Interactions

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Title. 'Caring for' behaviours that indicate to patients that nurses 'care about' them Aim. This paper is a report of a study to explore what constitutes nurse-patient interactions and to ascertain patients' perceptions of these interactions. Background. Nurses maintain patient integrity through caring practices. When patients feel disempowered or that their integrity is threatened they are more likely to make a complaint. When nurses develop a meaningful relationship with patients they recognize and address their concerns. It is increasingly identified in the literature that bureaucratic demands, including increased workloads and reduced staffing levels, result in situations where the development of a 'close' relationship is limited. Method. Data collection took two forms: twelve 4-hour observation periods of nurse-patient interactions in one cubicle (of four patients) in a medical and a surgical ward concurrently over a 4-week period; and questionnaires from inpatients of the two wards who were discharged during the 4-week data collection period in 2005. Findings. Observation data showed that nurse-patient interactions were mostly friendly and informative. Opportunities to develop closeness were limited. Patients were mostly satisfied with interactions. The major source of dissatisfaction was when patients perceived that nurses were not readily available to respond to specific requests. Comparison of the observation and survey data indicated that patients still felt 'cared for' even when practices did not culminate in a 'connected' relationship. Conclusion. The findings suggest that patients believe that caring is demonstrated when nurses respond to specific requests. Patient satisfaction with the service is more likely to be improved if nurses can readily adapt their work to accommodate patients' requests or, alternatively, communicate why these requests cannot be immediately addressed.

The dynamics of the air cavity created by vertical water entry of a three-dimensional body is investigated theoretically, computationally and experimentally. The study is focused in the range of relatively low Froude numbers, Fr ≡ V(gD)−1/2 ≤ O(10) (where V is the dropping velocity of the body, D its characteristic dimension and g the gravitational acceleration), when the inertia and gravity effects are comparable. To understand the physical processes involved in the evolution of cavity, we conduct laboratory experiments of water entry of freely dropping spheres. A matched asymptotic theory for the description of the cavity dynamics is developed based on the slender-body theory in the context of potential flow. Direct comparisons with experimental data show that the asymptotic theory properly captures the key physical effects involved in the development of the cavity, and in particular gives a reasonable prediction of the maximum size of the cavity and the time of cavity closure. Du...

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This paper reports experimental research undertaken to study the effect of variation of inter-electrode distance on the Electromyogram (EMG). The experiments were conducted on ten healthy subjects and they performed isometric contraction of their biceps of the right arm at 20, 50 and 80% of their maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). EMG was recorded using surface electrodes with the distance between the two active electrodes being 18 and 36mm. It has been observed that at low levels of muscle contraction there was no significant variation due to the change in the distance between the electrodes while at 50 and 80% of MVC there was a significant change in the amplitude of the EMG. Using Time-Frequency analysis of EMG, the study demonstrates a variation of the spectral content of the EMG with change in the IED. The study also has shown that there is a variation of the EMG with muscle contraction but that the comparison should be done if the distance between the electrodes has been kept constant.

This article reports on a contextual interview with a retired woman in her eighties about the objects of greatest significance to her in her home. Particular attention is paid to how she has configured the objects for use to suit her bodily needs and interests, and the way in which these objects become habituated into life, places, and social relations over time. It is argued that by understanding these "habituated objects" and how they increase an older person's agency and independence, we might better understand how to design new Internet of Things' technologies that will become habituated and support independence. ARTICLE: I recently visited an 82--year--old woman, Maria, the mother of a good friend whom I have known over the years. This visit got me thinking about tangible and embodied interaction in a different way: from the perspective of the everyday objects that inhabit and augment our lives and how they support independence and agency as we age. Maria is partially sighted and still getting used to living with an artificial hip that she had implanted about a year ago. Still, she seems to navigate her fairly cluttered home with remarkable ease. And, like many of us, she wants to maintain her independence and control her own destiny for as long as she can. Many discussions about supporting independent living for the elderly begin with monitoring, and yet the concepts of monitoring and independence are rather uneasy bedfellows. I began to contemplate just how she lives with and fosters her own independence through all of her things and what we might learn from that for designing for the emerging "Internet of Things". Maria has many objects, devices, and technologies she has adopted and adapted to support her living, and these in turn shape how she lives. I call these things habituated objects because she has incorporated them into her routines and her home, and they have in turn played a role in shaping how she lives in her home. I asked her what she thought were her most important and favorite objects. It's a diverse and interesting list: magnifying glasses, shoes, tea--bag squeezer, big--screen TV, computer, key--on--a--string, free bus pass, sturdy shoes, and so on. These important things might give a little insight into tangible and embodied interaction design, not from the perspective of the young and healthy visiting museums and collaborating in workplaces, but from the perspective of one older woman in her actual aging body with all of its specific capabilities and time--worn habits in the home she has adapted to suit her living for the past 15 years.

Telecare can help health and social care agencies address the challenges they face from an ageing society and deliver services improving the clients' quality of life. The end users of telecare systems are unlikely to have a deep understanding of technology, therefore good human factors and ergonomics are important for the system's acceptance, usability and safety. This paper reports preliminary results from a project initiated by the European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) to develop a set of guidelines for human factors in telecare systems, thereby maximizing user experience and promoting the usage of telecare, and directed towards all stakeholders in the telecare delivery chain. The guidelines are first structured along the dimension of human factors, consisting of: confidentiality and privacy; ethics; legal aspects; availability and reliability; integrity; safety; installation, setup and configuration; user interaction; localization and customization; service and system aspects; organizational aspects; user education; interoperability; development process and testing. For each of these, guidelines are enumerated and grouped as being either generic or pertaining to one of the different product lifecycles: research and development; design and manufacture; equipment delivery; and final service deployment. In all, a considerable number of generic and specific guidelines will be provided. The work is in progress (Sep. 2006), and the authors encourage input and comments. For more information, see

Signs are everywhere in our lives. They make our lives easier when we are familiar with them. But sometimes they also pose problems. For example, a tourist might not be able to understand signs in a foreign country. In this paper, we present our efforts towards automatic sign translation. We discuss methods for automatic sign detection. We describe sign translation using example based machine translation technology. We use a usercentered approach in developing an automatic sign translation system. The approach takes advantage of human intelligence in selecting an area of interest and domain for translation if needed. A user can determine which sign is to be translated if multiple signs have been detected within the image. The selected part of the image is then processed, recognized, and translated. We have developed a prototype system that can recognize Chinese signs input from a video camera which is a common gadget for a tourist, and translate them into English text or voice stream.

Since industrialisation, children have increasingly become educated in age-bands to facilitate manageability. The contemporary 21 st century Western world further limits mixed-age interaction for young children, yet there is little concern expressed about educational segregation based on age. At the same time, mixed-age settings have been noted to be beneficial for children's learning. This qualitative exploratory study, situated within a socio-cultural framework, considered the nature of children's interactions in one mixed-age Playcentre. Using narrative records that captured the nuances of the social interactions of three focus children, over the course of three Playcentre sessions for each child, the experiences of an 18-month aged girl, a 3-year-3month old boy and a 4-year-7-month old girl were analysed to explore the qualitative nature of the social interactions that are enabled in a mixed-age early childhood setting. This study supports earlier studies that indicate that age makes a difference to the type of interactions that children engage in. In this study age impacted on the social interaction techniques and strategies that the focus children applied and was also a factor when choosing a peer to engage with. Older children were the ideal child to observe,

EUCALYPT ecologists in Australia finally have a text that is a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on eucalypt ecology. This book incorporates and expands on ideas found in Eucalyptus, the Universal Australian by Pryor and Johnson (1981) and Pryor's (1976) The Biology of Eucalypts.

Conflict scholars have argued that natural resources, such as oil, diamonds, and gemstones, may increase the chances for civil wars because rebels can sustain their organizations by looting resources and because certain types of resources, such as oil, create weaker state governments that are less capable of putting down insurgencies. Natural resources like oil also raise the value of capturing the state through war. However, empirical studies typically treat natural resources as exogenous variables, failing to consider the possibility that war alters the production levels of various natural resources. This endogenous relationship may help to explain the inconsistent empirical results linking natural resources and civil war onset. This article examines the two-way relationship between natural resources and civil war, focusing on oil, diamonds, and fisheries. The empirical findings suggest that most of the relationships run in the direction from war to resources, with no significant effects of resources on the onset of civil war. States with civil wars experience lower oil and diamond production, while marine fisheries production recovers in civil war–torn states.

Small size at birth continues to be a problem worldwide and many factors, including reduced folate intake and Pb exposure, are associated with it. However, single factors rarely explain the variability in birth weight, suggesting a need for more complex explanatory models. We investigated environment-gene interactions to understand whether folate intake and maternal Pb exposure were associated with smaller newborn size in 474 women with uncomplicated pregnancies delivering term infants in Mexico City. We examined if folate intake modified the negative effects of maternal Pb burden on birth size. We also asked if maternal and infant methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotypes (C677T, A1298C and G1793A) modified the effects of folate intake or Pb exposure on birth size. Women were aged 24·6 (SD 5·1) years; 43·5 % were primiparous. Maternal blood Pb at delivery was 86 (SD 42) μg/l, with 26·7 % having levels ≥100 μg/l. Tibia Pb level was 9·9 (SD 9·8) μg/g. Of the women, 35·3 % had folate intakes <400 μg/d. Birth weight was 3170 (SD 422) g. In covariate-adjusted regressions, higher folate intake was associated with higher birth weight (β 0·04; P<0·05). Higher bone Pb was associated with lower birth weight (β −4·9; P<0·05). Folate intake did not modify the effects of Pb on birth size, nor did MTHFR modify the association between Pb or folate intake on birth size. Although modest, the relationship between maternal nutrition, Pb burden and birth size does underscore the importance of environmental exposures to child health because patterns of fetal growth may affect health outcomes well into adulthood.

: Recent developments in the population engagement strategies associated with Operation Enduring Freedom and the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan have led to the emergence of Female Engagement Teams (FETs). These Teams seek to provide insight and intelligence while engendering American and ISAF efforts in the region by utilizing female marines and soldiers to actively engage and interact with the population. Cultural norms and religious dictates have traditionally prevented male troops from reaching the female portion and even certain segments of the male portion of the Afghan constituency. Such interactions are thought to serve the greater population engagement strategy as well as aid in intelligence gathering and counterinsurgency efforts. Due to the relatively recent evolution of this program little academic research has been done on the exact nature of the program and whether or not it has seen the level of success hoped, with regard to population engagemen...

An automated approach to bacterial mutagenicity testing -the spiral Salmonella assay -was developed to simplify testing and to reduce the labor and materials required to generate dose-responsive mutagenicity information. This document provides the reader with an overview of the spiral assay and a discussion of its application for examining the mutagenic potential of pure compounds, complex environmental mixtures, and interactive effects. Guidelines for performing a routine spiral assay are presented, and alternative test methods intended to overcome a variety of technical difficulties (such as restricted sample availability, sample viscosity or volatility, etc.) are recommended. Methods for the computerized analysis of data and the interpretation of results are discussed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

The design and experimental study of a 35-GHz gyrotron-traveling-wave tube (gyro-TWT) amplifier operating in the circular TE 0 i mode at the fundamental cyclotron harmonic are presented. The interaction circuit in this experiment consisted of a new type of ceramic loading that provided the required loss for stable operation. A saturated peak power of 137 kW was measured at 34.1 GHz, corresponding to a saturated gain of 47.0 dB and an efficiency of 17%, with a -3-dB bandwidth of 1.11 GHz (3.3%). Peak output powers in the range of 102.1 to 148.6 kW with -3-dB bandwidths of 1.26 and 0.94 GHz, respectively, were measured by varying the operating parameters. The gyro-TWT was found to be zero-drive stable at these operating points, demonstrating that ceramic loading is a highly effective means of suppressing spurious oscillations in gyro-TWTs. This type of ceramic loading has the added advantage of being compatible with high average power operation.

El artículo presenta una teoría sobre las necesidades humanas que es un gran aporte a las teoríasdel Desarrollo y que permite diferenciar las “necesidades” de “los deseos” o “preferencias de losconsumidores”, contribuyendo así a enfrentar la hegemonía de las concepciones neoliberales y el “consumismocompulsivo” a que nos lleva el capitalismo global. Sugiere como instrumento para el Desarrollo Local laidentificación de distintos tipos de satisfactores, proponiendo el uso de “satisfactores sinérgicos” como formade potenciar un desarrollo integral e incluyente. Concluye presentando experiencias de sinergía social enAmérica Latina.

' T h e 35 a priori scales employed in our PC measure, and studies reporting the invariance of the majority of the PC components underlying these scales across relatively diverse samples, are reported in Jones and James (Note 1). The five components with demonstrated invariance were (1) Job Challenge, Importance, and Variety; (2) Conflict and Ambiguity; (3) Leadership Facilitation and Support; (4) Workgroup Cooperation, Friendliness, and Warmth; and (5) Organizational Esprit. ' In the discussion above, as well as in others, the use of the terms "situational attribute" and "individual attribute" connote domains of measurement. They do not imply that the measured variables are always entirely situational or entirely individual (as discussed later, a reciprocal interaction is often assumed).

This paper presents a structured Project Risk Interactions Management (PRIM) process designed to make risk response planning decisions taking into account the complex interactions that potentially exist between project risks. Projects are facing tight constraints, uncertainty and change. Moreover, they are dealing with higher stakes and an ever-growing complexity, which implies that they are more than ever exposed to risks, and that these risks are strongly interrelated. Existing classical methods have some limitations for modeling and managing the project complexity, mainly the interactions that may exist between project risks. We propose to include the identification, assessment and analysis of these interactions into the classical Project Risk Management (PRM) process.This analysis gives new insights for risk response planning decisions. The strategies are always mitigation, acceptance, transfer or avoidance, but the risks which are defined as the most critical ones may be slightly different. There may also be innovative decisions, like breaking propagation transitions between interrelated risks, instead of acting on the risk itself. This process assists the project manager making decisions regarding risk response planning by providing new insights about the potential phenomena involved by complexity, about the internal weaknesses to cope with this complexity, and about the potential effectiveness of proposed mitigation actions. An example of application is detailed to illustrate the validity and the implementation issue of the process.

Cambridge CB3 9EW, United Kingdom Courriel : D.J. Queiros-Conde@damtp.cam.ac.uk (Rqu le 27 janvier 1999, accept6 aprks rkvision le 26 juillet 1999) RCsumC. Une interprktation gbomkique de l'intermittence en turbulence dCveloppCe est r&lide g&e k une hiCrarchie de structures fractales Sz, de dimensions Ap likes entre elles par les relations GP + 1 c QP (i.e. Ap + 1 < 4) y=((1+3/~)1'3+(1-33/~)1")3 et y = ( Ap + 1 -A-)/( Ap -Am) avec et A, = 1. Ceci est obtenu par l'introduction d'un saut d'entropie, defini g 1'Cchelle r, AS,< r) = ($ + 1 -4) In ( r/rO) caracdrisant le niveau d'ordre de chaque sous-structure GP et vkrifiant une relation 1inCaire AS,< r ) = y AS, _ ,( r). 0 1999 Acadkmie des sciencesklitions scientifiques et mkdicales Elsevier SAS turbulence / intermittence / fractales Geometry of intermittency in fully developed turbulence Abstract. A geometrical interpretation of intermittency in fully developed turbulence is realized through an hierarchy offractal structures QP of dimensions Ap linked each other by the relations Q,,+'l~i2p (i.e. Ap+,<AJ and y=(Ap+l-A,)l(Ap-A,) with y = ( ( 1 + 3/V% )", + ( 1 -3n/8 )1'3 )3 and A, = 1. Z'his is obtained by the introduction of an entropy jump, defined at the scale r, AS,< r) = ( Ap + 1 -4) In ( r/TO) characterizing the order level of each sub-structure s;Z, and verifying a linear relation AS,< r ) = y AS, _ ,( r). 0 1999 Acadimie des science&ditions scient$ques et mt!dicales Elsevier SAS turbulence / intermittency /fractak A bridged English Version

The virtual mass force of two equal spheres is investigated experimentally when both spheres were moving side by side and along the line joining their centers. The velocities of two accelerated spheres rising along the axis of a glass cylindrical column of a 2 m long and a diameter of 0.3 m, under the action of a driving weight, are measured as a function of time and separation distance between spheres centers ranging from about 2 to 7 radii. During the accelerated motion of the spheres, Reynolds number varied between 10 and 10 3 . The spheres employed are made of stainless steel of the following four different diameters: 9.4, 12, 13.5 and 15.4 mm. A main conclusion of this work is that the virtual mass coefficient (C VM ) was found to decrease with increasing the instantaneous Reynolds number. For two equal spheres moving side by side, C VM > 0.5 when the spheres touched. As the distance between them increased, C VM decreased and approached the single sphere value of 0.5 when the spheres were separated by more than 3 radii. For two equal spheres moving along the line joining their centers, when the spheres touched, C VM < 0.5. As the distance between them increased, C VM increased and approached the value of 0.5 when the spheres were separated by more than 5 radii. The experimental results compared well with theoretical results found in the literature.

The heart rates (HR) of horses and the people leading them (10 horses, 20 people), and riding them (17 horses, 17 people), were recorded in an indoor arena. The horses were Swedish leisure horses of mixed ages, sex and breed. All except two of the people were female and all were of mixed age and riding experience. Each horse-human pair walked or rode between points A and B (30 m) four times on each test occasion. However, just before the fourth pass, participants were told that an umbrella would be opened as they rode, or led, the horse past the assistant. The umbrella was not opened, so this pass was no different to the previous control occasions, but nevertheless there was an increase in HR for both the person (leading, P = 0.06; riding, P < 0.05) and the horse (being led, P < 0.05; being ridden, P < 0.05). The findings indicate that analysis of HR recorded simultaneously from people and horses under different experimental handling or riding conditions presents a useful tool to investigate horse-human interactions.

An evidence-based systematic review of gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.), including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.

Growth, characterization, and properties of ultra-thin magnetic films and inultilayers I editors, Berend T. Jonker, Joseph P. Heremans, Ernesto E. Marinero. p. cm.-(Materials Research Society symposium proceedings : ISSN 0272-9172; v. 151) Bibliography: p. Includes indexes.

This article reviews the experimental and theoretical studies conducted on the possible effects of oxygen in biogas generating anaerobic digesters. The interactions of oxygen with various biochemical processes associated with anaerobic digestion are discussed together with other relevant aspects. The conventional perception of oxygen being merely toxic in anaerobic digestion (AD) is refuted. Digesters can withstand significant levels of oxygenation without drastic negative impacts. Limited quantities of oxygen can even lead to improved AD reactor performance under certain operating conditions. Coexistence of anaerobic and aerobic cultures in a single bioreactor environment has been demonstrated. It is shown that the partial aeration assisted AD can serve as a beneficial treatment strategy for simultaneous waste treatment and energy generation, for a multitude of organic waste categories.

The gelation behaviour of 7% whey protein isolate (WPI) solutions under cold set conditions was studied. Gels were formed at 10 1C after the addition of different amounts of glucono-d-lactone (GDL) to thermally denatured (80 1C/30 min) WPI solutions, leading to different acidification rates and final pH values. The rheological properties of the systems were analysed under shear at incipient gelation and under uniaxial compression throughout the entire gelation process until reaching the equilibrium conditions of pH and mechanical properties. Different rheological techniques allowed for the distinction of two stages involved in the gelation process: the initial setting up of the gel network up to the gel point and the subsequent structure development through bond strengthening and/or local rearrangements. The acidification rate did not affect the rheological properties at the beginning of gelation, but the acidification conditions had a significant effect on the strengthening of the protein network after the gel point. An evaluation of the mechanical properties at specific pH values during gelation and under the equilibrium conditions permitted a qualitative distinction amongst the effects of the acidification rate, pH and structural organization on the gel properties. WPI cold set gelation induced by GDL hydrolysis showed a strong influence of the pH during acidification if low acidification rates were used, and when the final pH was achieved the properties remained stable. However, when the rate of acidification increased by adding larger amounts of GDL to the system, the effect of molecular rearrangements at the final pH was fundamental to network strengthening. r

In this study we explore why persons flee their homes to become refugees and internally displaced persons. We contend that individuals will tend to flee when the integrity of their person is threatened. Further, we argue that they will flee toward countries where they expect conditions to be better. We conduct statistical analyses using fixed effects least squares, on a pooled cross-sectional time-series data set, consisting of data from 129 countries for the years 1964-1989. Our findings support the conclusion that threats to personal integrity are of primary importance in leading people to abandon their homes. Measures of state threats to personal integrity, dissident threats to personal integrity, and joint state-dissident threats each have statistically significant and substantively important effects on migrant production. We also find that countries making moves toward democracy tend to have greater number of forced migrants, once other factors are considered. We conclude the analysis by identifying several lucrative areas for further investigation.

We conduct detailed velocity measurements in the turbulent boundary layer, which is developed on a rotating disk opposed to a turbulent jet perpendicularly impinged onto it. The effect of rotation is remarkable in both the skew in the mean flow and in the centrifugal force. We propose a non-dimensional parameter that correlates these two effects and classifies the velocity field. We find the modification of the turbulence structure due to the disk rotation in the increase of the normal stress component in the circumferential direction. The increases in the other stress components are found to be indirect, i.e., re-distribution from the circumferential normal stress is the source of modification in the turbulence structure.