Municipality

Anagnostopoulos, I.T. 2020. Employee’s motivation in Primary Local Government (municipality). Case study: Municipality of Florina. [Unpublished Masters Thesis] University of Western Macedonia (in Greek). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34373.68327

In Greece, goal achievement for modern Primary Local Government is highly dependent on employee performance. If municipal employees are not properly motivated, the possibility of achieving organizational goals is low. Thus, the subject of employee motivation is of specific interest, especially in the terms of understanding how motivating parameters function. The current thesis explores public service motivation and was designed using the Municipality of Florina’s employees as a study case. The thesis approached the topic, theoretically with a literature review, followed by an empirical study. The sample size of the study was consisted of 79 employees (68% of overall population), who participated in anonymity by completing a structured questionnaire. From analysis of the collected data, motivation factor impact levels were revealed. From the sum of factors studied, eleven were highly motivating and three were low motivators. The study concludes that the Municipality of Florina’s employees consider extrinsic and intrinsic motivation factors as being of equal importance. Low motivating factors were extrinsic. The current study also revealed that depending on employee demographic characteristics, factors were found to differentiate in motivational impact. Thus, the impact level factors have on Municipality of Florina’s employees is associated with demographic characteristics such as sex, age, level of education and work experience.

For more information in English about the empirical study of this thesis, please see uploaded pdf file here at Academia.edu.

We live in times of changes. The credit-crunch has affected businesses and organisations all over the world, its consequences being layoffs, cutbacks in projects due to lack of funding amongst other things. The municipality of Reykjavik is no exception; it is one of the largest workplaces in Iceland with operations that are diverse and complex. Employees are well educated specialists and many have studied management. No PMO is in place, and therefore there is no standardized set of practices and procedures regarding the preparation and execution of projects, nor a centralized documentation of projects completed (or failed). The Human Resource System does not list the abilities and education of its employees and no formal knowledge management is practiced. The level of project management maturity is uncertain and this paper attempts to give an overview of the maturity level of the municipality. Finally a suggestion is made on how project-and knowledge management might be strengthened in order to increase support and cooperation between offices and departments, enhance project management consciousness and -skills and improve the efficiency of municipal organisations.

Resumo: A pesquisa apresentada no presente artigo é classificada como exploratória, e apresenta a evolução da tecnologia de geoprocessamento dentro da gestão territorial municipal de Florianópolis. A estrutura está formatada em 5 sessões principais: A primeira apresenta o referencial teórico que conduziu a pesquisa, abarcando referências que tratam do planejamento urbano, gestão territorial e geotecnologias em geral; A segunda etapa mostra uma visão geral do geoprocessamento dentro da estrutura administrativa do município de Florianópolis, com subseções que descrevem sobre a cartografia e o sistema de geoprocessamento corporativo municipal; A terceira etapa discorre sobre o histórico do Cadastro Técnico municipal, desde de sua origem na década de 1950 aos dias atuais, com ênfase na arrecadação do Imposto Predial e Territorial Urbano – IPTU; A quinta etapa relata sobre o uso do geoprocessamento no planejamento urbano municipal, apresentando de forma descritiva a tradução de normas e parâmetros urbanísticos em mapas estáticos impressos e dinâmicos na web, apoiados no uso das geotecnologias, dando suporte ao compartilhamento de informações que fazem parte do processo de planejamento urbano municipal. Por fim, as considerações finais sugerem novas perspectivas e soluções para as necessidades relacionadas ao geoprocessamento constatadas durante a pesquisa. Abstract The research was carried out as an exploratory instance, and presents a geoprocessing technology within the municipal territorial territory of Florianópolis. The structure is structured in five main sessions: a first theoretical reference phase that led to the research, covering reports on urban planning, territorial and geotechnical management in general; The second stage shows an overview of the geoprocessing within the administrative structure of the municipality of Florianópolis, with subsections on cartography and the municipal corporate geoprocessing system; The first stage is about the history of the municipal Technical Cadastre, since 1950, in its current days, with emphasis on the collection of the Property Tax and Urban Territorial Tax (IPTU); The fifth step relay on the use of geoprocessing in municipal urban planning, presentation of a descriptive form of a translation tool and urbanistic parameters in printed and dynamic static web maps, supported in the use of geotechnologies, supporting the sharing of information that make part of the municipal urban decision process. Finally, the exits expedients new perspectives and solutions to the needs found during a research related to geoprocessing. Anais do COBRAC 2018-Florianópolis –SC – Brasil-UFSC – de 21 a 24 de outubro 2018

Các đô thị ở Việt Nam đứng trước cơ hội thay đổi lớn về mặt thể chế với sự ra đời của một chính quyền phù hợp hơn với cuộc sống đô thì. Luận cứ để xây dựng chính quyền đô thị phù hợp có nhiều, xong những đặc trưng của một chính quyền đô thị được trao quyền rộng rãi (tự chủ) là tinh thần và căn cốt của mô hình quốc tế. Bài viết này trao đổi về nhiều luận cứ về xây dựng chính quyền đô thị sử dụng mô hình chính quyền đô thị Nhật Bản như một mẫu hình tham khảo.

Following the end of World War II, local authorities were subjected to local representative bodies, which were an affiliated entity headed by a State National Council. Since 1 January 1973, local national council was empowered to act as both a national and basic local authority on behalf of a gmina (lowest level of administrative division) or a town with a neighbouring gmina. Whereas a gmina’s or town and gmina’s governor served as a one-man administrative and executive body. The author presents the interrelated activity of national councils and local administrative bodies across Poland in 1973-1990 based on the example of the Municipal and Communal National Council as well as the Municipal and Communal Office both based in Łosice. He portrays these authorities in respect to archival research, describes their structural history as those responsible for compiling documents and characterizes archival records created by them.

This paper investigated the practice of empowerment between male and female counterparts into top-management positions of the Capricorn District Municipality (CDM), South Africa from the years 2009 to 2012. In this study, the researcher used a quantitative document review approach with the case study research design. The population consisted of all municipal employees from all different employment levels. Data was collected using existing literature, Integrated Development Plans (IDPs), and Annual Reports from the CDM. The analysis was carried out from various employment levels with a view of portraying the tendency of marginalising female employees from occupying top-management positions of the municipality. The results of the study revealed that female employees at the CDM are denied the opportunity of serving at top hierarchies of management despite pieces of legislation introduced to curb this challenge. This paper recommends that gender equity policies be revisited in order to address marginalisation challenges, not only at a municipal level but also in all spheres of government.

The presented book is devoted to local development and its governance by forming, on the strategic level, the relationships connecting municipalities with supralocal, i.e. regional, national and global milieu. It is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter constitutes the theoretical and conceptual foundation of the entire study. It discusses the crucial concepts used, such as Fordism and Post-Fordism, localism and new localism, localness and a local system, socio-economic development and sustainable development, as well as the relationships and the historical background of the evolution of these concepts. It also presents the definitions of local development included in the world literature, as well as two new approaches to local development created by the author – the local and supralocal one. These approaches were discussed in the model, process (dynamic) and structural (static) oriented variants. Next the author’s original typology of supralocal relationships of the local systems, which determine local development, was presented. Within its framework the relationships of valorisation and animation were identified as favourable for the local development, and also the relationships of suppression and depreciation as unfavourable for such development.
The second chapter discusses the implementation of local development concept. First the essence and the entities of local and supralocal policies of local development were presented. Next the reader’s attention was directed towards the issue of municipal governance of local development presenting it as the component of public governance. The mechanism of local development formation by the local authorities, using the instruments at their disposal, was also explained. It was followed by presenting the motives and the concept of strategic approach in the municipal governance of local development, showing them as an alternative for an administrative approach. Next the new, author’s category of supralocal perspective of municipal strategic governance of local development was defined. It consists of the characteristics of this governance related to supralocal relationships of a local system defined as exogenous utilitarianness, neo-endogenous absorptivity, protectiveness, retentionness and supralocal easementing, as well as the relevant activities of the local authorities.
The third chapter presents the analysis results of contemporary, world studies on supralocal relationships of local systems and their formation. On its basis the general research problem was identified and described, consisting in the insufficiency of knowledge in this matter despite the theoretical and practical rationale of having it. It was followed by presenting the reasons for which it is indispensable to carry out pilot, subject specific studies covering the selected group of local authorities and aimed at solving the fragment of this problem. The authorities of Polish small towns were selected as such a group. Next the supralocal reasons of contemporary socioeconomic situations of these towns were described in detail along with the interest in their supralocal relationships of science, local governments, supralocal authorities, business environments and the residents of these towns. Further part of this chapter presents the research goals, objects, strategy, methods and techniques, as well as the information sources. The adopted primary research goals were the identification of the characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development strategic governance of small towns, followed by enunciating the general characteristics of this perspective. The adopted secondary research goals were marking improvement methods of this governance perspective out along with the verification of usefulness of the selected information sources, research methods and techniques in diagnosing it.
The local authorities of 369 Polish towns with the residents’ number ranging from 5 to 20 thousand constituted the research population. The applied research method was a diagnostic survey using the technique of long personal interview, the method of content analysis using the encoding technique and the method of qualitative field research using the participant observation technique. The following information sources were adopted: town mayors, local development strategies and the groups of people playing key roles in the construction and implementation of these strategies. All the methods, techniques and sources were combined in accordance with triangulation research strategy. The chapter was completed with the description of the research questions and tools used and the report of the course of conducted research. The research results are presented in chapter four. It contains the detailed information how the studied authorities perceive the importance of particular supralocal relationships of their towns and their own roles in these relationships formation. It also includes information about the relationships which are mainly affected by exogenous utilitarianness, absorptivity, protectiveness and retentionness of strategic governance carried out by the analysed authorities, about the instruments used in this area and also about the positionality, neo-endogeneity and supralocal easementing of such governance. The provided information was illustrated by several comprehensive tables and several dozens graphs.
Based on the above information, the general characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development governance of Polish small towns is presented in the last, fifth chapter. Apart from its main components, i.e. the relationships perceived as strategically significant and formed on the strategic level, its unification was characterized along with its contextual specificity for the supralocal milieu. Fordist and Post-Fordist values dominating in this perspective of governance were also indicated. The impact of supralocal development policies, carried out by Polish state and regional authorities, on this governance, was also discussed. It was all concluded by the assessment of the level of transformation of administrative approach towards local development governance into a strategic one. Next, based on the analysis of legal acts, literature studies and cause and effect analysis the problem specific recommendations were made regarding the improvement of the discussed governance perspective. They were addressed to the analysed authorities, public governance related scientific environment and Polish state authorities. By analysing the course and the results of research the usefulness of methods, techniques and research tools, along with information sources in different, analogical studies, was also shown. The publication was finished with indicating the rationale, directions and methods for the conducted research continuation.

This study evaluates the implementation of the performance management system in the Ba-Phalaborwa municipality. This is pertinent because municipalities today have become focal points for service delivery. The key contribution of this article is the implementation model it posits. The study was essentially qualitative in design and used a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection.
The study discloses that the system is currently flawed because, among other things, there is minimal employee involvement in the planning of performance management; there is a lack of training opportunities to address identified weaknesses, non-payment of performance bonuses to good performing employees, and the majority of employees do not know their performance targets as reflected in the Service Delivery and Budget Implementation Plan.
The study proposes to the Ba-Phalaborwa municipality the payment of performance bonuses to good performing employees, to carry out consultations with all employees on the implementation of the system, and the cascading of the performance management to all lower level employees as part of the model. The correct implementation of a performance management system will serve as a means to enhance organisational efficiency, effectiveness and accountability in the use of resources and in accelerating access to good quality services towards the attainment of a better life for all.

The aim of this study is to investigate the image of municipalities and also to determine the things that give the city a positive image of the territory. Methodology: The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the ideas and paradigms that were developed in the works of leading domestic sociologists, cult urologists, economists, and marketers. The applied individual methods include comparative analysis, typology, classification method, questionnaire, method of analysis of social factors and events Results: The Program of socioeconomic development must be amended in the form of a subprogram for the formation of a positive image of the municipality of Chekhov, since today there are no projects or programs aimed at creating a positive image of the municipality to one degree or another, its popularization and perception among the local population and among tourists. Moreover, information support of the main assets of the municipality of Chekhov (information about the advantages of the territory, photographs and advertising leaflets) in social networks, the media, on the Internet, that is, marketing of historical and cultural heritage with a priority on the work of A.P. Chekhov Applications of this study: The formation of a favorable image is of fundamental importance primarily for residents of the municipality. It affects the creation and support of social optimism among the population, trust in the authorities and confidence in the future. Novelty of the study: The image of the municipality is formed from the priority elements of its structure and a set of certain factors of development and promotion of the territory. So, the novelty of this study is to asses this image in modern life.

The 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was the benchmark in the country’s history of democratic decentralization, which gave birth to the very basics of the Panchayati Raj system in India. Through this paper the author will try to find out how and why this process of democratic decentralization was came into being and how it has further increased the accountability among the government spheres. The very core idea which would be focused throughout the paper is how the Gandhian idea of ‘Villages as the soul of India’ has come into reality through the recommendation of the committee. The author would also try to analyze the recommendations in order to find some loopholes in the very idea of effective implementation of the Panchayati Raj system in Indian context.

The right to food is “the right to have regular, permanent access, directly or by means of financial purchases, to quantitatively and qualitatively adequate and sufficient food corresponding to the cultural traditions of people”.
How does the right to adequate food is protected in the city? What are the local policies that make it effective? In the proceedings of the international workshop "Food and city" held in Turin in November 2011, there is a compilation of good practices of the Municipality of Turin and other cities partners of the European project "4Cities4Dev. Four cities for development": Bilbao, Tours and Riga.

The public sector must undergo radical changes in the years ahead to cope with demographic and financial challenges. The use of technology, building innovation capabilities and digitalization through digital transformation projects are key factors to succeed with the change to realize expected benefits. The public sector has deep cultural and legacy roots where culture is the hardest part to change, which makes it complex to succeed with digital transformation projects. There are only a few references of relevant frameworks for digital transformation projects in the literature that can be applied directly to the public sector. In this paper three hypothesizes for future research will be presented.

The past decades have demonstrated the failures of top-down approaches towards waste management especially in developing countries. This has not only been attributed to technical and financial challenges, but also the low involvement of communities in service delivery. Whereas every person generates waste, they continue to be looked at as passive recipients of municipality services. Ultimately, citizens fail to recognize their role in waste management and become unwilling to either pay for service delivery or participate in clean-up campaigns. This paper reports on observation about community participation in service delivery in Bindura Town (Zimbabwe). Exploring community's innovations, attitudes and practices in solid waste management should provide lessons to policy makers on how service delivery can be enhanced by involving citizens.

Yerleşim yerlerinin yönetimi tarih boyunca üzerine tartışılan konulardan biridir. Bu konudaki tartışmaların daha ziyade yerleşim yerlerinde görülmesi gerekli hizmetler ve buna dair sorumluluklarla başladığı bilinmektedir. Siyasî, sosyal ve ekonomik sebepler yanında, 19. yüzyıl sonlarına doğru endüstrinin gelişmeye başlamasıyla birlikte, yerleşim alanları daha fazla nüfusu ve dolayısıyla daha fazla sorunu barındıran büyük kentlere dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Böylece bu tartışmalar, ölçek sorunları, yerel hizmetlerin daha etkin, verimli ve ekonomik gerçekleştirilmesi, yerel katılımın sağlanması ve demokrasinin daha iyi işletilmesi gibi yeni başlıklar etrafında şekillenmeye başlamıştır.
Ülkemizde modern anlamda kent yönetimi sayılabilecek ilk belediye, görev ve statüsü 13 Haziran 1854 tarihli bir nizamname ile düzenlenen İstanbul Şehremaneti olarak kabul edilmektedir. Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında, değişen dünyanın ve sorunları giderek büyüyen kentlerin bilincinde, ancak sorunlara yerel bakış açısıyla yaklaşamayan bir anlayış göze çarpsa da, belediyecilik gelişmeye devam etmiştir. İstanbul, Ankara ve İzmir gibi büyük kentlerin yönetiminde karşılaşılan zorluklar ve büyük yerleşim yerlerine özgü yönetim oluşturma tartışmaları sonunda, 1982 Anayasası bu konuyla ilgili bir hükme yer vermiştir. Böylece Türkiye’de büyükşehir belediye sistemi 1984 yılından itibaren uygulanmaya başlanmıştır.
Son olarak 2012 yılı aralık ayında çıkarılan 6360 sayılı Kanun, yerel yönetim mevzuatında, ilçe belediye yönetimlerini de etkileyen önemli değişiklikler yapmıştır. Bu kanun, büyükşehir belediye mücavir alanını il sınırına eşitlediği gibi, büyükşehir ilçe belediyelerinin mücavir alanını da ilçe belediye sınırına eşitlemektedir. Ayrıca il ve ilçelerde özel idareler kaldırılmış, bağlı belde belediyeleri ve köylerin tüzel kişilikleri kaldırılarak, önceki bağlı oldukları il veya ilçeye mahalle olarak bağlanmıştır. Büyükşehir belediyesi ve ilçe belediyeleri arasında görev ve yetki bölüşümü yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Büyükşehir belediyeleri, il sınırı içindeki su ve kanalizasyon, mezarlık, meydan ve anayolları, karla mücadele çalışmaları gibi konularda yetkili ve sorumlu olmuştur.
2014 yerel seçimlerinden sonra uygulanmaya başlayan yeni büyükşehir modelinin, pratikte idarî, siyasî, sosyal ve kentsel etkileri görülmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, 6360 sayılı yasa hakkında bilgi verilerek, yasaya yönelik eleştiriler ve değerlendirmelere kısaca değinilecektir. Yeni büyükşehir sisteminin, en geniş coğrafî sınırlara sahip Konya ili uygulamasında Bozkır ilçesinin kent yönetiminde idarî, siyasî, malî yapıya ve hizmet sunumuna etkileri üzerinde durulacaktır. Yeni modelin Bozkır ilçesini hangi boyutlarda nasıl etkilediği, Bozkır’a ilişkin verilerin tablolaştırılması yoluyla incelenecektir.

The Kerala High Court on Thursday, 30 July 2015 in a judgment titled ‘Havva T.P. Vs. Tirur Municipality‘ has opined that the Municipality is not at liberty to saddle the land owners by the proposed public purpose provided under a Detailed Town Plan Scheme (D.T.P.), without the land being acquired by the State Government or the Municipality for the purpose notified under the Scheme.

The paper is aims empirically to demonstrate the role of public involvement in destination branding within a concrete sub-region in Bulgaria (selected municipality). It is considered that such surveys are vital for understanding the community position, expectations and self-understanding. For all these reasons the destination branding envisioning process should be publicly driven and based on stakeholder values and shared agreement.

- Öz -
Büyükşehirlerin yönetilmesi geçmişten günümüze üzerinde tartışılan sorunlardan biridir. Bu tartışmalar daha çok ölçek sorunları, yerel hizmetlerin daha etkin, verimli ve ekonomik gerçekleştirilmesi, yerel katılımın sağlanması ve demokrasinin daha iyi işletilmesi üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Türkiye'de 1984 yılından itibaren uygulanmaya başlayan büyükşehir belediye sistemi, takip eden dönemlerde yeni büyükşehirlerin ilave edilmesi yanında yarıçapa dayalı genişletme ve bütünleştirme gibi yeni modellerden faydalanarak gelişme göstermiştir. Son olarak 2012 yılı Aralık ayında çıkarılan ve yerel yönetim mevzuatında önemli değişiklikler yapan 6360 sayılı Kanun, ölçek sorunu başta olmak üzere diğer bütün sorunlar üzerindeki tartışmaları yeniden ve daha güçlü bir şekilde gündeme getirmiştir. Bu Kanunun getirdiği yeniliklerden biri de belediye mücavir alanını il sınırına eşitlemesidir. Ayrıca ikili bir yapı oluşturacak şekilde, sadece büyükşehirlerde il özel idarelerinin, belde belediyelerinin ve köylerin tüzel kişilikleri kaldırılmış, köyler mahalleye dönüştürülmüştür. Bu durum, coğrafî sınırları çok geniş olan illerde yerel hizmetlerin etkin, verimli ve ekonomik olarak yerine getirilmesi, siyasal katılımın sağlanması ve demokrasinin işlemesi ile ilgili tereddütler doğurmuştur. 2014 yerel seçimlerinden sonra uygulanmaya başlayan yeni büyükşehir modelinin, pratikte idarî, siyasî, sosyal ve kentsel etkileri görülmeye başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle Türk yerel yönetim sistemi içinde büyükşehir yönetim sisteminin tarihi gelişimi üzerinde ana hatlarıyla durulacaktır. 6360 sayılı Kanuna yönelik eleştiriler ve değerlendirmelere kısaca değinilecektir. Son olarak, yeni büyükşehir sisteminin, en geniş coğrafî sınırlara sahip Konya ili özelindeki etkileri değerlendirilecektir. Yeni modelin Konya ilini hangi boyutlarda nasıl etkilediği, Konya'ya ilişkin verilerin tablolaştırılması yoluyla incelenecektir.
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-Abstract-
The administration of metropolitan cities is one of the problems discussed since the past until today. These debates focus rather on the issues of scale, realization of more effective, efficient and economic local services, ensuring local participation and strengthening democracy. The metropolitan municipal system, which has been implemented in Turkey since 1984, has been improved by adding new metropolitan cities in the following periods and benefiting from new models such as radius-based expansion and integration. Recently, Law No. 6360 issued in December 2012 made important changes in local government legislation. The discussions on all the other problems, especially the scale problem, have come to the agenda again and more strongly. One of the innovations brought by this law is the equalization of municipalities' contiguous area to the borders of the province. In addition, the law creates a dual structure: the legal entities of provincial special administrations, town municipalities and villages have been abolished only in the municipal cities. The villages have been transformed into the neighborhoods. This has created doubts about the effective, efficient and economic fulfillment of local services, the provision of political participation and the implementation of democracy in the provinces having very wide geographical boundaries. Administrative, political, social and urban influences of the new metropolitan model, which has started to be implemented after the local elections in 2014, have begun to be seen in practice. In this study, primarily the historical development of the metropolitan administration system within the Turkish local government system will be outlined. Critics and evaluations on the Law No. 6360 will be briefly mentioned. Finally, the effects of the new metropolitan system will be evaluated on the case of Konya province with the widest geographical boundaries. The issue of how and in which dimensions the new model impacted Konya will be examined by tabulating the data on Konya.

Од суштинско значење за квалитетот на живот во секое населено место е постоењето на зелени површини. Проучвањето на урбанистичките и еколошките проблеми на зелениот систем на град Скопје даде основа да се направат изводи за состојбата на зелените површини во градот, но исто така и да се формулират прогнози во однос на нивниот иден развој. Во процесот на проучувањето беше направен хронолошки преглед на урбанистичкото планирање на Скопје од почетокот на XX век до денес. Заедно со тоа се анализира и еволуцијата во планирањето на зелениот систем, кој што е еден од основните структурни елементи на градот.

The administrative management of Sobrarbe Geopark in the Spanish Pyrenees, which is comprised of only one municipality, is examined and compared with that of Japanese geoparks, most of which are overseen by municipalities. The results showed the importance of administrative management such as ease of implementing policies regarding geological and geomorphological aspects and collaboration with school education. On the other hand, Sobrarbe Geopark has not benefited from proactive efforts by the private sector, and its activities focus on geological aspects due to vertically divided administrative functions. However, the example of Sobrarbe Geopark is helpful to geoparks in Japan in terms of partnership protocol agreements with enterprises in geopark areas, setting geological routes for mountain biking, etc.

Bài viết này trao đổi về những yếu tố chi phối đến việc lựa chọn các mô hình quản lý đô thị theo cách tiếp cận về chiều tác động và các điều kiện giới hạn.  Những ý kiến trình bày có thể sử dụng làm cơ sở cơ sở lý luận, giải thích cho những lựa chọn và xây dựng phương án cải cách hệ thống quản lý đô thị ở Việt Nam trong tương lai.

The aim of paper is to detect a relative measure of financial autonomy Ilava district municipalities for the period 2010-2014. The necessary data derived from the Final accounts of municipalities and real implementation of their multi-annual budget. Subsequently, the group analyzed their own revenues, the amount of which was converted during each year per capita. In this way, we managed to find the average value for each municipality as well as the relative size of the financial autonomy of all surveyed municipalities Ilavský district collectively studied for 5 years. In addition to determining the extent of financial autonomy of the municipalities is the added value comparison of the results of the groups largest, larger, smaller and smallest municipalities in terms of population.

The article defines the place of cultural policy for little municipalities in the times of crisis and the possibilities for their development, which it gives. There is a lot of potential in the field of cultural events, which have not been used to their best adventage. It is presented here the case of Kavarna where we can see the results of adequate cultural policy, held and supported by the local authorities. This city is a solid proof of the significant role of cultural policy.

In this study, the tender method explained which is used while performing tasks and obligations of municipalities, and while providing services. Tender laws used throughout the history of Turkey, and final Public Procurement Law No 4734 evaluated. The Law No 4734 has been prepared within the context of harmonization of acquis communautaire, and it is aimed to eliminate missing points. Beginning from the enforcement of the law, Municipalities have been performing any type of tendering and procurement/purchase for any goods or services in accordance with Law No 4734. With the Public Procurement Law, it is aimed to use public resources in an efficient, effective, and competitive way, and meet the needs on time and under favorable conditions, and additionally some basic principles and rules have been stipulated. Achieving the goals in the public sector can also be possible only if the personnel and administration who are in charge of execution of tender procedure abide the principles in the Law. Municipalities should provide training on tender legislation for the employees who are performing tender procedure, and follow up recent improvements. Also, necessary updates should be done on Public Procurement Law and sub-laws so as to meet latest requirements.

-ÖZET-
Yerküre üzerinde nüfusun artması, kent politikalarının değişmesi ve sürdürülebilirlik ve geri dönüşüm kavramlarının popülerlik kazanması ile
artık akıllı kentler kavramı ön plana çıkmaktadır. Akıllı kentler yalnızca elektronik veya dijital olanaklardan yararlanan kent olarak
değerlendirilemez. Sosyoekonomik olarak insan paydaşı ile beraber kentin sürdürülebilir bir yaşam alanına dönüşebilmesi ve çevresel
tehlikelerin ve risklerin en aza indirildiği bir habitat oluşturabilmektir. Bu bakımdan kentlerin en önemli sorunları olarak görünün katı atıkların geri
dönüşüme kazandırılabilmesi ile birlikte insana zarar vermeden doğa ile buluşabilmesi için akıllı kent uygulamaları önem arz etmektedir. Bu
çalışmada akıllı kentler kavramı üzerinden ülkemizde atık yönetimine yönelik olarak yapılan çalışmalar üzerinden “gelecekte neler yapılabilir?”
sorusunun yanıtı aranmaktadır.
***
ABSTRACT
With the increase of population on the earth, the change of city politics and the popularity of sustainability and recycling concepts, the concept of
smart cities now stands out. Smart cities cannot be considered as cities that only benefit from electronic or digital opportunities.
Socioeconomically, together with human stakeholders, the city can be transformed into a sustainable living space and a habitat can be created
where environmental hazards and risks are minimized. In this respect, as the most important problems of the cities, seem to be the recycling of
solid wastes together with intelligent urban practices to be able to meet with nature without harming human beings are important. In this study,
the answer to the question "what can be done in the future" is sought through the studies made on waste management in our country through
the concept of smart cities.

Türkiye coğrafyasına özgü merkezileşme / yerelleşme tartışmalarının önemli bir ayağı eksiktir. Başta merkez ve yerel olmak üzere kavramlar, mekan ve zaman bağlamına oturtulmadan aceleyle kullanılmaktadır. Oysa merkezileşme / yerelleşme, feodal ilişkilerin
egemen olduğu imparatorluk çağında feodalizmden kapitalizme, imparatorluktan uluslaşmaya giden bir yoldur. Diğer taraftan Cumhuriyet‟in ilanı sonrasındaki tartışmalar ise ulus devlet içerisinde siyasal ve yönetsel gücün kuruluşuna dair yönelimlerde yoğunlaşır. Kısacası, kavramlar farklı tarihsel kesitlerde farklı doğuş – gelişme nedenselliğine sahiptir; dahası, söz konusu tarihsel kesitlerde merkezileşme / yerelleşme kavramları siyasal alanda birer doktrin haline gelmiştir.

Günümüzde literatürde kabul edildiği gibi, Tanzimat Döneminde merkezileşme / yerelleşme kavramları, Osmanlı Ahrar Fırkası ile İttihat ve Terakki Fırkası arasındaki siyasal çatışmanın ana eksenidir. Merkezileşme ve yerelleşme kavramlarının özü bu doktriner çatışmanın taraflarınca şekillenmiştir. Söz konusu kavramsal öz, Cumhuriyet Dönemine aktarılır ve “süreklilik” vurgulanır. Oysa Cumhuriyet‟in ilanı sonrasında kavramlar farklı bir doğuş ve gelişme nedenselliğine sahip olmalıdır. Bu varsayımla yola çıkılan çalışmada, merkezileşme sorunu Cumhuriyet‟in kuruluş dönemi bağlamında ele alınacaktır. Nitekim, Cumhuriyet‟in ilanı sonrasında kavramlar, yeni bir siyasal çatışmanın ana eksenlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Bu çatışmada “belediye başkanlarının seçimle mi atama ile mi gelmesi” tartışması öne çıkar. Çalışmada, tartışma bağlamında tarihsel kesitteki siyasal-yönetsel ve hukuki gelişmeler dönem kaynaklarından takip edilmiş, merkezileşme / yerelleşmenin Cumhuriyet Dönemine özgü kuramsal açıklaması ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.

ÖZET Yöneten-yönetilen arasında yaşanan bir takım sorunlar uzun yıllar kendisini kamu yönetiminde göstermiştir. Yeni iletişim teknolojileri ve bu teknolojilerin sunduğu bir takım kolaylıklar bu sorunların çözümünde yeni fırsatlar doğurmuştur. Bu anlamda belediyelerin kamularını tanıma ve yaptığı faaliyetleri kamularına tanıtmanın öneminin farkına varılmasıyla birlikte kullanılan yeni iletişim araçlarından birisi de internettir. Çalışma ile hedef gruplarla interaktiflik, doğrudan iletişim, yaygın iletişim gibi imkanları sağlayan internet ortamından belediyelerin yaptıkları hizmetleri aktarmada ve vatandaşın istek ile beklentilerini öğrenmede ne kadar yararlandıkları sorgulanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Konya Merkez İlçeleri olan Meram, Karatay ve Selçuklu Belediyeleri'nin web sayfaları biçimsel olarak ve tanıma-tanıtma ekseninde içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışmanın en önemli bulgusu, belediye web sayfalarının tanıma açısından yeterli olmasına karşın, tanıtma çalışmalarında bazı önemli sorunlar barındırmasıdır.

In our country, which is governed by representative democracy; Although the main purpose of supporting participatory democracy, transparency, accountability, citizenship that is sensitive and responsible for the life and the environment in which it is living, the locality that is guided by national policies as well as facilitating the realization of its unique potentials, correct policies have not been produced in this way. For this reason, the Local Governments have tried to intervene in the spatial policies towards creating sustainable, livable and populist living environments.
Board policies with a process in national and regional management; A planning approach in this comprehensive planning will not take the cities towards its room; rural settlements, rural-urban integrity will also be aimed at internal and rural development, and will also include tools and those around them. The management and planning approach is approaching, a process that is closed to open groups, starting from the national scale, will be realized in the level and integrity of regions, regions, provinces, districts and rural areas.

The article discusses a conceptual approach to the modernization of socioeconomic
programs in the region. A program-target approach is proposed as one of
the methods of the management process, being a way to solve complex and major
problems by carrying out and developing a system of program measures aimed at
goals whose achievement provides a solution to the problems that have arisen.

This research focuses on two purposes : first, the historical change of Lampang Urban Planning, and, second, the power relations  between the practice of town planning and the management of city area by policy and action in historical context. Drawing upon contemporary documents and the interview of people who participated in 1899-2013 A.D., this qualitative historical research found that, firstly, over a century the management of Lampang city had been changed by Modernity from the city's activities and land use in several factors. There are 3 turning points that have caused the change of Lampang city: first, the opening of Lampang train station and railway transportation in 1916 that had caused expansion of the city at its southwest side; second, the establishment of Lampang municipality in 1935 that decentralized the power to the people to govern themselves and manage their city; and, third, the making of Lampang Comprehensive plan in 1990 that re-centralized the power of city management back to the government and the expert of urban planning discipline. The second finding of this study is that the management of city could not be separated from politics and economy. The political structure that had been centralized with long term undemocratic government and lack of stability affected the policy and continuity of the city management. Town planning acts in 1975 grasped back the authority of planning to the government and the expert of town planning. The town planning territory of Lampang comprehensive plan had also been overlapped by the several municipalities. The centralization caused late decision, making action of town planning less effective. As a result, the management of Lampang city had been disintegrated from the action of town planning practice./ ผลการศึกษาประการแรกพบว่า ในระยะเวลากว่า 100 ปี การจัดการเกี่ยวกับพื้นที่เมืองลำปางเปลี่ยนแปลงพร้อมกับความทันสมัย (Modernity) ที่เปลี่ยนแปลงกิจกรรมและการใช้ที่ดินของเมืองในปัจจัยที่แตกต่างกันไป โดยมีจุดเปลี่ยนสำคัญอยู่ 3 ประการนั่นคือ การมาถึงของรถไฟในปี 2459 ที่ทำให้เกิดย่านเมืองใหม่ทางทิศตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ของเมือง, การจัดตั้งเทศบาลเมืองลำปางในปี 2478 ที่ทำให้อำนาจท้องถิ่นสามารถจัดการพื้นที่เมืองของตนเองได้ และสุดท้ายคือการประกาศเขตผังเมืองรวมในปี 2533 ที่ทำให้การจัดการพื้นที่เมืองถูกรวมศูนย์กลับไปที่ส่วนกลาง พร้อมกับอำนาจการครอบงำของผู้เชี่ยวชาญเฉพาะด้าน  ในประการที่สองพบว่า การบริหารจัดการพื้นที่เมืองแยกไม่ออกจากอำนาจทางการเมืองและเศรษฐกิจ  โครงสร้างการเมืองที่รวมศูนย์ ไม่เป็นประชาธิปไตยและขาดเสถียรภาพ ย่อมส่งผลกระทบต่อนโยบายและความต่อเนื่องในการจัดการพื้นที่เมือง เมื่อพระราชบัญญัติการผังเมือง พ.ศ. 2518 ได้รวบรวมอำนาจการจัดการเกี่ยวกับผังเมืองกลับไปอยู่ในมือข้าราชการกระทรวงมหาดไทยและผู้เชี่ยวชาญ ทั้งยังมีขอบเขตที่เหลื่อมซ้อนกับหลายองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น การรวมศูนย์ทำให้การตัดสินใจและปฏิบัติการผังเมืองล่าช้า ทั้งยังขาดประสิทธิภาพ จนทำให้การบริหารจัดการเมืองแยกขาดออกจากปฏิบัติการผังเมืองไปในที่สุด

Citizens and public organisations are increasingly engaging in the co-creation of public services. To be successful, such co-creation efforts require public organisations to engage in organisational learning about citizens' value-creation processes. The purpose of this paper is to explore the antecedents of such organisational learning, drawing on Payne, Storbacka, and Frow's framework about value co-creation management. A model consisting of five factors is suggested and tested via a survey administered to a sample of 204 local government administrators in Italy. The findings highlight the significance of two positive antecedents (public administrators' level of citizen orientation and expected benefits from co-creation) and three negative antecedents (perceived citizens' lack of competencies and experience, perceived biases in citizens' perceptions, and lack of resources) of organisational learning. From the managerial perspective, the model tested in this study can be used by public organisations to evaluate their level of organisational learning.

Can a court order the disconnection of electricity supply if the tenant fails to pay for such services? Would it strengthen the landlord’s case if the landlord pays for electricity consumption for all the tenants through the rental and should he or she fail to pay the municipality, the services would be disconnected for the entire building. The disconnection would consequently affect other tenants who pay their share to the landlord for the services consumed. The Western Cape court’s judgment, appears to signal the possibility of similar judgments to deal with errant tenants.

Study on the “political communication” between the Portuguese monarchy and municipal councils of colonial Brazil. First, it addresses the Brazilian historiographical debate, and then analyzes quantitatively the letters and representations of colonial cameras sent to the metropolitan administration between 1640 and 1807. Finally, it detects a change in the administration of the Portuguese monarchy in the second half of the eighteenth century, responsible for reducing the bargaining power of municipalities.
Key words
Monarchy – local power – municipalities – colony-­‐‑metropolis

This article measures the expectations of citizens against local government’s
legislative mandate to deliver services to citizens within the context of the
Molemole and Blouberg Municipalities in Limpopo. In doing so, it aims to
contribute the discourse on governance from the perspective of the governed.
The qualitative study utilized purposive sampling and collected data using
unstructured questionnaires; individual and focus group interviews, observation
and participatory tools. The key findings are that citizens in the study area are in
dire need of the following services: water, electricity, sanitation and sewerage,
road maintenance services, housing, refuse removal and health services in that
order; and that citizens were unclear about the functions of national, provincial
and local government in relation to housing, health and other services. They felt
that a local municipality has the responsibility to tar and maintain roads within
its jurisdiction, including district roads and even to provide housing and health
services. They also felt that, while local government is touted as the sphere that
brings government closer to the people, it has not been accorded the necessary
powers and functions to provide basic services to communities at a satisfactory
level. As a result, since the dawn of democracy in South Africa, communities
have lost faith in the ability of local municipalities to improve their welfare.