracy, as a way of life or a society, not simply a state system. This also entails a different role for government -- neither center of the political universe providing solutions nor enemy of the people, but empowering partners.

I argue that civil servants, elected officials, and government agencies have vital roles as catalysts, conveners and "citizen professionals" who work with other citizens in  empowering fashion, if they reclaim their deep civic identities.

A lo largo del presente trabajo pretendemos, en primer término, poner de manifiesto la extraordinaria relevancia que ha tenido el Derecho Administrativo a lo largo de los últimos dos siglos como herramienta para reducir un margen de dis-crecionalidad que, en el marco de las decisiones administrativas, puede conducir a resultados in-tolerablemente arbitrarios. Dicha funcionalidad se manifiesta, en el ámbito del acceso al empleo público, en la consagración de la oposición como sistema preferente de selección y en la necesaria observancia a lo largo del procedimiento selectivo de los principios de igualdad, mérito y capacidad. Con base en lo anterior y a partir del análisis de di-versas sentencias referidas a procesos de selección,

ABSTRACT: In the present work we attempt, first of all, to underline the great significance of Administrative Law for the past two centuries, as an instrument to keep under control the margins of discretionality in administrative decisions. Excessive discretion in administrative resolutions has to be restrained, so that the results of the decisions are not arbitrary. This purpose of Administrative Law applies also to the area of access to public employment. Arbitrary decisions are prevented here by means of the system of public competitions, a method of recruitment that guarantees the principles of equality, merit and competence. The work analyzes, secondly, diverse court decisions regarding recrutiment in the public administration. On the basis of the theoretical discussion, and the analysis of court decisions, the work aims at revealing the importance of the (binding) program or system of themes for public examinations. The themes proposed for the public examinations are the obligatory reference for the efforts of the candidates. We discuss the possible violation of constitutional principles that can happen in the selection and publication of themes for public examinations, and we propose some measures of legislative policy that can prevent and correct those violations.

The problem of Nepotism is widespread almost everywhere, not only in developing countries, but also in many economically advanced countries.  One of the most acute problems that Georgia is facing today is the widespread nepotism in all spheres of public life.  Nepotism reduces country’s economic development and leads to weakening of effectiveness of the government institutions.  In case of nepotism a wide range of legal norms and principles are violated, such as equality before the law, impartiality and equal access to civil service for all citizens.
According to the research which was conducted by different non-Governmental Organizations, recruitment procedure in civil service is not conducted in accordance with the competition rules.  This fact is also confirmed by those citizens that were dismissed from civil service.  The violation of competition rules has become a common practice in civil service.
After the adoption of a revised EU-Georgia Association Agenda for the period 2017-2020, Georgian government has undertaken an obligation to establish a transparent, independent and impartial system of civil service.  European Union demands from Georgia to reform the civil service and build a merit-based and professional civil service.  The requirement to reform the civil service and the inclusion of this objective in the Association Agenda is a recognition of the fact, that the Georgian government has so far failed to create a competent and transparent civil service.  The creation of a professional civil service can only be achieved if vicious practice of nepotism will be eradicated in all spheres of public life.  Georgia needs professional, competent and knowledgeable civil servants, that can implement efficient policies and transform the country into western-style liberal democracy.  Effective and efficient civil service is an essential prerequisite to Georgia’s economic progress.  Therefore, it is essential to reform the civil service and staff it with qualified and competent people.

Short paper on the meaning of allowing EU officials and servants to lodge complaints with the EU Ombudsman and to bring suits against the EU institutions before the European Civil Service Tribunal as far as employment disputes are concerned. This will be the starting point to assess the mutual influence, the peculiar role and the different purpose of the two institutions in light of the general objective of enhancing good administration in the EU polity.

Le nombre croissant de fonctionnaires tend à être considéré comme la principale raison de l’augmentation de la masse salariale dans les collectivités territoriales. Limiter celle-ci passerait nécessairement par sa réduction. Cet article analyse les conditions cognitives (comment sont produits ces chiffres ?) et les ressorts sociaux (qui sont les entrepreneurs de cette cause ?) de ce diagnostic bien installé dans les discours publics. En associant sociologie de la quantification et sociologie des problèmes publics, il met au jour les bases réductionnistes sur lesquelles repose ce diagnostic. Ce dernier est autant le produit de la raison comptable qui oriente aujourd’hui l’action publique que des tensions entre collectivités et État pour le gouvernement du « local ».

This research, conducted by the author when a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK, was funded by a UK governance organisation to help them assess, integrate and improve their understanding of the governed population.

ABSTRACT: Governance organisations have been urged to develop more holistic evidence-based approaches with partners to better deal with issues affecting the governed population. This presupposes an understanding of the population, yet there has been little research work addressing how governance organisations come to understand their governed population, nor how this understanding can be improved upon within such organisations.

This case study examined in-depth how understanding of a governed population was developed within one UK local governance organisation and it explored how such understanding might be developed and improved through more holistic and evidence-based organisational learning within the organisation and its governance partnerships.

The research methodology involved placement within the governance organisation, participant observations on several projects and innovative initiatives, observations within, across, and outside the organisation, and also interviews with varied key stakeholders.

The study examined:

- stakeholder engagement and networks
- current and varied understandings of the population
- mechanisms actually used for developing understandings
- the influence of context on organisational learning

and analysed these to arrive at a recommendations to improve organisational understanding of the governed population.

In the case studied, significant strengths were found: including innovative past learning trials for development, extensive ongoing networking activities, and many varied and accumulating quantitative datasets available across partnerships.

However, entrenched organisational approaches and practices constrained the development of holistic evidence-based understanding, for instance: the absence of systematic maintained collective learning processes; weak recording and forgetting of understandings; methodological exclusion of stakeholders from the development of understanding; the relative neglect of qualitative data, explanations, investigations, interpretations, and reflexivity; and also implicit organisational acceptance of such limitations and low aspirations.

Nonetheless, untapped opportunities existed to enable change including: latent practitioner knowledge and innovative management champions, the desire for improvement and raised aspirations within learning networks, and the development potential of alterative learning approaches.

It was concluded that more holistic evidence-based understanding was possible, but required new learning approaches beyond those then in use in both local government or academia.   

Recommendations are made to utilise and develop improved organisational learning approaches trialed and reported in the case study.

It is argued that the case study findings, conclusions, and recommendations may be applicable to other similar local governance organisations and partnerships that seek to better understand local populations, services and interventions.

The work was also submitted for, and awarded, an MPhil (at Newcastle University, supervised by Prof. Patsy Healy)

Azerbaijan, country that got its independence in 1991, has been in the process of the transformation from the command-based economy towards free-market economy for the last 25 years. That transformation could not continue without triggering institutional changes in the public administration system. Public Administration is traditionally accepted as the collective of the administering body of the government. Employees in this body are the civil servants who are responsible for administering the public policies on different spheres and managing the provision of essential services provided to the citizens. Public administration system in free-market economy can be argued to be the system which is different from the one which exists in the command-based economy which was the way of life in Azerbaijan until recently. Free-market system requires public administration system which has an ability to make the lives of civil society easier by implementing transparent and effective practices. That is, the civil service system has needed to be transformed into the one which is eligible to co-exist with civil society which includes the private agents in the economy, and to help it to grow to boost the economy. However, transparent, and effective public administration system requires transparent and effective public administrators. That is, the recruitment of the best individuals who can be selected into public service is crucial issue. In other words, the recruitment and selection process in the case of public service is crucially important for the overall success of the public administration system.

This study examines the impact of emotional intelligence in leaders (managers) of the Bayelsa state civil service and its ability to encourage workforce motivation and effectiveness. A probability sampling technique was used to issue out questionnaires to 60 managers randomly chosen from the Ministries of Justice, Information and Orientation, Works and Infrastructure, Health, Education, Science and Technology, Agriculture, and Environment. 33% of the respondents where female while the other 67% male. Four top management executives were also interviewed. The data from the questionnaires were analysed using the Likert scale of intervals. The results indicated that only 14% of the selected sample population knew about the concept of emotional intelligence. This relatively low awareness of the concept is responsible for the low levels of staff motivation and productivity in the state civil service. The findings also showed that the application of emotional intelligence positively translates to improved product / service delivery while managers who have a high emotional intelligence enjoy a more committed and effective workforce. In conclusion a recommendation was made to the Bayelsa State Government to pass into law a policy to train and retrain managers of the service. Personal efforts should be made by managers to build these emotional competences.

Annotation: This thesis attempts to explore the relationship between the concept of "reform" and "administration" or, in particular, public administration during the financial crisis in Greece. It is well known that in Greece, as well as in many other countries of Europe and the rest of the world, after 2008 and after the global economic crisis, there was a great economic destabilization with unpleasant results for the citizens of these countries and their economies. The survey that we present to you is focused on the administration, especially the public administration and the economy of Greece, and whether the "reform" in the administration will have a positive effect on the correction of the situation and whether the applied policy and state administration are to a certain extent the cause of the financial crisis. As we shall see, in the case of Greece, the state administration participated in the emergence of the economic crisis and helped to spread it. Reforms in the administration and the state can prevent such situations from occurring and can correct such mistakes. Greece presents itself with many administrative problems, with great weaknesses in public administration, which, coupled with the existence of customer relations between the state and voters, create a fertile ground for causing unpleasant situations. In Greece, the ruling political system consumed more than it needed, and took up more than it could have returned, under pressure from

""ABSTRACT.
This research is mainly focused on the topic, “Independence of Judiciary and Administration of Justice in Tanzania: A Critical Assessment of its Interpretation and Practical Application by the Courts in Tanzania”, hence research will be divided in four main chapters. 
Chapter One which will discuss the background of the problem, the statement of the problem, the aims and objectives, research methodology and significance of this study.
The focus of Chapter Two will be on the Overview of the doctrine of independence of judiciary in Tanzania. Hence, this chapter will provide for the definition of the doctrine of independence of judiciary, discuss the laws governing the doctrine in Tanzania, the rationale of the doctrine in the administration of justice in Tanzania, advantages of the doctrine and finally the conclusion.
In Chapter Three there will be a discussion on assessment on the interpretation and application of the doctrine of independence of judiciary in Tanzania from which a reflection will be made on the interpretation of the doctrine in the Tanzanian context, different interpretation of the doctrine by scholars and legal practitioners, the practical application of the doctrine in Tanzania and Frictions for disparities in interpretation of the doctrine and the implications of the narrow interpretation of the doctrine of independence of judiciary in Tanzania. And to wind up the research Chapter Four will provide for the Conclusion and Recommendation of this research.
Independence of judiciary has become a problem in Tanzanian due to the fact that the misleading interpretation of the doctrine which allows the Executive and Legislative organs of the state to overpower the Judiciary in course of application of the doctrine by interfering its decisions and sometimes command it to comply with their decisions. 


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Uno de los principales desafíos de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible consiste en configurar un nuevo marco de gobernanza pública y una renovada arquitectura estatal que permitan promover sociedades pacíficas e inclusivas para el desarrollo sostenible, facilitar el acceso a la justicia para todos y construir a todos los niveles instituciones eficaces, responsables e inclusivas que rindan cuentas (Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 16). En este contexto, el paradigma del gobierno abierto constituye un medio de referencia y un eje fundamental para cumplir los Objetivos de la Agenda 2030.

El propósito de esta obra pionera es contribuir al debate emergente sobre el tránsito hacia un Estado abierto por medio de múltiples miradas provenientes de la propia CEPAL y de representantes de organismos multilaterales, autoridades y responsables de gobierno, expertos de reconocida trayectoria, académicos y representantes de organizaciones de la sociedad civil de la región, así como de plataformas de innovación y activismo cívico.

There are several theoretical frameworks aiming to illuminate the determinants of policy change and stability. The punctuated-equilibrium framework focuses on the combination of subsystems politics and decision-making at the collective and individual levels. It attempts to find the determinants of stability and change in policy by looking at the progression of issues from policy subsystems to the macro-political agenda where policy images play a key role in promoting change. On the other hand, the multiple streams framework pays special attention to the intersection of problems, policies, and politics where conditions are favourable for policy change. The role played by policy entrepreneurs as catalysts of change is also a central concern in this framework. Some scholars have proposed an analytical strategy which integrates these two frameworks. Such strategy, it is argued, is especially suited to explain episodes of public management policy change. This paper explores and compares the insights that the punctuated equilibrium and the multiple streams frameworks produce when used to interpret the reform of the civil service structure of Mexico in 2003. Based on policy documents and interview data, this paper will assess the frameworks’ suitability for generating explanations for policy stability and change. The analytical gains of using these frameworks conjointly will also be discussed.

En la actualidad, distintos gobiernos en todo el mundo han iniciado un proceso progresivo para impulsar y llevar a cabo estrategias ligadas al concepto de “Gobierno Abierto” (Open Government Partnership, 2011), cuyos principios son la transparencia y apertura, la participación y la colaboración (Obama, 2009). En este contexto, se ha acuñado la noción de Servicios Públicos 2.0 como una nueva forma interactiva de creación de valor público y traslado hacia un nuevo tipo de colaboración ciudadana e innovación abierta mediante la integración sistemática y activa de los actores en el proceso de gobernar y administrar los asuntos públicos (Hilgers y Piller, 2011; Bommert, 2010; Bason, 2010; Nambisan, 2008; Chang y Kannan, 2008). La ponencia discute sobre los desafíos que supone este nuevo escenario para los altos directivos públicos, el debate sobre los principales enfoques que abordan el tema y las posibilidades que implica el ponerlo en el centro de los esfuerzos por modernizar la gestión pública desde una perspectiva institucional, de diseño organizativo y bajo una mirada anclada en el liderazgo adaptativo y la innovación en los asuntos públicos.Por su parte, el estudio de caso único centrado en la realidad Argentina, busca dilucidar los mecanismos concretos en virtud de los cuales las políticas públicas intervienen en la recreación de la confianza social. Se presta especial atención a lo que consideramos ambientes sociales de reproducción de la confianza, los cuales, sirven de intermediarios entre las políticas públicas y la confianza social. Se concluye el trabajo presentando algunos avances preliminares de la puesta en práctica de tal propuesta.

Despite their notable differences, Brazil and Turkey have been widely compared as emerging economic powers led by popular governments in the 2000s. These comparisons have largely ignored the parallel institutional evolution of their civil service since the early 20th century. Throughout the past century, the two countries experienced simultaneous attempts to reform and modernise their public administrations mostly in the Weberian model. From the 1980s onwards, their paths diverged: Brazil a er re-democratisation reinforced the central, merit-based structure of its civil service, while Turkey introduced new private sec- tor arrangements and practices.

Although today both civil services boast a mix of career and contract arrangements, they also display different structural characteristics, and face opposite sets of challenges regarding meritocracy, professionalism, efficiency and political patronage. While until recently Turkey could be viewed as a relatively successful example of economic and political liberalisation – including integrating NPM principles into the state bureaucracy – the country’s re- cent decline into authoritarianism and excessive political interference in state institutions have turned it into a cautionary tale for Brazil.

Objective: Public projects are used to delivery policy objectives. From a financial perspective, the Major Projects Authority (MPA) estimated a whole life investment of £488 billion for 199 major projects in 2014, only a small subset of the total number of public projects. Given the financial exposure, the impact of endemic public project failures could put the economic health of the nation at risk. This thesis studies the challenges facing public projects. It applies an organisational capabilities lens to investigate projectification, when organisations shift away from functional-based organising (FBO) toward project-based organising (PBO).

Research Design: This study adopts an interpretivist research paradigm, with a constructionist epistemology and an idealist ontology, and employs an abductive research strategy. Structurally, it follows the Cranfield Executive Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) methodology, with a linking document that summarises three complementary research projects: a systematic literature review (SLR) followed by two empirical studies that investigate the Department of Health (DoH) during the early phases of the Next Stage Review Implementation Programme (NSRIP). The findings are derived from over 250 academic literature sources, 100 government publications and 41 semi-structured interviews.

Findings: Project-based organisations depend on a core competency of changing organisational forms. Project-based management (PBM), a particular type of organising developed during projectification, depends on seven capabilities related to managing complexity, investments, governance, specialisms, learning, value creation and organisational change. There are 17 routines and five actors involved in developing the set of seven PBM capabilities. Publicness matters when developing the PBM capabilities, with each capability suffering from distinctive routines that did not fully mature, even after an extended period of time, and five involved actors struggling to develop at least one routine.

Contributions to Theory: The study concludes that successful projectification in the public sector depends on a double loop capability construction process, i.e. on having PBM capabilities and capabilities to change organisational forms. With capabilities either inherited or constructed internal, a paradox is created. Projectification in the public sector depends on FBM, an organisational form unsuited to creating new capabilities, to create PBM capabilities. Further, the study demonstrates that publicness matters to projectification.

Contributions to Practice: The study informs public sector practices, providing insights for public sector reform policies related to organisational capability and professional skills development. The study informs programme and project management (PPM) practice, proposes two different frameworks to help assess the maturity of public organisation’s PBM capabilities.

Key words: project management, projectification, project-based, publicness, inheritance, public sector, civil service, capability, routines, actors, project management office, distinctive

Con la finalidad de contar con un referente conceptual y de gestión sobre el grupo de directivos públicos del nuevo servicio civil peruano, la Autoridad Nacional del Servicio Civil (SERVIR) ha elaborado el documento que hoy se presenta y en el que se plasman las grandes líneas del modelo de dirección pública del nuevo régimen del servicio civil y los lineamientos de política pública para la implementación del servicio civil profesional en la capa directiva del Estado, la cual tiene un importante impacto en la gestión de toda la Administración Pública de los tres niveles de gobierno.

Recent induction 9 joint secretaries by the Government of India through lateral entry into  higher civil services has generated a raging debate in the country  about  the  desirability  of  such a  move.  It  is  generally  agreed  that  the  existing  structure  of  bureaucracy  has  miserably  failed  to  deliver  and  that  it  is  dated,  dysfunctional  and  in  urgent  need  of  radical  reforms. 
The paper examines the bureaucratic systems in different parts of the world and how they  have reformed and transformed themselves.  Drawing  a  clear distinction  between bureaucratic systems in developing and developed countries,  and pointing out the gap between expectation and reality,  the paper argues for transformational reforms of our bureaucracy.

Este trabajo expone sintéticamente el panorama del empleo público en Chile y sus bases normativas, destacando cómo los gobiernos no han aplicado el modelo de carrera que establece el Estatuto de 1989 —con la complicidad del Congreso— deformándolo sin generar un nuevo modelo que lo reemplace.
Esto último se debe, probablemente, a que este proceso exigiría invertir mucho capital político y restaría poder, de concretarse, al Gobierno de turno. Hacerlo, sin embargo, resulta indispensable para contar con un Estado eficiente y probo, en que función pública profesional y política se distingan y relacionen sinérgicamente. Como contribución a este problema se propone un nuevo esquema abordando su institucionalidad, un nuevo modelo de carrera funcionaria, otras categorías de personal y una fórmula de transición para implementar estas ideas.