Law of Contracts

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📃 Bu kitapta kişisel verilerin korunması, akdi sorumluluk müesseseleri bağlamında incelenmektedir. Bu kapsamda veri sorumlusu ile veri işleyen arasındaki sözleşme ilişkileri (kişisel veri işleme sözleşmesi), kişisel verilerin korunmasına özgü olarak sözleşme görüşmelerinden doğan sorumluluk halleri, genel işlem şartlarının denetimi ve diğer akdi sorumluluk durumları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca kitapta bu alana özgü hukuka uygunluk sebeplerine yer verilmiş; hukuka aykırı şekilde işlenen kişisel verilere ilişkin genel koruma yollarıyla 6698 sayılı Kanun’dan doğan özel koruma yolları ve özellikle ilgili kişinin zararının giderilmesini talep etme hakkı irdelenmiştir.

La voluntad, para bien o para mal, fue erigida durante buena parte de los siglos XVIII y XIX como el sustento de la juridicidad de los negocios jurídicos e incluso se utilizó como noción básica para trazar las diferencias con los actos jurídicos en sentido estricto. Naturalmente, la afirmación efectuada se entiende únicamente si uno emplea de manera adecuada estas dos categorías de la fenomenología de los hechos con relevancia jurídica, lo cual resulta complicado en un sistema jurídico que mantiene la confusión entre acto y negocio jurídico (y no me refiero sólo al nomen iuris) 1 .

The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has resulted in the disruption of activities in major centres of global production, with adverse portents for contractual obligations across global supply chains. The global pervasiveness and dynamic propagation of the risks arising from contractual failures provides an opportunity to reconsider the nature and impact of mechanisms for excusing failure to perform contractual obligations under adverse circumstances (Excuse). Such mechanisms include those found in the general law (for example, frustration in common law and analogous doctrines in civil law traditions) and contractual clauses (for example, Force Majeure and hardship clauses). Establishing extant rights and obligations under current contracts may provide only limited illumination on how parties will address these failures. Principles in economics of contract (e.g. incomplete contract and transaction cost theories) and the commercial reality of global supply chains both suggest tha...

ARTICLE INFO Introduction Effective communication in a project plays a significant role in the quality and timely delivery of project activities in an organization (Nsefu et al., 2020: Mwanaumo, et al., 2018). Developing a robust infrastructure system that can successfully contribute to economic development and poverty reduction, project managers must focus on delivering their projects on time, ABSTRACT The concept of time and quality management is highly connected to project performance and success. The importance of adopting appropriate tools and techniques of managing effective communication in projects can be understood through the delivery of high-quality services. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between effective communication with quality and timely delivery of project activities. The study"s aim was achieved through the assessment of the relationships between effective communication with project quality outcomes and management of project timescales. To attain the research objectives, both primary and secondary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides consisting of closed-ended questions. The study employed a sequential explanatory research design where respondents involved in Bank of Zambia projects and other projects were meant to provide answers from questionnaires and interviews which were later analyzed by the researcher. The study results from regression analysis revealed the presence of a strong and positive correlation between effective communication and project success with the coefficient of determination of 82.4% which was explained by the effective communication effect on project success. The hypothesis test results showed that effective communication was significantly related to quality and timely delivery of project activities, with 4.24 as the average and 0.69438 as the standard deviation obtained from the sample size of 75. It was found that effective communication in projects should effectively be applied to maximize the quality of project outcomes and timely delivery. Thus it was recommended that a model developed for implementing effective communication in projects be adopted with room for other researchers to develop it further. The findings from this study, the proposed solutions, conclusions and recommendations are expected to improve the performance of projects. Furthermore, there are situations where the use of project management tools in the book of PMPBOK has not maintained achievement of the project success, therefore, this study will also contribute to the body of knowledge on the communication methods to use in achieving the project objectives efficiently and effectively.

The right selection of implementation system for projects in the construction industry is critical to achieve success. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), is a comprehensive implementation system which has in recent years been seen to play an effective role in projects improved efficiency. Implementing an IPD system to resolve various problems of traditional systems is very important; however there are several barriers to its implementation. In addition, rooting and classifying the barriers is very significant in being able to resolve them. The aim of this study is the identification of barriers to IPD basically extracted from existing case studies. In this research, the meta-synthesis qualitative method is used for identifying and classifying the IPD barriers. The results are presented in a comprehensive table, and then are illustrated as a pattern by using macro concepts. This pattern is useful for presenting barriers to IPD. Identifying the barriers and resolving them are as important as identifying the benefits of IPD in creating motivation for construction industry owners. They also serve to provide the context for required predictions in implementing this approach in the construction industry.

During the course of this project, the author shall try to establish how specific enforceability, though not a proprietary interest, charge or right in itself, is almost as good as a registered property right. It will be shown through statutory provisions, cases and situations that specific enforceability falls short of being a fully fledged property right only in a select few circumstances apart from which it provides almost all the benefits that accrue from having a registered property right. It is to be noted at the start that specific enforceability pertains to the specific enforceability of a contract, i.e., a specifically enforceable contract which can be a contract for sale, lease, mortgage, etc. For the purpose of this project, the author shall refer only to a contract for sale in order to keep the scope of the project limited. Most of the arguments advanced however, apply also to other contracts for transfer of property as well.

Notas dispersas sobre la buena fe en el Derecho venezolano, casos paradigmáticos y "nuevas" dimensiones  Jorge I. González Carvajal  Sumario. Introducción. 1. La buena en el Derecho. 1.1. La buena como principio general de(l) Derecho ¿una aporía? 1.2. Nuevos enfoques. 1.3. Perspectiva crítica. 2. Manifestaciones paradigmáticas de la buena fe, especial referencia a la buena fe en el Derecho privado. 2.1. La buena fe en materia de Derechos reales o buena fe legitimante. 2.2. La buena fe en el tráfico jurídico o buena fe objetiva. 2.3. Nuevas dimensiones de la buena fe: Perspectiva crítica. 3. Conclusiones meramente aproximativas a un método para estudiar la buena fe en el Derecho

The article discusses critically pros and cons of branch specific arbitration proceedings as organized and financed by industry associations like the federal association of public banks with an independent Ombudsman according to its rules of procedure. It sheds light on statistical chances to prevail. As to the directive 2013/11/EU for alternative dispute resolution no substantial improvements are to be expected.

Nei contratti di subappalto si ritrova la clausolafrequente soprattutto nella prassi internazionale e in quella anglosassonecon la quale Yappaltatoresubcommittente subordina il pagamento del compenso del subappaltatore (o dei subappaltatori) all'avvenuto pagamento del corrispettivo da parte del committente principale 1. Nella pratica contrattuale, la clausola si presenta con una varietà di formule, le quali possono essere ricondotte a due modelli principali: nel primo modello, conosciuto con l'espressione anglosassone pay when paid, la clausola si limita a stabilire che il pagamento del compenso del subappaltatore avverrà quando (ne7 momento in cui) il subcommittente abbia ricevuto il corrispettivo da parte del committente principale; nel secondo modello, al quale si riferisce specificamente Yen-diadi fund when (o pay fpaid), la clausola attribuisce al subappaltatore il diritto di ricevere il corrispettivo soltanto se e quando (nel caso in cui, subordinatamente) il subcommittente abbia ottenuto il comspettivo del contratto principale di appalto.

Esai tentang Syarat Sah dalam Melaksanakan Kontrak Bisnis Kontrak bisnis, sebagai bagian yang tak terpisahkan dalam berhubungan bisnis merupakan suatu bentuk perangkat hukum yang mana dapat menimbulkan sifat yang mengikat pihakpihak yang berkontrak. 1 Kontrak sendiri dapat dipersamakan dengan perjanjian yang pada umumnya dipakai dala hal berniaga (dagang). Dalam membuat sebuah kontrak sebagaimana dimaksud, maka haruslah dipenuhi apa yang disebut dengan syarat-syarat sah dalam berkontrak. Untuk menemukan di mana syarat tersebut diatur, maka kita mengacu pada KUHPerdata (Burgerlijk Wetbook). Di dalam KUHPerdata, tepatnya pada Pasal 1320, disebutkan secara ringkas syarat sah suatu perjanjian, yang dalam hal ini sama artinya dengan kontrak. Menurut Pasal 1320, terdapat empat syarat sah, yaitu Cakap dan Sepakat sebagai syarat subjektif dan Causa yang Halal dan Hal tertentu sebagai syarat objektif. Namun demikian, perlu diperhatikan bahwa keempat syarat tersebut memiliki "syarat khusus" yang kemudian dijabarkan pada pasal-pasal berikutnya. Berkenaan dengan hal Sepakat, maka perlu diperhatikan pula Pasal 1321 s.d. 1328, yang menyebutkan bahwa "sepakat" berarti pihak-pihak yang mengadakan kontrak menyepakati dan harus bebas dari: 1. kekhilafan, 2. paksaan, dan 3. penipuan. Maksud "bebas dari kekhilafan", menurut Pasal 1322 adalah kekhilafan terhadap objek kontrak. Jadi, apabila terjadi kekhilafan (kesalahan) terhadap barang (baik kualitas, jenis, dsb) maka kontrak dapat dibatalkan. Dapat dibatalkan artinya para pihak dapat memilih untuk melanjutkan kontrak atau dapat juga membatalkannya. Sebagai contoh, Ibu Gayatri hendak mengganti frame kacamatanya di "Optik Modis" dengan frame bermerek "Etcetera". Beliau menunjukknya dari balik etalase, namun pegawai optik tersebut salah sangka dan mengambil frame 1 Disarikan dari buku Pengantar Hukum Dagang Prof. Dr. Agus Sardjono, S.H., M.H.

Paolo ex d.l. 25 giugno 2017 n. 99 -Efficacia dell'accordo ricognitivo 19 gennaio 2018 -Rapporti estinti alla data della cessione -Successione di Intesa San Paolo s.p.a. nel rapporto controverso e legittimazione passiva -Sussistenza. (Decreto legge 25 giugno 2017, n. 99, art. 3; codice civile, artt. 1362, 2560; testo unico bancario, art. 90). Sia il d.l. 25 giugno 2017 n. 99 sia il contratto di cessione indicano come criterio discretivo tra le passività in contestazione cedute e quelle non cedute la pendenza di una controversia al momento dell'apertura della l.c.a., a prescindere che si riferisca a rapporti ancora pendenti o a rapporti già estinti (1). Una deroga all'art. 2560 c.c. non può essere frutto di un'interpretazione della volontà contrattuale, richiedendo, invece, un'espressa e inequivoca previsione normativa (2). II TRIBUNALE DI TREVISO 12 giugno 2019 G.U. MUNARO Contratti bancari -Ripetizione di indebito -Cessione Veneto Banca-Intesa San Paolo ex d.l. 25 giugno 2017 n. 99 -Efficacia dell'accordo ricognitivo 19 gennaio 2018 -Rapporti estinti alla data della cessione -Successione di Intesa San Paolo s.p.a. nel rapporto controverso -Esclusione. (Decreto legge 25 giugno 2017, n. 99, art. 3; codice civile, artt. 1362, 2560; testo unico bancario, art. 90). Il d.l. 99/2017 introduce uno statuto normativo speciale della cessione di azienda di Veneto Banca s.p.a. in liquidazione coatta amministrativa e Intesa San Paolo s.p.a. (3).

One of the most prominent clauses in Government contracts is the risk purchase or the risk and cost clause. This authorises the promisee to get the promise fulfilled either by itself or through a third person in case of the promisor's default and allows the promisee to be compensated for the increased costs and effort. Till now, the legal framework of such risk and cost contracting was not clear, leading to difference in decisions in courts and arbitral tribunals on various aspects of risk and cost contracting. Now, the Parliament has attempted to lay down the framework for such risk and cost contracting under the rubric of " substituted performance " by enacting the Specific Relief (Amendment) Act, 2018. This paper analyses the law on the subject and evaluates the provisions in the said Act. It concludes by providing suggestions to contract drafters on how to modify their existing risk and cost contracting clauses and to courts on how best to construe Section 20 to ensure consonance with the salutary objectives behind enactment of the amendments.

In a remedial contractual action, the limitation period plays an important part before one commences an action against the defaulting party to a contract. The provision of a limitation period to enforce a contract is found in s 6 of the Limitation Act 1953 ('the Act'). By virtue of this provision, one has to commence remedial action either in the form of specific performance or damages within six years from the date of accrual of the cause of action, failing which his action is deemed to have failed and shall be struck out by the court.Apart from this, at common law and in statutory footing under the Malaysian Limitation Act 1953 (Act 254),3 there is another equitable doctrine that could affect the plaintiffs action. This doctrine is called the doctrine of laches. In short, this doctrine states that if the plaintiff commences an action with unreasonable delay (laches) after the accrual of the cause of action, his action will be defeated.

The actio quanti minoris is one of the so-called Aedilitian actions developed in Roman law to provide relief for a purchaser who discovered latent defects in a thing sold. The remedy is aimed at reclaiming a fair portion of the purchase price as redress for the fact that the thing sold is defective and consequently worth less than the price actually paid for it. To succeed with a claim based on the actio quanti minoris, a plaintiff must not only show that the thing sold was defective at the date of the sale, but also establish the exact amount by which the purchase price should be reduced. The question is, therefore, how a claim with the actio quanti minoris must be quantified.

This chapter discusses the decision of the Court of Appeal in Hongkong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd, The Hong Kong Fir [1962] 2 QB 26, one of the most important English contract cases of the 20th century. In this analysis of the Hongkong Fir case I argue that close consideration of the case law, coupled with an appreciation of the historical background, reveals certain flaws in the current general understanding of the decision. In particular I argue, first, that the reasoning in the case was not as novel as has sometimes been suggested; secondly, that the most novel aspect of that reasoning (the suggestion that there was a third category of terms— later christened 'innominate' or 'intermediate' terms—alongside conditions and warranties) was not as central to the analysis as it is generally assumed to have been; and, thirdly, that another, very important, aspect of the reasoning in the case (the very strong connection between the rules governing discharge by frustration and discharge for breach) tends now to be overlooked.

Keywords: contract law, breach of contract, discharge, intermediate term, innominate term, frustration.

I hereby declare that this research work titled "Elite Theory of Democracy" submitted to HNLU, Raipur is my own work and represent my own ideas, and where others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that my work is in accordance with the all the said guidelines provided by the faculty.

The aim of this work is to delve into some key legal issues surrounding Smart Contract applications. In the first and second parts, this paper defines the concept of Smart Contract and how it applies within the blockchain ecosystem. In the third part, this work exposes the functioning of this digital technology and the main advantage that it implies for solving the crucial issues of execution and breach of contracts. In the fourth section, this paper analyzes a set of problematic aspects that arise around Smart Contracts such as the scope and delimitation of them or the validity and certification of blockchain transactions. It also analyzes different issues related to the design of a legislative policy that addresses the design of a supranational and harmonized legal framework.

I rapporti contrattuali tra imprese, definibili nei termini del c.d. Terzo Contratto, pongono significativi problemi di individuazione di un'adeguata disciplina e di correzione delle asimmetrie di potere negoziale. Queste ultime, difatti, fuoriuscendo dalle fisiologiche dinamiche del mercato, possono condurre all'espulsione dal medesimo dell'impresa in stato di soggezione o all'inefficiente allocazione dei risultati, produttivi o distributivi, cui è finalizzata la relativa attività. Compito del giudice, chiamato a conoscere delle controversie che si innestano nei suddetti rapporti, è quello di consentire all'autonomia privata di dispiegarsi secondo la conformazione del mercato predeterminata dal legislatore a livello europeo e nei vari sistemi. Nel contempo, le statuizioni in materia dovranno assicurare la necessaria flessibilità alle strategie organizzative delle imprese coinvolte, secondo logiche verificabili e idonee a scongiurare un'ingiustificata intromissione nelle relazioni economiche.

Although Roman-Dutch law is distinct from English law, the two legal systems have borrowed from each other in relation to the law of contract. Roman-Dutch law is a casuistic (judge-made) made legal system which is applied by the courts of Lesotho. English law which is also judgemade law has also played a major role in the development of the principles Roman-Dutch law and as a consequence both legal traditions (systems) occupy a significant part of the law of contract of Lesotho.

In general guarantee means an assurance for the repairing or replacement of damaged good but when we talk about contract of guarantee it's completely different this paper is a detail study of contract of guarantee with the help of illustrations

El SARS-CoV-2 ha logrado en poco tiempo imponerle al mundo una "nueva normalidad" y ha "infectado" muchísimos contratos internacionales. En este capítulo se considera el COVID-19 como un padecimiento susceptible de afectar los contratos internacionales. Al tomar esta premisa como punto de partida corresponde preguntarse si existen tratamientos y, en caso afirmativo, si están disponibles. Posteriormente, se presentan dos tratamientos específicos: fuerza mayor y hardship. Finalmente, se extraen conclusiones y se propone algunas medidas de prevención a futuro.

At a time when neoliberalism has become an accepted term in public debate to refer to the current state of modern societies and their political economies, Kean Birch critically analyses the conflicting theories that shape our understanding of ‘neoliberalism’.

With an ever-expanding variety of perspectives on the concept of neoliberalism, it is increasingly difficult to identify any commonalities. This book explores how different people understand neoliberalism, and the contradictions in thinking of neoliberalism as a market-based ethic, project, or order. Detailing the intellectual history of ‘neoliberal’ thought, the variety of critical approaches and the many analytical ambiguities, Kean Birch presents a new way to conceptualize contemporary political economy and offers potential avenues for future research through a judicious exploration of ‘neoliberal’ practices, processes, and institutions.

This work will be an essential resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students, scholars, and researchers to critically assess the concept of neoliberalism across many disciplines. The book will also serve as a general introduction to a wider audience interested in the term ‘neoliberalism’, its potential pitfalls, and its contested future.

Gli accordi amichevoli, raggiunti in sede di mediazione civile e commerciale, da cui risulta l’usucapione di un bene immobile sono trascrivibili, ove debitamente autenticati, ai sensi del combinato disposto degli artt. 11, comma 3, D.Lgs. n. 28/2010 e 2643 nn. 1, 5, 13 c.c., considerato che la conciliazione di una controversia civile e commerciale puo` vertere uni- camente su diritti disponibili e l’accordo amichevole non si risolve in un tipo contrattuale a contenuto predeterminato ma puo` corrispondere o a un negozio traslativo della proprieta` o a un negozio di rinunzia al diritto o, al ricorrere di reciproche concessioni, a una transazio- ne. In questo senso va composto il contrasto giurisprudenziale, attualmente esistente in se- no alla giurisprudenza di merito, sulla trascrivibilita` nei Registri immobiliari degli accordi ami- chevoli di ‘‘accertamento’’ dell’usucapione.

A doctrinal comparative law examination of whether under English contract law a contractor is entitled to payment for “constructive” acceleration implemented to avoid liquidated damages when denied a warranted time extension request by the employer or certifier. Whilst claims for constructive acceleration can be recoverable under U.S. law, there is no direct applicability of that doctrine in English law. An examination of potential alternatives by way of implied instructions under the contract, breach of the contract based on the employer or certifier’s failure to operate the contract and mitigation of damages reveal some possible solutions.

This paper deals with the history of the types of contracts starting from Roman Law to the nowadays legal systems of the European continent throughout the medieval and early modern tradition. It also examines the evolution of the principle of contractual freedom after the enactment of the great European civil codes by national states and their changes starting from the two thousand years onwards. KEY WORDS: Contract typicalness, roman law, civil law, freedom of contract. ENGLISH TITLE: About Typicalness of Contracts Starting from the Roman Law Experience SOMMARIO: Introduzione.-1. La cd. tipicità contrattuale 'forte' del diritto romano: variazioni sul tema a partire dalla quadripartizione gaiana dei contratti. a) La classificazione gaiana e giustinianea dei contractus. b) I contratti tipici nel diritto romano. c) Le conventioni atipiche e il loro progressivo riconoscimento. d) Il 'tipo'-stipulatio come strumento di autonomia contrattuale e la sua trasformazione tardo-antica.-2. Verso la cd. 'tipicità contrattuale debole' del diritto odierno: suggestioni da una realtà mutevole e complessa. a) I mutamenti del concetto di 'tipo' contrattuale fino alle codificazioni. Cenni. b) Il 'tipo' contrattuale dopo la codificazione del 1942 e la sua distinzione dalla 'causa'. c) 'Tipicità' e 'autonomia' contrattuale dal codice del '42 al Terzo Millennio. Alcuni spunti critici.-3. Conclusioni. a) La tipicità contrattuale come concetto storico. b) La cd. tipicità contrattuale 'forte' nell'esperienza giuridica romana e 'debole' nell'esperienza odierna. c) Il nuovo rapporto fra tipicità e atipicità contrattuale nel XXI secolo alla luce di un provocatorio confronto con l'esperienza giuridica romana. Introduzione La tipizzazione è un «procedimento astrattizzante» necessario in ogni di-sciplina giuridica e in ogni tempo affinché la 'norma' intervenga con un «trattamento giuridico di questo tipo» «quando si presenteranno fattispe-cie di questo tipo» 1 : quindi «costruire tipi significa scegliere i profili quali-* Il contributo è stato sottoposto a double blind peer review. 1 E. Betti, La tipicità dei negozi giuridici romani e la cosiddetta atipicità del diritto odierno, in Annali Macerata, 1 (1966), 7 = Diritto Metodo Ermeneutica. Scritti scelti a cura di G. Crifò, Milano 1991, p. 325 (già in Der Typenzwang bei den römischen Rechtsgeschäften und die sogennante Typenfreiheit des heutigen Rechts, in Festschrift L. Wenger, I, München 1944, p. 248). Cfr. anche M. Brutti, Il diritto privato nell'antica Roma, Torino 2011 2 , p. 46.

The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has resulted in the disruption of activities in major centres of global production, with adverse portents for contractual obligations across global supply chains. The global pervasiveness and dynamic propagation of the risks arising from contractual failures provides an opportunity to reconsider the nature and impact of mechanisms for excusing failure to perform contractual obligations under adverse circumstances (Excuse). Such mechanisms include those found in the general law (for example, frustration in common law and analogous doctrines in civil law traditions) and contractual clauses (for example, Force Majeure and hardship clauses). Establishing extant rights and obligations under current contracts may provide only limited illumination on how parties will address these failures. Principles in economics of contract (e.g. incomplete contract and transaction cost theories) and the commercial reality of global supply chains both suggest that parties tend to lean towards contract-and relationship-saving adjustments, rather than strict enforcement of rights. Therefore, this article analyses the doctrinal and contractual regimes of Excuse with a view to assessing their respective scopes for transaction and relationship saving. It also highlights the peculiar nature of supply chain relationships wherein exchange partners enter into a sequence of dyadic relationships aimed at delivering a good or service to the end user. The tension between that operational logic and the legal principle of privity of contract makes these relationships – undergirded as they are by what we call “operationally-linked (but) legally separate” (O.L.L.S.) contracts – peculiarly vulnerable to mismatches in their Excuse regimes.

Mismatches occur where failure to perform a determinant contract is more easily or much earlier excusable than in a dependent contract within the same chain operation. This may, in turn, exacerbate risks of supply chain disruptions in a pandemic scenario. The article designs a framework by which the doctrine-contract complex in the regimes may be used to test the dynamic scenarios of a global pandemic for the purpose of scanning for such mismatches. This framework will be useful in both post-event circumstances, as parties embark on relationship-saving negotiations, and in designing ex ante risk management measures. Through the understanding of the peculiarity of supply chain relationships and the O.L.L.S. contracts, this article also proposes to open up new directions in which the insights therefrom might be useful. An example suggested and prefatorily explored in this article is in the “governance beyond privity” conundrum in the context of supply chain disruption. Another is its potential contribution to the emerging multifactorial approach to determining frustration of contract in some common law courts.