Ethnic Media

Whereas it is necessary for every state to have an immigrant policy that serves its economic and political interests, the current strongly anti-immigrant sentiments in Europe appear to be going against the long history of human migration. Diasporas exhibit two seemingly contradictory behaviours: they move away from and, at the same time, seek to remain in touch their homelands. Internet-based media seem especially suited to fulfill the diasporic desire to communicate as their structures are able to support communication within groups that are widely scattered across countries and continents. Integration is necessary for migrants to succeed socially and economically in their respective countries of settlement. However, this is difficult to achieve without simultaneously nurturing their attachment to the new country and recognising the significant resources they bring by virtue of their cosmopolitanism. Governments seem to be faced with the choice of succumbing to the emotionalism of isolationist groups or developing more intelligent policies to address both the cosmopolitanism of migrants and their integration into receiving societies.

In Taiwan , the ethnic media are influenced by ethnic policy and social movement. Hakka TV is a landmark of Taiwan’s multiculturalism. The mission of Hakka TV is to save and promote Hakka culture. However, how to develop cross culture communication is also an important task.

This open access book examines the lived experiences of diasporic Korean youth in light of the transnational flows of South Korean popular culture, known as the Korean Wave, or Hallyu. Drawing on an ethnographic study of Korean Canadian youth and their engagement with the Korean Wave, the book proposes a critical understanding of the interactions between diasporic youth audiences and popular culture. By examining the Korean Wave as diasporic cultural practices rather than the diffusion of national cultural products, the book reveals the diversified ways in which cultural flows are negotiated by audiences who take up relatively ambivalent reception positions between two or more national and cultural contexts. This book expands the scope of transnational audience studies and youth cultural studies by focusing attention on the diasporic media practices of young people. Free download at https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94964-8

This essay explores the function of different migrant
media in New Zealand drawing examples from across the board with a particular focus on Indian media. This includes traditional media (i.e. print, TV, magazine and radio), and online media. In this, the traditional communication networks of ethnic community and religious associations and their use of web, films and events is also taken into consideration. By exploring the role, challenges and potential of ethnic media, this essay seeks to understand how these media represent the diverse voices of migrant groups, in addition to providing content relevant to their needs as migrants (i.e. content that counterbalances the mainstream host culture as it is represented in the mainstream media).

The political, social, and technological transformations in Bulgaria in the last 30 years resulted in the appearance of new actors and channels in the media system that correspond to the diversity of interests, views, and attitudes. This chapter focuses on such new communication outlets—the online ethnic media of the biggest ethnic minority in Bulgaria, the Turkish one. Produced primarily in Turkish language in online domains, these channels reflect the interests of the members of the group, display their points of view, and address their concerns. The chapter aims at showing their role in (1) contributing to local news coverage, (2) reshaping the stigmatising minority portrayals in mainstream media, and (3) creating cross-border news networks, imaginary routes between places, and transnational connections between people.

Since Robert Park’s foundational work on the ethnic press, the assimilation-pluralism paradigm has dominated research. This article proposes a new framework that combines ethnic media and diasporic media literatures to advance future scholarship. Ethnic media research can provide direction in better conceptualizing media of ethnic groups/diasporas and can reinforce the importance of racial context, and diasporic media research can address the limitations of the assimilation-pluralism framework and its inability to incorporate globalization, transnationalism, and hybridity. This article submits that ethnic media be conceptualized as specific to media produced by a diasporic or indigenous ethnic population within the host society and that future textual research on ethnic media engage a diasporic identity framework. The framework would (a) call attention to transnationalism; (b) call attention to local/transnational, ethnic/race, and inter-generational tensions; (c) focus on race as a salient and important local context for diasporic meaning; and (d) consider the site of production.

(Open-access article, feel free to share) Over the past 2 decades, Alberta's bitumen industry has emerged as a major point of contention in Canadian politics, with the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion (TMX) project being a recent controversy that has attracted both domestic and international media attention. This brief research report focuses on news coverage of TMX in a rarely studied form of ethnic media: WeChat newsfeeds (known as "public accounts") targeting Chinese diasporas across Canadian metropolises. A thematic analysis of TMX-related WeChat articles published between January 2016 and May 2021 reveals an overall negative attitude toward the project's opponents. This stance is mainly due to WeChat public accounts' heavy reliance on the Canadian mainstream media's framing of TMX. As a result, the Canadian mainstream media's downplay of the climate emergency and decarbonization sets the news agendas of the surveyed WeChat public accounts. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop non-English alternative media to engage ethnic minority groups in broader public conversations on climate change mitigation.

Ethnic media are powerful, and yet overlooked, spaces that immigrants and ethnic minorities establish to address issues that are not discussed in the dominant host society media. With the international migration of over five million people each year from majority to minority world nations, the emergence of ethnic media in countries around the world has increased significantly; however, relatively little is understood about the ways in which these spaces are used by immigrants and ethnic minorities. This thesis adds to a relatively new area of study in sociology, international development, and alternative media studies and investigates the ways in which Spanish-language ethnic media acts as a ‘Third Space’ where Hispanics disseminate, negotiate, (re)construct, and (re)articulate new notions of hybrid Hispanic-Canadian identity, an identity that operates against, and engages with, multiple-forms of difference and exclusion within Canada. A qualitative discourse analysis of 18 articles from Spanish-language ethnic media source El Correo Canadiense reveals the ways in which Hispanics in Canada negotiate hybridized identity by using ethnic media as a space to create a discourse that acts counter-hegemonically to Canadian mass-media. The findings also reveal the ways in which Hispanics are aiming to engage Canadians in the process of de- and re-constructing preconceived notions of what it means to “be Hispanic” in a transnational context.

This paper aims to advance understanding of the role ethnic and multicultural media can play in connecting municipal governments and Ethnocultural and Immigrant Communities (EICs). Using an innovative mixed-methods approach and methodological triangulation, we compare the access to and use of multicultural media among four EICs—the Chinese, Latin American, Somali, and South Asian—in Ottawa, Canada. Our cross-comparative study yields three main findings: 1) members of participating communities proactively and strategically use a variety of sources to access information about local services; 2) noteworthy differences exist in the access to and use of different types of media both across and within the four EICs, due to demographic and cultural differences; and 3) participants shared challenges and opportunities that multicultural media afford to better connect municipal government and EICs. The paper's findings make important empirical contributions to the literature on the integrative potential of ethnic and multicultural media by strengthening the reliability of data, validity of findings, and broadening and deepening understanding the role multicultural media play in promoting collaboration between city governments and diverse EICs.

Media Directory, a guide of the British media market, lists several tens of papers and radio stations defined as cultural and ethnic minority press and stations. These are dailies, although few, as well as weeklies and biweeklies, and radio stations, available through cable or satellite TV or the Internet. There are just a few radio stations broadcasting on a DAB licence. The chapter describes this specific media market.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of ethic media and its contents as a way to reinforce the immigrant identity in multicultural societies, where minority groups are misrepresented and not always well perceived by host population influenced by the creation of stereotypes and negative images of these groups by the media.

This paper aims to advance understanding of the role ethnic and multicultural media can play in connecting municipal governments and Ethnocultural and Immigrant Communities (EICs). Using an innovative mixed-methods approach and methodological triangulation, we compare the access to and use of multicultural media among four EICs—the Chinese, Latin American, Somali, and South Asian—in Ottawa, Canada. Our cross-comparative study yields three main findings: 1) members of participating communities proactively and strategically use a variety of sources to access information about local services; 2) noteworthy differences exist in the access to and use of different types of media both across and within the four EICs, due to demographic and cultural differences; and 3) participants shared challenges and opportunities that multicultural media afford to better connect municipal government and EICs. The paper's findings make important empirical contributions to the literature on the integr...

This article explores some premilinary findings of the research on “Politics of Representation in the Transnational Migratory Field: Production, Distribution and Consumption of Media in Migratory Context” (CSO2008-03022). From an initial theoretical reflection on the main challenges Anthropology finds in the globalization context, we describe and analyze the recent burst of mass media oriented towards immigrant population in Spain. I delve into the analysis of content of these media, based on a quantitative and qualitative research, comparing briefly the results with dominant media. I analyze the construction of the “news” in migratory, transnational and cultural dimensions, exploring the emergence of a new ethno-cultural category new in Spain, that of “Latin@s”. I finally offer three Ideal Types of the articulation of Latin American journalist with their audiences and their sociological grass roots organizations and communities: instrumental, clientelist, and organic. I then conclude through a series of considerations about the importance of the ethnographic work on the public space through a transnational perspective that deals with political communication processes in the new mediaspaces which shape our social world as citizens.
Keywords: International migration, public space, political anthropology of media and journalism, ethnicity and etnogenesis.

This article offers an assessment of media and their role in the ongoing political transition in Myanmar, and an overview of lessons learned from other countries undergoing transition. It demonstrates how media function in this process as active agents of stability, restraint, change, or all three, and assesses how Myanmar’s experiences reinforce or challenge common assumptions about democratic transition. The discussion draws from interviews over many years with journalists, editors, advocacy groups, and policy makers and participant observation in media offices and at media-related events. The research examines the origins of the recent changes, the importance of history, the role of civil society—including ethnic and formerly exile media—and issues of political economy and media diversity.

‘Who listens to community radio anyway?’ This has undeniably been the most common response to my investigations of the history of community radio in Australia. However, for those involved in the establishment of 3ZZ Radio in Melbourne, their struggle was about more than broadcasting to their own cultural and linguistic communities. It had a greater social significance, and would change the nature of the Australian broadcasting sector. The history of 3ZZ Radio is an indicator of the social context in which it is set; that is, 1970s Australia. Its rise and plummet out of existence between 1974 and 1977 reflects both the winds of change brought about by Gough Whitlam, and the sudden roll-back of social progressivism by Malcolm Fraser. Pioneers of Non-English Speaking Background (NESB) community broadcasting in the 1970s considered its development as a great triumph against Anglo cultural dominance. However, the triumph was never complete. To this day, there remains an ongoing battle between community broadcasters and bureaucracies for funding and control.

Multicultural media serve as important sources of information for immigrant settlement. However, little is known about the role of multicultural media in the process of immigrant settlement. Our aim is to address this gap and to advance understanding of multicultural media use and immigrant settlement through a detailed empirical study involving four Ethnocultural and Immigrant Communities (EICs) − the Chinese, Spanish-speaking Latin American, Somali, and South Asian – in Ottawa, Canada.. Using a conceptual framework combining notions of immigrant contexts of reception, and immigrant settlement and information seeking, we present and analyze the findings of a large survey data set (N=1212) comparing types of multicultural print, broadcast, and digital media use by immigration category, length of stay, and yearly household income.  Based on our findings, we argue that variations exist in the use of multicultural media both within and across the four participating EICs; while factors such as availability of multicultural media as well as length of stay in Canada and to some extent household income play a role, immigration category is less significant. Furthermore, we advance that although EICs do use various types of multicultural media, they tend to favour digital media. These findings contribute to improved understanding of the role of multicultural media use in the everyday lives of EICs and provide directions for future research and for the development of relevant policies and practices to address immigrant information needs and facilitate their settlement process.

In this paper, I argue that the Spanish-language mass media did more than simply mobilize opposition to the xenophobic, anti-immigrant hysteria driving legislation such as H.R. 4437. In different ways, it shaped the vocabulary of
protest, the symbolic forms of self-expression protesters would adopt and the protest tactics used. Media outlets uniformly promoted certain acts of protest and carefully sanctioned others, helping to set the boundaries of the march participants’ and media consumers’ understanding of resistance, rights, legality and legitimacy, and contributing to the discursive constructions of citizenship that continue to shape the debate over immigration reform.

This article, focusing on journalists working for Turkish-language newspapers in the United Kingdom, examines the way that journalists working in ethnic media perceive their professional roles and performance. Ethnic media have different forms and functions to mainstream media and present different challenges and pressures for journalists, reflecting their communities’ consumption habits and social, economic and political circumstances. This study, based on interviews conducted with journalists and editors working for Turkish-language newspapers, suggests three conceptual dimensions that can be operationalized as a model to help understand ethnic media journalists’ professional roles and performance: perception of audience, relation to power and professional ideals. These dimensions, which may overlap in practice, aim to provide the basis for studying ideas and attitudes towards journalism and the context of production within ethnic media.

This article studies the transformation of ethnic Asian media in the Canadian context and examines the role of media firms in the organization of Asian-language media by employing political economy and cultural studies perspectives. The analysis begins with the discussion of the body of knowledge related to ethnic media and Asians. It then investigates the role and limitations of ethnic media, not as a public sphere offering alternative views to the mainstream news and commentaries, but as a commodity, which is an advertising tool to target ethnic minorities and corporations. It also maps out the ways in which Canadian corporations and advertisers have commodified ethnic media. Finally, the article explores the overall socioeconomic impacts of ethnic media and the ethnic population on mass media marketing and its representation of Asian ethnicities.

In 2009 Australia’s leading Italian-language newspaper II Globo marks 50 years of publication. II Globo began in Melbourne as a weekly broadsheet on 4 November 1959 under the leadership of Tarcisio Valmorbida and Ubaldo Larobina. At the time, few expected the paper to have the longevity it has so far achieved. II Globo has been at the forefront of the heights and the challenges of Italian post-war migration to Australia, often through Nino Randazzo’s editorial commentary. More than a newspaper, II Globo has been viewed as a leading community institution making its presence felt on Italian related issues.

This article offers an assessment of media and their role in the ongoing political transition in Myanmar, and an overview of lessons learned from other countries undergoing transition. It demonstrates how media function in this process as active agents of stability, restraint, change, or all three, and assesses how Myanmar’s experiences reinforce or challenge common assumptions about democratic transition. The discussion draws from interviews over many years with journalists, editors, advocacy groups, and policy makers and participant observation in media offices and at media-related events. The research examines the origins of the recent changes, the importance of history, the role of civil society—including ethnic and formerly exile media—and issues of political economy and media diversity.

Media provide essential information that can help migrants settle, build local community, and maintain transnational linkages. In this study, we extend the existing literature by undertaking a unique comparative project examining the role of both diasporic and mainstream media – including print (newspapers) and broadcast (TV and radio) – in meeting the information needs of four ethnocultural and immigrant communities in Ottawa, Canada. Our analysis of survey findings shows significant variations across the four communities in their consumption of print and broadcast diasporic and mainstream media based on immigration category, time spent in Canada, and level of official language (English and French) proficiency. Adopting a uses and gratifications theoretical lens, we argue that participants embrace a more holistic approach to media use, which affords them benefits from both kinds of media resources by creating in-between spaces for participation in host societies and transnational c...

This article explores the Caribbean International Network (CIN), analyzing the ideological work it performs for its audiences within the cultural, socio-political and economic contexts within which it operates. I seek to identify the specific messages that the network proffers to its audiences, and the subsequent image of the Caribbean being constructed through its rhetoric and content. The analysis of the network specifically entails assessment of its structural features, the nature and origins of its programming, as well as the manner in which it presents itself in the public sphere through its website and press releases.

This study examines the impact of new information technologies (NITs) on the Burmese opposition movement-in-exile based in Thailand.  The intent of the research is to determine whether NITs, primarily computers and the Internet, are helping to reduce, maintain, or intensify ethnic conflict within the movement.  The study explores implications for political mobilization by examining what groups within the movement have access to which technologies, and how these groups understand and use global media and the discourses they produce.  The research is a multi-sited ethnography conceived within the epistemological framework of standpoint theory, providing an empirically grounded exploration of the Burmese opposition movement in both its local and global contexts.  It employs participant observation, in-depth interviews and discourse analysis to examine the impact of global communications at the local level.  The work begins with an historical examination of the development of the modern state in Burma, which provides the context for exploring how militarization, gender and ethnicity have affected the development of nationalisms and conflict defined largely as “ethnic” in nature.  This is followed by a discussion of how the history and current state of communications both inside and outside Burma constrain attitudes toward the possible uses of communications technologies and media among the opposition-in-exile.  An overview of opposition media investigates the degree to which these media have opened a space for dialogue between groups.  Interviews with opposition activists and refugees from Burma demonstrate how the Burmese regime’s militaristic values are both perpetuated and countered within the opposition movement itself.  The research finds that the introduction of NITs and patterns of foreign funding have reinforced existing hierarchies within the opposition movement.  Finally, this study demonstrates how the “local” reinvents the “global” through the use of a global discourse of human rights which acts subtly but powerfully to shape social conventions within the movement.  This results in an unstated hierarchy of human rights that perpetuates the inequitable gender and ethnic composition of the opposition political groups and the hierarchy of access and use of technologies among these groups.

This paper examines the development of Karen ethnic media in social and historical contexts, for instance, evangelist mission of Christian missionaries, Karen nationalist movements, ethnic conflict situations and state policies. It shows that the different contexts of each Karen group and the plurality of Karen-ness have contributed to the diversity of Karen ethnic media. Also, Karen identity and Karen media interact considerably. As suggested by social identity view, Karen media as a social actor has shaped - and has been shaped by - Karen-ness simultaneously.

"The Spanish social reality has evolved during the last years into a multicultural society, but these “new
citizens” are very poorly represented on the media. They rarely become protagonists of any piece of news and when
they do, the limitations of informative programming promote an stereotyped discourse.
Romanians lead the ranking of immigration by country of origin in Spain and their ethnic media are numerous. Along
with these, other multicultural media give voice to the immigrants and deal more deeply with the different identities to
promote integration and coexistence.
Based on the hypothesis that the participation of the Romanians in radio programmes is scarce, as well as contents
referring to this ethnic group, the aim of this research is to undertake a longitudinal analysis of radio consumption, the
form of participation of Romanians in radio programming, and the Romanian image transmitted by these contents. Four
radio programmes are analyzed: ‘Nuevos Ciudadanos’ (‘New Citizens’) from Punto Radio; ‘Otros Acentos’ (‘Other
Accents’) from RNE Radio Exterior; ‘Rumano en el Mundo’ (Romanian in the World) from Radio Tentación; and
‘Buenas Tardes Rumania’ (Good Afternoon Romania) from Integración Radio.
In the discussion and conclusion section we highlight the low consumption of radio news and two predominant forms of
participation: the legal queries and musical dedications, particularly on ethnic stations, which in this way reinforce their
identitary character. Furthermore, with the end of the labour moratorium for Romanians and Bulgarians since January
2009 and the free movement of these workers, the presence of this community on the programming mentioned above
has decreased."

This publication may be cited as: Noronha, S. & Papoutsaki, E. (2014). The migrant and the media: Maintaining cultural identity through ethnic media. In G. Dodson, & E. Papoutsaki (Eds.), Communication issues in Aotearoa New Zealand: A collection of research essays (pp 17 37). Auckland, New Zealand: Epress Unitec. Published in 2014 by ePress THE MIGRANT AND THE MEDIA Roles, challenges and potential of ethnic media

The purpose of this study is to bring up the subject of how the Kurds of Turkey perceive the content of TRT 6 (TV Şeş) that was set up for the Kurdish citizens in Turkey with the principle of “broadcasting in the mother tongue” by the government’s tv channel TRT (Turkish Radio and Television Corporation).  In doing this, the main focus of the study will be the relationship between social actors (the feeling of belonging to a group), public space (power, freedom of speech and action) and regional areas (local, national, and beyond the nation).

The article is concerned with the media image of Transcarpathia in the light of the formation of ethnic and civil
identities of the auditory of Ukraine’s westernmost region. The peculiarity of this region as a part of the national
information space, lies within the fact that the local mass media satisfy the information needs not only in Ukrainian, but
also in Hungarian, Romanian, Russian, Romani, German, Slovak, and other languages. At the same time while residing
in the borderland area and speaking several languages, the Transcarpathian audience has free access to any media
product of the four neighboring EU countries. The broad palette of national and non-national media is called to facilitate
the formation of the Transcarpathians’ affiliation not only to their ethnic group, but also to the civil (national) identity. To
the author’s mind, however, an intentional separatist image of the region is emerging due to the destructive materials,
the spreading of information myths both in Ukrainian and foreign mass media. The resolution of these problems is seen
by the author in the creation of a distinct media system and development of a national information strategy in Ukraine
and in the multi-ethnic borderland areas among others.

Multicultural media serve as important sources of information for immigrant settlement. However, little is known about the role of multicultural media in the process of immigrant settlement. Our aim is to address this gap and to advance understanding of multicultural media use and immigrant settlement through a detailed empirical study involving four Ethnocultural and Immigrant Communities (EICs) − the Chinese, Spanish-speaking Latin American, Somali, and South Asian – in Ottawa, Canada.. Using a conceptual framework combining notions of immigrant contexts of reception, and immigrant settlement and information seeking, we present and analyze the findings of a large survey data set (N=1212) comparing types of multicultural print, broadcast, and digital media use by immigration category, length of stay, and yearly household income. Based on our findings, we argue that variations exist in the use of multicultural media both within and across the four participating EICs; while factors such as availability of multicultural media as well as length of stay in Canada and to some extent household income play a role, immigration category is less significant. Furthermore, we advance that although EICs do use various types of multicultural media, they tend to favour digital media. These findings contribute to improved understanding of the role of multicultural media use in the everyday lives of EICs and provide directions for future research and for the development of relevant policies and practices to address immigrant information needs and facilitate their settlement process.

The attempted coup in Turkey in July 2016 provided a justification for the Turkish government to silence oppositional voices in the media and close down many television stations. Though the stated aim was to clamp down on the pro-coup Gulenist movement, the closure of TV channels has resulted in what I call a ‘communicative ethnocide’ silencing Alevi television in particular. Following Yalcinkaya, who builds on Clastres concept of ethnocide, I define ‘communicative ethnocide’ as the annihilation of the communicative capacity of a particular community by the state with the aim of destroying that community’s cultural identity. Although the closure of TV stations was not confined to Alevi channels, it has particular implications for the Alevi community by destroying its communicative capacity, infrastructure, relations with the viewers, and representation regime which are driven by the community’s political ambitions and attempts to sustain transnational connections. Parallels are drawn between Alevi and Kurdish TV to illustrate the Turkish context.