Noise analysis

Accurate and detailed noise calculations for operational amplifier circuits using MATLAB are proposed. The analysis of the basic op amp circuits (inverting, non-inverting and differential circuits) is performed taking into account the specifics of current and voltage amplifiers. The MATLAB function m-files are developed to predict the noise. The following characteristics are calculated: total output spot noise voltage; total equivalent

This paper presents an Operational Transconductance Amplifier realized using Floating Gate MOSFETs only. This can be used as Neuron Activation Function with wide linear range and adaptable threshold level and slope. This circuit is suitable for analog signal processing and neural network applications. This circuit generates log sigmoid and tan sigmoid NAF functions simultaneously. In this circuit the parameters of NAF function can be easily changed by changing voltage at the control gate of FGMOSFET. The linear range of the proposed FGMOSFET based OTA circuit is large and is equal to 2 V with a power supply of +0.75 V. Power analysis and noise analysis of the proposed circuit is performed. Mismatch study is performed using Monte Carlo simulation. TSPICE simulation results using 2 mum N-well process are presented. Layout design of the circuit is done using L-Edit in Tanner Tool.

Increased noise level with the technological advancement becomes a serious problem in the textile industry and it has become a crucial occupational hazard to its workers. Maximum noise level of some textile machines is as high as 95dB and locating many machines inside a single room causes to increase the cumulative noise level by at least 5dB beyond maximum noise level of a machine. So the noise level inside a textile factory is well above the limits specified by NIOSH and it amounts to be hazardous. This article analyzes the quality of noise and its distribution inside the factory. A mathematical model is developed to predict the noise distribution pattern and the model is validated with the noise data gathered following the standard methods. Economically viable noise control panels are designed and carry out a pilot implementation in order to prove the effectiveness of the noise control method experimentally. Further, authors present the potential applications of the proposed design and evaluate its usefulness.

An experimental prototype is presented that illustrates the implementation aspects and feasibility of the novel ring resonator-based optical beamformer concept that has been developed and analyzed in Part I of this paper . This concept can be used for seamless control of the reception angle in broadband wireless receivers employing a large phased array antenna (PAA). The design, fabrication, and characterization of a dedicated chip are described, in which an 81 optical beamforming network, an optical sideband filter for single-sideband suppressed carrier modulation, and a carrier re-insertion coupler for balanced optical detection are integrated. The chip was designed for satellite television reception using a broadband PAA, and was realized in a low-loss, CMOS-compatible optical waveguide technology. Tuning is performed thermo-optically, with a switching time of 1 ms. Group delay response and power response measurements show the correct operation of the OBFN and OSBF, respectively. Measurements on a complete beamformer prototype (including the electro-optical and opto-electrical conversions) demonstrate an optical sideband suppression of 25 dB, RF-to-RF delay generation up to 0.63 ns with a phase accuracy better than /10 radians, and coherent combining of four RF input signals, all in a frequency range of 1–2 GHz.

A novel optical beamformer concept is introduced that can be used for seamless control of the reception angle in broadband wireless receivers employing a large phased array antenna (PAA). The core of this beamformer is an optical beamforming network (OBFN), using ring resonator-based broadband delays, and coherent optical combining. The electro-optical conversion is performed by means of single-sideband suppressed carrier modulation, employing a common laser, Mach-Zehnder modulators, and a common optical sideband filter after the OBFN. The unmodulated laser signal is then re-injected in order to perform balanced coherent optical detection, for the opto-electrical conversion. This scheme minimizes the requirements on the complexity of the OBFN, and has potential for compact realization by means of full integration on chip. The impact of the optical beamformer concept on the performance of the full receiver system is analyzed, by modeling the combination of the PAA and the beamformer as an equivalent two-port RF system. The results are illustrated by a numerical example of a PAA receiver for satellite TV reception, showing that—when properly designed—the beamformer hardly affects the sensitivity of the receiver.

IBM's high-performance microprocessor designs leverage internally developed electronic design automation tools to create high-frequency, power efficient, and robust microprocessors. This paper describes some of the tools employed in the custom circuit design methodology in IBM. The tools described include a transistor-level block-based static timer, a static noise analysis methodology, and a transistor width tuner that optimizes performance and area. We also describe the application of electrical rule checking used to enforce consistent design practices. Finally, we discuss a macro extraction tool that determines parasitic resistance and capacitance of interconnect from a layout

Temporal and spatial noise sets a fundamental limit on image sensor performance, especially for low light applications. The temporal noise in CMOS APS is due to the reset noise, low frequency noise and thermal noise, and the spatial noise which associated to threshold voltage variations in transistors in the readout circuit. In this paper, analytical noise analysis of temporal noise in APS sensors is presented. We analyse the noise, for each stage of the sensor operation, taking nonlinearity into account. Using PSPICE simulations, we find the noise due to the readout circuit versus MOS dimensions and bias voltage of the load transistor of the first follower stage.

This paper describes a road traffic noise calculation and visualization package TNoiseGIS. It is implemented by utilizing the inbuilt database and spatial routines of a popular commercial Geographical Information System (GIS). The noise calculations can be made according to either of two alternative noise calculation models: the UK CORTN and US FHWA models. These models are applicable for calculating noise levels along highways with free flowing traffic. By applying the inbuilt spatial operations to the geographically located information, noise emission values can automatically be provided for any number of receptor points using either algorithm. The graphical user interface of the GIS simplifies the input of the attributes of the different receptor points and road links. Line and block barriers can be defined and applied with the interpolation technique for calculating traffic noise on receiver points along the back edge of barrier parallel to roadway. As a result, all noise levels behind the barrier can be efficiently estimated. In addition to the calculation of noise emission values for a specified set of receptor points, the variation in the noise levels along the highway can be visualized in the form of noise contours. Such contours provide a visual description of the soundscape and also information on the importance of different factors for soundscape quality. By changing traffic flow parameters such as the localization of planned roads, dwellings, and barriers with different size and location, TNoiseGIS functions as a road traffic noise prediction tool and a tool for planning environmentally friendly road and road traffic noise solutions. The noise calculations and visualization algorithms are implemented by means of scripts that will be made available at a lower cost and also user modifiable.

Accurate and detailed noise calculations for operational amplifier circuits using MATLAB are proposed. The analysis of the basic op amp circuits (inverting, non-inverting and differential circuits) is performed taking into account the specifics of current and voltage amplifiers. The MATLAB function m-files are developed to predict the noise. The following characteristics are calculated: total output spot noise voltage; total equivalent

AlGaN-GaN heterostructures with different Al concentrations (20, 27, and 35%) were grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on sapphire substrates. Ti-Al-Ti-Au ohmic contact optimization was investigated at different temperatures and annealing time. Heterojunction field effect transistors (HFET) with a gate length of 0.25 μm were fabricated. Low contact resistances of 0.2, 0.26, and 0.33 Ω·mm were obtained for HFET device samples with Al concentrations of 20, 27, and 35%, respectively. For Al concentration of 20, 27, and 35%, the AlGaN-GaN devices exhibited extrinsic transconductances of 143, 152, and 210 mS/mm, Idss of 398, 566, and 784 mA/mm, unity cutoff frequencies (fT) of 24.9, 34.6, and 50 GHz and maximum oscillation frequencies (fMAX) of 54.9, 61.8, and 100.9 GHz and minimum noise figures (Fmin) of 2.01, 1.47, and 1.02 dB at 12GHz, respectively. The calculated minimum noise figures have a good agreement with the measured values for all the devices with different Al mole fractions. The noise analysis shows that intrinsic noise of these AlGaN-GaN FETs plays a prominent part in the noise behavior because of improved device parasitics.