Economics of R&D and innovation

We explore the relation between individualism and horizons and types of corporate investment, based on individualism's implications for risk taking. We find that firms in individualistic countries invest more in long-term (risky) than in short-term (safe) assets. Moreover, the effect of individualism on long-term investment hinges on R&D: firms in individualistic countries invest more in R&D projects but not more in physical assets. To test whether risk taking is the channel through which individualism works, we employ two-stage ordinary least squares and other analyses to nullify alternative explanations, such as: (1) uncontrolled institutions determine both individualism and R&D; and (2) firms in individualistic countries invest more in R&D because they have higher investment efficiency, or pick less-risky R&D projects. We further find that individualistic firms tend to employ excess cash to increase R&D rather than increase dividends, and R&D decisions are less reliant on internal financing but more responsive to growth opportunities in individualistic countries.

This paper provides new empirical evidence about the impact of technological policies upon firms' innovative behavior. We take into consideration the role of R&D subsidies and innovative public procurement. While the former policy tool has been both extensively discussed in the literature and empirically investigated, the latter is a growing trend, which still lacks robust empirical evidence. In this paper, we replicate existing results on R&D subsidies, we surmise fresh empirical evidence on the outcome of innovative public procurement, and we address the issue of a possible interaction among the two tools. When controlling for this interaction of public procurement, R&D subsidies cease to be as effective as reported in previous studies. Innovative public procurement seems to be more effective than R&D subsidies. Evidence suggests that the two policies provide the highest impact when they interact and that they have to be simultaneously considered. Failure in doing so might lead to biased results.

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

"Elinizdeki bu kitap, sosyal psikolojinin konularını en geniş kapsamıyla ele almakta, klasikleşmiş deneysel ve saha araştırmalarını en güncel bilimsel çalışmalarla harmanlamaktadır. Bu bakımdan, akademisyen ve öğrencilerin yararlanabileceği eşsiz bir kaynaktır. Kitapta, sosyal psikoloji konuları bölüm bölüm ele alınmıştır; ilgili kavram, terim, kuram ve araştırmalar aktarılırken her bölüm kendi içinde bir bütünlük arz edecek şekilde akıcı bir öyküsel kurguyla ve dille yazılmıştır ayrıca bu kitap; tarihsel olaylarla, edebî ve felsefi metaforlarla zenginleştirilmiştir.
Ayrıca bu kapsamlı çalışma, sadece bilimsel bir disiplinin temel konularını okuyucuya aktarmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda savaş, açlık, çevre gibi gerçek dünya sorunlarının sosyal psikolojik boyutlarıyla ilgili çözüm önerileri de getirmektedir. Bu bakımdan elinizdeki kitap yalnızca bir ders kitabı değil, aynı zamanda sosyal psikolojiye ilgi duyan herkesin merakla okuyabileceği bir kitaptır."

Chemical fertilizer application for improved rice productivity without negative environmental impacts remains a major challenge in Nigeria and Africa. Two field experiments were carried out at Badeggi, Niger state in 2011 and 2012 to evaluate the response of lowland rice to a  bio-fertilizer (OBD). The experimental field was laid out in a strip-plot design with five treatments and three replications. Twenty-one day old seedlings of FARO 44 and FARO 52 rice varieties were transplanted in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The fertilizer which was manufactured by doctoral thesis (Biowaste Conversion to Biofertilizer) from agricultural and animal wastes embedded with microbial inoculants was applied sole or in combination with inorganic fertilizer for varies of soil amendment solution; and spin-off company from the outcome of the doctoral research (Aratibiotech Limited, Abeokuta, Nigeria). Plots without fertiliser application served as control. The highest rice grain yield increase of 4.4 t/ha over the control in 2012 occurred in the plot where OBD was applied at 4t/ha in combination with ⅔ inorganic fertilizer’s recommendation. This is far more than Nigeria’s average of lowland rice grain yields of 1.5 t/ha. A lower rate of biofertilizer (OBD) at 3t/ha in combination with ⅔ recommended inorganic fertilizer was also promising for better net income from the rice farm. Improving soil fertility attendant increase in farm incomes will stimulate forward and backward linkages in the rural economy thereby increasing investment, employment and incomes in related activities.

Keywords:  OBD-Biofertilizer, Microbial inoculants, Rice yield, Production cost, Ecological agriculture, Biowaste,  Eco-innovation,  Climate-smart agriculture

Oggetto della seguente tesi è l’innovazione, o meglio l’innovazione quale fattore per la crescita economica dell’impresa.
Viene affrontato il concetto di innovazione sotto il punto di vista dell'oggetto, della portata e della fonte (i. di prodotto, processo, di organizzativa, di marketing; i. radicale, incrementale e rivoluzionaria; technology push e demand pull; i. raffozativa e trasformativa), le diverse teorie economiche in tema di innovazione (Schumpeter, Arrow, Abernathy, Utterback e Christensen). Per ultimo ho discusso dei quattro principali orientamenti strategici all'innovazione (visionary, open innovation, market guru ed open source company).
La tesi è' stata divisa in due capitoli, dove il primo riporta il titolo “L’innovazione”, la quale è stata suddivisa in due paragrafi, il primo intitolato “Il concetto di innovazione”, il secondo intitolato “Teorie economiche aventi ad oggetto lo studio dell’innovazione”. Il secondo capitolo è intitolato “L’innovazione quale strategia vincente per l’impresa” la quale presenta un solo paragrafo intitolato “I quattro diversi orientamenti strategici all’innovazione”.

İnovasyonun On Tipi kitabı ile inovasyon yapmak isteyenlere reçete veriliyor. Adım adım ve yalın bir şekilde inovasyonun nasıl geliştirilebileceği konusunda önemli sırlar ortaya koyuluyor. Bu kitap, özellikle teknoloji odaklı inovasyon yapmak isteyenlere yapılan hataları da göstererek uygulama ortamı oluşturuyor. Yenilik ilkelerini verirken startupların ve hatta büyük kuruluşların anlamlı ve sürdürülebilir büyüme konusundaki donanımını artırıyor. 2000'den fazla başarılı yeniliğin ortaya çıkışında önemli içgörüler sağlıyor.
Bu kitabın anlatım tarzında özel bir algoritma uygulanarak anlamlı gruplar belirlendi. İnovasyon fırsatlarını belirlemek için firmaların iç ve dış büyüme parametreleri ve performans değerleri, rakiplerini de devreye alarak şekillendirildi. İnovasyon odaklı performansın artırılabilmesi, önemli değerlendirmeler yapılabilmesi için özel ve hazır yol haritaları sunuldu. Endüstriler için de inovasyon modellerini teşhis edip yeni bir anlayış ve yöntem geliştirme imkânı sunuluyor.
Çevrimsel araştırmanın altyapısını vererek farklı ve anlamlı değişim ve dönüşümü düşündürüp kalıcı ve kullanışlı yollar uygulatarak kitabın ne kadar değerli olduğunu kanıtlıyor. Eğer kurumunuzda anlamlı ve sürdürülebilir büyümeyi inovasyon odaklı gerçekleştirmek isterseniz yenilik ilkelerinin detaylı olarak anlatıldığı İnovasyonun On Tipi kitabını okuyun.
Bu kitabın yazarlarından Larry Keeley'in tecrübelerinden yararlanmak büyük bir fırsat. Kendisi BusinessWeek tarafından inovasyon alanındaki dünya görüşünü ve paradigmaları değiştiren, yedi yenilik gurusundan biri olarak seçilmiş olup Doblin firmasının kurucusudur. Diğer yazarlar ile birlikte inovasyonun tasarlanması ve sürdürülebilir kılınması konusunda dünya çapında pek çok girişimciyi, yöneticiyi, şirketleri ve startupları etkilemiştir.

The publication explores innovation approaches and technological trends that bolster inclusive sustainable development and the achievement of SDGs in the Arab region. It highlight
various innovation approaches and selected new technologies revealing their potential and the opportunities they offer to address the development challenges in the Arab region.
The publication propose recommendations for the integration of innovation and technology in national Agenda 2030 policies and strategies to further support inclusive sustainable development.

She Ji is a peer-reviewed, trans-disciplinary design journal
published by Elsevier in collaboration with Tongji University
and Tongji University Press. She Ji focuses on economics and innovation, design process and design thinking. The mission of the journal is to enable design innovation in industry, business, non-profit services, and government through economic and social value creation. Innovation requires integrating ideas, economics, and technology to create new knowledge at the intersection of different fields. She Ji provides a forum for interdisciplinary inquiry.

Engineering activities are based on the development of new Knowledge (Scientia), new 'made things' (Techné), and/or new ways of working and doing (Praxis). Scientia, Techné, and Praxis are three important dimensions of a comprehensive conception of Engineering as a whole. Engineering, as Scientia, is mostly developed in academia; as Techné, is practiced in industry generating technological innovations; and as Praxis, is carried out in technical and non-technical organizations, supporting managerial activities and technical procedures, via methodical and methodological design and implementation. This is why Engineering provides one of the most solid academic and professional substrata for bridging among universities, industries and governments.

The Business Model Canvas is a strategic management and lean start-up template can be used as aid for developing a new, or analyzing and mapping an existing business model of a company. It is a visual chart with elements describing a firm or product's value proposition, infrastructure, customers, and finances. It assists firms in aligning their activities by illustrating potential trade-offs. It gives a graphic representation of a number of variables that show the values of the organisation.

A business model is a description of how your business intends to operate and make money. Sounds simple, RIGHT?

Increasingly, a range of 'things' (e.g. infrastructure, data, knowledge, bodies, etc.) are configured and/or reconfigured as assets, or capitalized property. Accumulation strategies have changed as a result of this assetization process, which characterizes a particular form of technoscientific capitalism. Rather than entrepreneurial strategies based on commodity production, technoscientific capitalism is increasingly underpinned by rentiership, or the appropriation of value through ownership rights (e.g. intellectual property), monopoly conditions, and regulatory or market devices and practices (e.g. investment dispute courts, exclusivity agreements, etc.). While rentiership and rent-seeking are often presented as negative phenomena (e.g. distorting markets, unearned income) in both neoclassical and Marxist literatures – and much in-between – it is my intention in this paper to unpack rentiership as an increasingly constitutive political-economic process underpinning technoscientific capitalism. Rather than being framed as a problematic 'side-effect' of capitalism, I argue that rentiership can help us to understand how different forms of value extraction are constituted by and come to constitute different forms of technoscience. This has significant analytical, political, and normative implications for understanding the relationship between science, innovation, and business (e.g. how do rentier rationales configure research agendas, how does innovation enable rentiership, what are the consequences for social equity, etc.).

Economic globalization has contributed immensely to economic growth and production efficiencies across the globe. However, the consequences depend on the nature and the manner in which different nations are integrated into the international market. There are many components of globalization that affect economic growth. However, this paper examined the impact of the major components of economic globalization: FDI, that is International Trade, International Portfolio Investment, International Technological Transfer and International Remittance on GDP growth in Kenya. The study’s objective was to assess the macroeconomic impact of economic globalization on the Kenyan economy. To achieve the desired objective, the study employed ARDL econometric estimation techniques using annualised secondary time series data from UNCTAD, and World Bank in Kenya from 1980-2017. The results indicate that Foreign Direct Investment, Portfolio Investment and International technological transfer have a positive and significant impact on economic growth in Kenya. However, Foreign Trade and International remittances were found to have a negative and impact on economic growth. In order to better harness the positive impacts of economic globalization, policies that boost International Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, Portfolio Investment, International Technological Transfer and International Remittances are encouraged in order to facilitate economic growth in Kenya.

One of the most significant topics in economics and social sciences is to explain the active role that science and technological innovation play in the economic and social change of nations.
Firstly, the term innovation and science advances are used so widely to indicate something new and different. However, this definition doesn’t tell us how we would recognize an innovation and science advances, how we could categorize them, how to explain their origin and evolution, as well as how to measure them in markets and society.
The goal of this book is to explain some characteristics of technological innovation and science in society. In particular, this book focuses on new researches that can clarify the origins of studies concerning science and innovation, the categorization of innovation, the sources and aspects of the evolution of innovation and some techniques to measure technological advances and predict which technologies are likely to evolve rapidly in society.
This book is designed for students, undergraduate, graduate or managers in business and public administration that wish to clarify critical concepts in the field of science and technological innovation and that wish to expand their knowledge on these subjects areas.
I have attempted to minimize the use of extremely complex theories and studies. Those that I include are integrated with examples and actual applications in economic, social and organizational settings. In order to attain a reasonable depth, this book concentrates on selected topics of particular relevance to problems of science and technology, and which meet the needs of the intended audience.
The book is divided in four interrelated parts.
– First of all, the chapter 1 of the book is an introduction to the methods of inquiry in social science.
– The first part of this book focuses on the origin of studies concerning economics of innovation and science.
– The second part contains a new approach to classify technological innovation considering the interaction between technologies. A vital theorem is stated to explain and generalize how technologies evolve over time and space.
– Part three of the book concentrates on sources of innovation and science in society, the role of disruptive firms in generating radical innovation and how types of government can affect innovative outputs of countries.
– The final part of the book explains some approaches to measure the evolution of innovation to support technology analysis and management of technology directed to foster technologies that are likeliest to evolve rapidly in society.
However, no single book could hope to cover adequately all aspects of what is wide and essentially multi-disciplinary field of inquiry, and it is not the intention to attempt to cover all aspects of science evolution and technological change. It is regrettable but inevitable therefore that some topics are excluded or given only limited coverage and it is not possible to meet fully the preferences of all readers. I hope that readers dealing with technological innovation and sociology of science, such as students and managers, policymakers, etc. are able to see this text as a starting point to understand the complex processes of science evolution and technological change in society.
This book’s strengths and weaknesses are the responsibility of author.

This study suggests the fishbone diagram for technological analysis. Fishbone diagram (also called Ishikawa diagrams or cause-and-effect diagrams) is a graphical technique to show the several causes of a specific event or phenomenon. In particular, a fishbone diagram (the shape is similar to a fish skeleton) is a common tool used for a cause and effect analysis to identify a complex interplay of causes for a specific problem or event. The fishbone diagram can be a comprehensive theoretical framework to represent and analyze the sources of innovation. Fishbone diagram is applied here as a novel graphical representation to identify, explore and analyse whenever possible, the potential root causes of the source and evolution of General Purpose Technologies (GPTs). Overall, then, fishbone diagram seems to be an appropriate and general technique of graphical representation to explore and categorize, clearly and simply, the potential root causes of the evolution of technological innovations for an appropriate management of technology.

Fishbone diagram is a graphical technique to show the several causes of a specific event. Fishbone diagram is applied here as a novel method of graphical representation to identify, explore and analyse the sources of innovation and especially general purpose technologies (GPTs). Firstly, the study here shows the driving forces of GPTs, such as: higher democratisation, high investment in R&D, etc. Secondly, these drivers of GPTs and in general of new technology are systematised within fishbone diagrams for technological analysis. Some examples are illustrated by applying the fishbone diagram to specific GPTs, such as steam engine and information and communication technologies (ICTs). Overall, then, fishbone diagram seems to be an appropriate and general technique of graphical representation for the technological analysis and foresight of path-breaking innovation in society.

INNOVATION CHARGES IN THE INDUSTRY OF AZERBAIJAN AND FACTORS INTERFERING TO THEIR DEVELOPMENT
In article is analyzed innovate activity of the industry of Azerbaijan, structure technological innovate charges and the changes in their changes, are appreciated the factors interfering innovate activity. The results of researches show that, in industrial sector of Azerbaijan, in particular in science capacity and in spheres more inclined to innovate innovation activity, specific all in the total product technological innovation charges is low.

The article presents the analysis of criteria and methods used during the effectiveness assessment of innovative projects in
a selected mining enterprise. Efforts were made to answer the question, which of the methods of effectiveness assessment
were selected for the assessment of projects and mining investment tasks.

Destructive technology is a radical innovation, (a
new product and/or process) which with high
technical and/or economic performance destroys
the usage value of established techniques previously
sold and used in markets, generating technological,
industrial, economic, and social
change.

Hiring decisions can be risky. How much can employers save by better understanding the motivations and objectives of each applicant?  How much time and expertise should be invested in getting to know each applicant? Will such efforts raise the return on investment?  What are the shortcomings and deficits of the criteria to evaluate, compare and rank applicants?  How do they need to get changed to reflect the shift in the relative order of job skills between employees when the composition of the team (total of all employees) changes by hiring, firing or replacing?  A job description combines tasks and steps to a random set of job responsibilities.  But could there be better ways to bundle tasks together and to look for the most qualified applicant for this particular arbitrarily defined task bundle?  Could the employer benefit from regrouping all small tasks, which a company must perform, by changing which and how many small job tasks will be bundled together in different job descriptions?  And if so, how can reassigning each little tasks from different jobs to the most suitable employee (task-centered approach) instead of looking for the most qualified applicant for a particular job (job-centered approach) help in improving productivity and profitability?  How and why will the new task-centered approach help to increase the workforce diversity more than the job-centered approach?  How can reassigning tasks help disabled and handicapped lacking essential job functions to get hired anyways?  How can employers benefit from not only looking for the most qualified applicant for any particular job (i.e. arbitrarily bundle of tasks and steps) Why does the task-centered based hiring decision benefit employees, employees, applicants and disabled job-seekers more than job-centered based hiring decisions?  What are the benefits to seek the best employee for each task (task-centered) instead of the most qualified applicant for a particular job?  How can employers benefit from a paradigm shift replacing the job-centered with the task-centered hiring perspective?  How can the multi-dimensional effects, which different combinations of employees (i.e. teams) on the overall productivity and profitability be measured?  How much welfare and unemployment benefits could be saved if employers were aware of the additional benefits when making task or employee based hiring decisions instead of exclusively looking for the most qualified applicant?  How can reassigning job-tasks to different employees help applicants to become the most qualified job-seeker despite lacking essential job functions?  How could employers be convinced that they'd benefit most from reassigning tasks from different jobs to the employee most qualified for a particular task instead of only looking for the best applicant for a particular job consisting of an arbitrary bundle of tasks?

This study examines the impact of CEO attributes on R&D intensity
and the mediating role of environmental, social, and governance
(ESG) practice on the aforementioned relationship. We concentrate
on international companies listed on New York Stock Exchange
(NYSE), from six geographical regions, which followed ESG practices,
adapted from the international standards of Global Reporting
Initiative (GRI) from 2016 to 2017. Our results show a significant
positive association between CEO education and R&D intensity;
indicating that R&D intensity is higher when CEOs have a higher
level of education. Our findings also report that CEO duality is
negatively associated with R&D intensity. However, CEO age is not
associated with R&D intensity. Further, we suggest that CEO education
and CEO duality have partial mediation effects through mediation
path analysis, and that the CSR committee positively influences
the proposed model. The present study contributes to the prior
literature by examining the mediating effect of ESG practice on the
link between different CEOs’ attributes and R&D intensity.

The fundamental question in the economics of innovation is how technological change is generated in competitive markets. This study confronts this question here by developing the concept of disruptive firms that deliberate introduce new and improved generations of durable goods that destroy, directly or indirectly, similar products and competencies present in markets in order to support their competitive advantage and/or market leadership. In fact, this concept of disruptive firms endeavours to explain firm success in a Schumpeterian world of innovation-based competition, performance rivalry, increasing returns, and the destructive creation of existing competences and products. If correct, the framework suggests that rapid technological change depends in large measure on disruptive firms (subjects), rather than disruptive technologies (objects) and it extends the existing literature to provide a more complete picture of how technological and industrial change evolves. Hence, this th...

Technology is a complex system, composed of
more than one entity and a relationship that
holds between each entity and at least one
other entity in the system, to satisfy needs,
achieve goals, and solve problems of adopters to
take advantage of important opportunities or to
cope with consequential environmental threats for
purposes of adaptation and/or survival in highly
differentiated and volatile environments.

The main goal of this paper is to assess the impact of product innovation on the economic performance of firms operating in medium and high-tech industries in general and of SMEs in particular. Using information from a large and unique dataset on Italian firms we estimate, by means of propensity scores matching methods, a positive and significant "innovation premium" both in terms of profitability and growth (in the short run) for those firms who introduced new innovative products. We also find that this innovation premium is particularly large for small firms and even more so when considering new established firms.

Yalın girişimciliğin ve startup'ların gelişimi, vizyon ve inovatif düşünme yeteneğine sahip bireylere bağlıdır. Girişimcilerin kazancı, yüksek büyümeyi hızlandırmaları için verileri kullanmayı öğrenerek müşteri etkileşimini artırması bakımından çok önemlidir. Bu amaçla, yalın girişimcilik alanında önemli danışmanlardan olan Brant Cooper ve Patrick Vlaskovits, bu kitabı kaleme alarak girişimciliğin inovatif yönüne vurgu yapmış ve alana katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Yazarlar bu kitapta, teknolojinin içinde ve dışında faaliyet gösteren onlarca girişimci ve startup fitma sahipleri ile görüşerek çeşitli vaka incelemelerini paylaşmışlardır.
Yeni bir girişimin oluşumunun ilk aşamalarında belirsizlik vardır. Ancak bu belirsizlik karşısında tahmin ve planlama gibi geleneksel müdahaleler artık yeterli gelmemektedir. İşte Yalın Girişim, tam da bu noktada devreye girmektedir. Bu kitapla Yalın Girişimcilere inovasyon odaklı, bilimsel verilere dayanan, test ve deneylerle ölçümlenebilir yeni bir yönetim anlayışı aktarılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kitap vasıtasıyla girişimciler; müşterilerle nasıl iletişim kurulacağını, denemelerin nasıl gerçekleştirileceğini ve iş girişimlerinde elverişli verilerin nasıl kullanılması gerektiğini öğrenip bu doğrultuda girişimlerine inovasyon katabileceklerdir.
Bu kitap, kurumların işletme modellerine ilişkin zorlukların belirlenip bunlar üzerinde çalışılmasını sağlayacak yeni düşünme biçimleri, araçlar ve aktiviteler sunmaktadır. Startup'ın ne olduğu, bu doğrultuda vizyon, değerler ve kültürün etkileri üzerinde yeni bir vizyon vermektedir. Ayrıca inovatif bir vizyon için müşteri etkileşimi ve yalınlık, uygulanan gerçek vaka incelemeleriyle detaylandırılmıştır. Bu bakımdan Yalın Girişimci kitabının, sistemli ve inovatif bir girişimin oluşmasına rehberlik etmesi açısından okunması gerekir. Kitap sadece yeni girişimciler için değil, aynı zamanda üniversitelerde girişimcilik kültürü kapsamında da değerlendirilmesi gereken bir kaynaktır. Ayrıca, işletmelerde özellikle araştırma ve inovasyon odaklı çalışmalara önem veren şirket sahiplerinin ve yöneticilerin başvuru kitabı olarak değerlendirebilecekleri bir referans niteliği de taşımaktadır.

This study has been applied for connections between art and skill of substances and innovation capability. The concept of innovation competency I opted for the examination as defined in the economic policy as one of the critical success factor. The conclusions drawn from the study are based on forms and interview studies that have been done 31 person group (n = 31). Group consists of individuals who are in some way innovative. The questions are set so that they have assessed themselves how possible, decorative arts and skills materials hobbies has been seen and can be seen in the way they operate. In addition, data have been collected from three scientific art-courses with children's and youth activities and arts and skills by engaging learning environment have been observed (n=28). My research background is economist Joseph A. Schumpeter's hypotheses relevance of innovation and entrepreneurship in the social development. My grip is multidisciplinary as Schumpeter had knowledge of the history as one of the most important cornerstones. My research ethical goals spring from the same thinking as a philosopher Martha C. Nussbaum's argument that education and art education are also needed to promote the economy. In addition, to control my thinking philosopher John Dewey view of the fact that the insight and imagination are not mystical sources of creativity, but they can be seen to learn skills that can be taught purposefully. Research is mainly carried out as a qualitative research process during years 2011 - 2015. The guiding principle has been the idea that all the collected data to speed up thinking, and that this research process has made it possible to test out solutions for spelling and methodological issues (Eskola ym.Suoranta 2008, 20). The starting point of the study can be considered as grounded theory of type of thinking, where the material is more important than the subject can be found in the theory ( Metsämuuronen 2005 , 212). The data analysis section has been utilized mixed methods adapted formula, quantitative methods have been used in data analysis in qualitative analysis .The data analysis gives a strong indication that there is a connection between the innovation capability and arts and skills.

El estudio de los problemas de competitividad de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) no es nuevo. En 1978, el trabajo ya clásico de Lucas (1978) sobre el tamaño de la empresa predijo que el mundo iba a verse dominado por las grandes empresas. Evidentemente su predicción no se ha cumplido.

Using data on patent applications at European Patent Office, we search for trends in academic patenting in Italy, 1996-2007. During this time, Italian university underwent a radical reform process, which granted them autonomy, and were confronted with a change in IP legislation, which introduced the professor privilege. We find that, although the absolute number of academic patents has increased, (i) their weight on total patenting by domestic inventors has not, while (ii) the share of academic patents owned by universities has more than tripled. By means of a set of probit regressions, we show that the conditional probability to observe an academic patent has declined over time. We also find that the rise of university ownership is explained, significantly albeit not exclusively, by the increased autonomy of Italian universities, which has allowed them to introduce explicit IP regulations concerning their staff's inventions. The latter has effectively neutralised the introduction of the professor privilege.

The fundamental question in the economics of innovation is how technological change is generated in competitive markets. This study confronts this question here by developing the concept of disruptive firms that deliberate introduce new and improved generations of durable goods that destroy, directly or indirectly, similar products and competencies present in markets in order to support their competitive advantage and/or market leadership. In fact, this concept of disruptive firms endeavours to explain firm success in a Schumpeterian world of innovation-based competition, performance rivalry, increasing returns, and the destructive creation of existing competences and products. If correct, the framework suggests that rapid technological change depends in large measure on disruptive firms (subjects), rather than disruptive technologies (objects) and it extends the existing literature to provide a more complete picture of how technological and industrial change evolves. Hence, this theoretical framework can be useful for bringing a new perspective to explain and generalize, whenever possible one of the drivers that generates technological and industrial change in modern economies.

This paper contributes the analysis of the persistence of innovation activities, as measured by total factor productivity (TFP) and explores its internal and external determinants stressing its path dependent characteristics. The external conditions, namely the quality of local knowledge pools and the strength of the Schumpeterian rivalry, together with the internal conditions, that is the actual levels of dynamic capabilities, as proxied by the levels of wages and the size of firms, exert a specific and localized effect upon the persistent introduction of innovations. A Multiple Transition Probability Matrixes (MTPMs) approach has been implemented to grasp the contingent effects of external effects on the long-term innovation persistence. The empirical analysis of the dynamics of firm level TFP for a sample of about 7000 Italian manufacturing companies observed during the years1996-2005 is based on both the comparison of different transition probability matrixes and on dynamic discrete choice panel data models. The evidence provided by the test of MTPMs in sub-periods suggests that innovation persistence is path dependent, as opposed to past dependent.

Esta es la traducción al catellano del capítulo sobre America Latina publicado en el Informe Mundial de la Ciencia de la UNESCO de 2015. Se presenta la evolución reciente de los sistemas nacionales de ciencia, tecnología e innovación en la región analizando las características económicas, sociales, educativas y culturales, y de la evolución de sus respectivos indicadores.

A vast literature exists on disruptive technologies. However, some
fundamental questions are unknown, such as: how to measure the
growth of disruptive technologies in competitive markets? How is the
pathway of technological cycle of disruptive innovations? The study
confronts these questions here by developing a theoretical and
empirical analysis, which endeavours to explain the behaviour of
disruptive technologies that generate industrial and corporate change. A
simple model is proposed to measure the relative growth of disruptive
technologies compared to established technologies. This analytical
approach is applied on the evolution of technologies in the US soundrecorded
music industry. Empirical findings suggest general properties
that can expand disruptive innovation theory, namely: (1) disruptive
technology has a disproportionate growth in markets compared to
established technologies; (2) technological cycle of disruptive
technology has up wave phase longer than down wave phase
(asymmetric shape of technological cycle) and (3) disruptive technology
has a series of major and minor technological advances of its own that
pave the way for dominance on other established technologies in
markets. Best practices for management of technology are discussed.

This paper examines the determinants of young innovative companies' (YICs) R&D activities taking into account the autoregressive nature of innovation. Using a large longitudinal dataset comprising Spanish manufacturing firms over the period 1990-2008, we find that previous R&D experience is a fundamental determinant for mature and young firms, albeit to a smaller extent in the case of the YICs, suggesting that their innovation behaviour is less persistent and more erratic. Moreover, our results suggest that firm and market characteristics play a distinct role in boosting the innovation activity of firms of different age. In particular, while market concentration and the degree of product diversification are found to be important in fostering R&D activities in the sub-sample of mature firms only, YICs' spending on R&D appears to be more sensitive to demand-pull variables, suggesting the presence of credit constraints. These results have been obtained using a recently proposed dynamic type-2 tobit estimator, which accounts for individual effects and efficiently handles the initial conditions problem.

In this study, how the innovative career counselling at the career offices of the different universities affects the university students in their career path was critically analysed by studying the different cases of the world universities in the US and in Turkey. The changing atmosphere in the higher education and job environment had critically changed the university students' decision-making processes. Today, the new career counselling approach is needed and called "talent management" in search of alternative perspectives (Capelli, 2008). As Berger and his friends (2011) mention that even though the current talent management literatüre has a too narrow and one-dimensional approach, the innovative career counselling offices develop talent management in order to decrease career conflicts by helping the students in their career decisions. İn the new talent management, the three dimensions are taken into considerations which are namely, majors, talents, and skills. The new perspectives in the career counselling are not only valuable for the development of the students in their fields in general but also essential for the success and reputation of the universities in different contexts. İn order to understand the real effects of innovative career counselling in decision making process of the university students while decreasing their conflicts, the data were collected by using a phenomenological analysis (Moustakas, 1994, p. 2). Hence, the original data were gathered from "naive" descriptions by asking open-ended questions and dialogue. The researcher described the experiences based on reflection and interpretation of the research participant's story. İn this study, the university students (n=48), who studied from seven different universities in the US and in Turkey had participated and answered semi structured interview and focus group questions. Since a few universities had been using talent management, there were some limitations in sampling. Additionally, ali the students were Turkish due to the limitation in reaching ali the students in the US. Furthermore, the results were finalised by processing Atlas.ti 6 in order to understand deeply the complex structure of the role of the career counselling offices on career decisions and career conflicts among the students. As a result, the data show that the new career counselling called in general as talent management had inevitably affected decision making process of the university students in many ways. Even though most (83%) students were happy to contact and to work with the career counselling offices since they had become good in adapting quickly in the changing conditions of the market. The large number (98%) clarified that they had conflicts in choosing right career path, and they tried to choose majors to earn money rather than learn. Hence, in this career decision process only (96%) agreed that career counseling
offices were very well structured in helping to integrate and penetrate into the market. The data showed that the career counselling offices in the US were significantly different than those in Turkey, particularly in understanding the needs and the talents of the students by giving different assessments and in developing the social network with the business world. Even though the students in Turkey had same kind of interests, skills, and talents, they had been living significant conflicts due to the lack of proper career counselling at their universities called "talent management." İn this context, ali the students who study in Turkey were not happy and satisfied and that mentioned that they were living deep career conflicts in the 3rd and 4th grade. However, those students, who studied in the best universities in the US where career-counseling offices were active and well organized, had better self-confidence. In one of these universities, new approach of the career counselling had been using innovatively by taking holisticaily the concept of the career conselling so that all the students clearly mentioned that they did not have negative experience or conflicts in their decisions. They had been involved in their career decision activities while they were studying at the universities by attending actively in workshops, counselling sessions, assessment process, and mentoring.  Berger, L A., & Berger, D. R. (Eds.). (2011).
The Talent Management Handbook: Creating a Sustainable Competitive Advantage by Selecting, Developing, and Promoting the Best People. McGraw-Hill. Cappelli, P. (2008). Talent management for the twenty-first century. harvard business review, 36(3), 74. Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
Key Words: Talent Management, Innovative Career Counselling, Career Counselling Offices, Career Conflicts, and Career Decisions

Technological innovation is when inventions of new things and/or new ways of doing things are transformed into usable devices and applications to enable organizations and/or adopters to take advantage
of important opportunities, to cope with problems or environmental threats. Technological innovation is an element of the complex system of technology directed to satisfy needs, achieve goals, and solve problems of adopters. The origin and diffusion of technological innovation are main characteristics of the evolution of technology to support wealth creation and the development of human societies.

Objectives. The goal of this study is to analyze the evolution of technology in artificial heart valves for solving the problem of aortic stenosis (a narrowing of the aortic valve opening) that is one of the most common valvular heart diseases in society. In particular, this study explains the technological evolution of the new technology of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) compared to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR).
Methods. Data of Scopus (2020) based scientific products and patents that have in title, abstract or keywords the following terms: “transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)” or “surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR)”. The evolution of technology is analyzed with a model, which shows how TAVI technique is substituting established technique of SAVR in cardiology. The relationships are investigated with loglinear models using ordinary least squares method for estimating the unknown parameters in relationships under study. Statistical analyses are performed with the Statistics Software SPSS 26.
Results. Statistical analyses reveal that TAVI, with its growing scientific and technological production, is expected to be a dominant technology in the not too distant future for the treatment of aortic stenosis in society. In fact, the scientific production of TAVI has a coefficient of growth in function of time equal to 0.40(P<.001) compared to a coefficient for SAVR that is 0.10(P<.001). Statistical analyses with patent production confirm these results. Findings hint at general properties of the evolutionary behavior of this medical technology: 1) TAVI has a disproportionate growth in scientific products and patents compared to SAVR; 2) TAVI has a growing scientific and technological production driven by major and minor technological advances to solve consequential problems to treat valvular heart diseases; 3) learning via diffusion and diffusion by learning are driving forces underlying the development and adoption of TAVI in cardiology.
Conclusions. TAVI, introduced in 2002, is growing in terms of scientific production and innovative activity to revolutionize the management of aortic stenosis in cardiology with important implications of health management based on improved cost-effectiveness of this new technology and better efficiency in healthcare of people.

In the digital age, the new leadership model is needed in the technologically developing schools, mainly in the high schools. In
these educational organizations, the new skills are also asked from the schools’ leaders in order to be highly successful to
meet the new needs of the students as well as the
management. However, most of the schools’ leaders are not ready to deal
with these new expectations and responsibilities since they have been significantly changed and transformed (Hannah &Avolio, 2010).

The fundamental question in the economics of innovation is how technological change is generated in competitive markets. This study confronts this question here by developing the concept of disruptive firms that deliberate introduce new and improved generations of durable goods that destroy, directly or indirectly, similar products and competencies present in markets in order to support their competitive advantage and/or market leadership. In fact, this concept of disruptive firms endeavours to explain firm success in a Schumpeterian world of innovationbased competition, performance rivalry, increasing returns, and the destructive creation of existing competences and products. If correct, the framework suggests that rapid technological change depends in large measure on disruptive firms (subjects), rather than disruptive technologies (objects) and it extends the existing literature to provide a more complete picture of how technological and industrial change evolves. Hence, this theoretical framework can be useful for bringing a new perspective to explain and generalize, whenever possible one of the drivers that generates technological and industrial change in modern economies.

Current debates in science and technology studies emphasize that the bio-economy—or, the articulation of capitalism and biotechnology—is built on notions of commodity production, commodification, and materiality, emphasizing that it is possible to derive value from body parts, molecular and cellular tissues, biological processes, and so on. What is missing from these perspectives, however, is consideration of the political-economic actors, knowledges, and practices involved in the creation and management of value. As part of a rethinking of value in the bio-economy, this article analyzes three key political-economic processes: financialization, capitalization, and asseti-zation. In doing so, it argues that value is managed as part of a series of valuation practices, it is not inherent in biological materialities.

As I read Andy Pike’s book, I found myself nodding along to almost everything he was writing, almost everything…. The only issue that kept me from fully agreeing with his arguments was that I saw it all through a very different conceptual lens. To be clear, I do not think that his theoretical treatment of the topic at hand – brands and branding – is weak or inadequate or anything along those lines; it is simpler than that. Conceptually, the book is built around an analysis of what Pike calls ‘goods and services commodities’ – a phrase that he comes back to repeatedly throughout the book. In contrast, I think that the book is really all about assets and not commodities, conceptually speaking at least, and I think this makes a major difference to how we conceptualize what is going on. In order to illustrate this line of thinking, I start this review by outlining what Pike actually puts in his book; then, I present some comments that point towards what I am calling a theory of rentiership.

The purpose of the paper is to enter into the black box of "science based" sectors, to try to better understand the nature of the dynamics of the different types of such innovation regimes. A special attention is given to the institutional dimensions which, in the view of the authors, play a major role in the framing of innovation regimes and organizational trajectories. After a short review of the literature on "science based" sectors and technological regimes, we focus on some specificities of the new emerging biotech sector, aiming at showing how and why, it can be regarded as a new type of science based technological regime, coined in this paper as science based "type 2" model. In a short and final conclusion, we try to explore some of the consequences of the existence of this basic distinction between two types of "science based" regimes.

Abstract: Industrial Enterprises Innovation as a Factor of the Development of Cities.
The subject of the article is the issue of the role of industrial innovation as one of the key elements of cities, affecting their development. From this perspective, the diagnosis of the transformationof industrial enterprises, especially those aspects of their functioning that are associated with the creation of technological, product and organization innovations, appears to be an important research problem. Effects of innovation processes in industrial enterprises are visible both inthe results of the whole urban economy, affecting such the size of the in
flow of foreign direct investment, competitiveness of the city, the state of public finances and private companies, but also to functioning of municipal authorities, educational and R & D and higher quality of life, by shaping the market of products/services. It can therefore be assumed that this innovative industrial companies are among the most important elements of the structure of innovative cities. However, the relatively low level of investment in innovation activities in Poland, makes an impact on socio-economic development of these cities is lower than expected.