Rurality

As desigualdades de gênero no mundo rural produzem a invisibilidade das atividades produtivas e reprodutivas das mulheres na agricultura familiar, afetando as representações sociais e o seu reconhecimento enquanto trabalhadoras e sujeitos políticos, econômicos e sociais. Assim, através de um trabalho de natureza qualitativa, exploratória e bibliográfica, e utilizando os conceitos de gênero e patriarcado, este ensaio apresenta os resultados de uma reflexão preliminar sobre a construção do conhecimento das mulheres agricultoras agroecológicas a partir da pesquisa das Cadernetas Agroecológicas enquanto uma ferramenta político-pedagógica de reconhecimento de sua atividade produtiva e de transformação social. O estudo nos abriu para perceber como o projeto político de reconhecimento do trabalho das agricultoras agroecológicas na produção e reprodução da vida lhes conduziu a um processo de construção de sua autonomia política, social e econômica, a partir da produção do reconhecimento das estruturas de poder que fundamentam as desigualdades, do questionamento das práticas e representações sociais do mundo rural, do reconhecimento do valor monetário e social do seu trabalho e da ressignificação de suas identidades enquanto sujeitos a partir do reconhecimento individual pela força e ações do coletivo.

Purpose This purpose of this study was to investigate how consumers’ degree of rurality and preference for specific ad types are associated with their attitude toward femvertising (pro-female advertising). Design/methodology/approach An online survey of US-based respondents over 18 years of age was administered by Qualtrics Panels from February 7 to February 15, 2018. The final sample included 418 respondents. Findings The more urban the respondents’ location was, the more educated they were, leading to more support for gender equality but not a more positive attitude to femvertising. Liking of ads described as “funny,” “with a message” and “emotional” was associated with a more positive attitude toward femvertising. Research limitations/implications The findings were limited by the use of a convenience sample and the limited variance in participants’ rurality owing to the prevalence of respondents based in or near metropolitan areas. Future research should seek to understand how, i...

Das Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit entspricht einem Bedarf der aktuellen Wissenschaft, die sich mit der Problematik noch selten beschäftigt hat. Zudem ist der Versuch, dem Begriff 'Kleinstadt' eine allgemeine Bedeutung zu geben, gescheitert. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es aber nicht, das Wesen von Kleinstädten herauszufinden, sondern was der Begriff 'Kleinstadt' hervorruft und mit welchen Bildern er assoziiert wird. In diesem Buch werden folglich die Vorstellungen von Kleinstädten erfasst und die Lebensstile in Kleinstädten analysiert. Die Hypothese ist, dass es einen Widerspruch zwischen den ruralen Vorstellungen von Kleinstädten einerseits und den urbanen Lebensstilen von den Einwohnern der Kleinstädte andererseits gibt. Außerdem wird hier eine neue Methode, basiert auf einer quantitativen Analyse von Zeichnungen, durchgeführt.

In this paper I demonstrate how an attention to rural queerness offers a beneficial and necessary opportunity to examine queer subjectivies through the lens of space, place, and class. I highlight how individuals' claims to queerness can actually be embeddd within identifications with class and place. I demonstrate how identifications with place are illustrative of a broader coneption of rurality, an often-ignored yet immensely pervasive thread of identity, which, governed by familiarity, familial affiliation, and community participation, can actually provide rural queer individuals with a means of both acceptance and queer expression alternative to dominant models. I illustrate how rurality is not only absent from hegemonic urban conceptualizations of queer visibility, but is actually incompatible with the basic tenets of mainstream urban queer visibility politics. Rurality thus provides a compelling vehicle of critique and alternative envisioning for contemporary queer politics and subjectivities.

Nativitas, al sur del estado de Tlaxcala, es uno de los municipios más antiguos del estado, enclavado en el centro del valle poblano tlaxcalteca, se caracteriza por la calidad de sus tierras y la abundancia de agua para labores agropecuarias. En este libro se reúne un amplio acervo de información para comprender su historia agrícola, los cambios económicos, socioculturales y territoriales.
La obra contiene estudios etnográficos e históricos que analizan el reparto agrario, el proceso de industrialización, las transformaciones de los mercados laborales, las migraciones, el deterioro ambiental, la reorganización de los grupos domésticos y de la vida comunitaria; asimismo, presenta una amplia cartografía de la región. La publicación de estos materiales busca difundir las problemáticas que aquejan a los nativitenses y tlaxcaltecas y, al mismo tiempo, explicar las bases de la reproducción material y simbólica y los comportamientos de las sociedades rurales en la actualidad.

Colombia is one of the largest pesticide consumers in South America. These products have a variety of negative consequences on the health of rural populations, especially neurocognitive disorders in children. In this work, the prenatal and postnatal exposure to pesticides was evaluated and the association between the cognitive capacity of school-age children in rural areas of the city of Bogotá, Colombia, investigated. Separate multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate associations of pesticide exposure measures and WISC-IV scales, adjusted for child sex, maternal educational attainment, growth retardation, and effect modification explored by sex, using a cross products term of 232 children between the ages of 7 and 10. It was found that among all children, pesticide exposure at school was associated with a worse working memory index (ß = −3.40; 95%CI; −6.6; −0.2) and a worst verbal comprehension index (ß = −3.2; 95%CI; −6.5; −0.2). Among girls, pesticide use at home was associated with a worse processing speed index (ß = −5.1; 95% CI; −10.1; −0.20) but not among boys (ß = 1.73; 95% CI; −2.6; 6.9). This revealed an association between the prenatal and postnatal exposure reported and some IQ sub-indices of children aged between 7 and 10 years residing in the rural areas of Usme and Sumapaz in the city of Bogotá, Colombia.

Gerontologists have promoted positive representations of ageing to challenge stereotypes of degeneration and decline, in order to change social practices and to encourage wellbeing . Subsequently, a range of 'active ageing' policy frameworks, in which physical activity has been a key component, have been promoted (see British Heart Foundation, 2007a;. However, instead of promoting wellbeing in older age, the positive / successful ageing discourse has created, by default, binary subject positions which most older people largely embody: the "good", fit, slim, third ager and the "bad", sedentary, overweight, fourth ager. This is partly due to the unproblematic assumption that people are able, have the resources, and want to be physically active in later life . This thesis explores the experiences of physical activity amongst older people in rural West Sussex, examining the factors that affect their ability to be physically active, their preferences for physical activities and the reasons for their choices. A narrative inquiry was the chosen research design, triangulating focus groups, narrative interviews, activity diaries and re-interviews, using visual elicitation. Findings indicate that a number of corporeal, socio-cultural and discursive factors affect older people's ability to be physically active in rural West Sussex. Furthermore, this thesis makes a number of social policy recommendations, including the importance of promoting socially-centred physical activity, and tailoring health and wellbeing social policy in later life to the local area. Finally, the theoretical framework contributes to Frank"s (1991) theory of the body, by introducing a spatial component to understand corporeal identity.

The Upper Hunter region of New South Wales (NSW) around Scone is reputed to be the second most significant thoroughbred breeding region in the world after the Bluegrass region of Kentucky. This article identifies the importance and cultural constructions of grass, and hence water, in the thoroughbred breeding industry in this region. Thoroughbred stud managers attempt to produce environments attractive to potential horse purchasers and owners with mares to be mated. These environments are constructed from perceptions of how a thoroughbred stud should appear, and from the physical conditions of specific locations. One perception is that the grass should be green. There are differing opinions in the thoroughbred breeding industry about the nutritional value of irrigated grasses, the role of these grasses in horse development and the associated access to, cost of and efficacy of water used for this purpose. The paper concludes that effective water management in this industry is only possible if various cultures of nature are understood, where necessary challenged, and subsequently included in policy and planning.

The study examined the influence of media reportage in economic development in rural
communities in terms of economic knowledge, training and management using Ilemona
community in Oyun Local Government area of Kwara state, Nigeria as a study.
The study was grounded in multiple media-related theories such as the Development Media
Theory, Democratic – Participant Media Theory and Participatory Development Communication
(PDC) Theory to understand the nature and philosophy of community participation in
development processes.
The study utilized the survey method as research design, and to obtain data, structured close-
ended questionnaire were administered to respondents drawn from the community.
The study finds that respondents get enlightened through information disseminated in the
economic programmes aired by radio thereby improving their standard of living, economic
standard and development in the community. The study concludes that informative attributes
of broadcast economic programmes improve their awareness in terms of economic knowledge,
training and management.

Historically rooted in cities, GLBT identities and communities
have been mapped onto a narrative of rural-to-urban migration.
Often represented as homophobic, rural space is valued insofar
as it is left behind. !is article posits rurality as an often-ignored
yet pervasive thread of identity, which is absent from hegemonic
conceptualizations of queer visibility. While urban queer visibil-
ity politics center on the di"erent-but-equal paradigm, I argue
that rural queer visibility politics involve a delicate balance of
queerness and localness, putting forth an approach of di"erent-
but-similar. !e construction of GLBT identities in non-urban
contexts may therefore complicate dominant conceptions of the
closet model.

On June 23rd, 2014 Reverend Charles Moore drove his car to a nearly empty parking lot, doused himself in gasoline, and committed self-immolation in the small town of Grand Saline, my hometown in East Texas. Leaving a note on his windshield claiming that when he was young he heard racist stories of the town, he recited an old memory for his local audience: “Uncle Billy…cheerily [told] us about helping to kill ‘niggers’ and put their heads on a pole...[in] ‘pole town.’” Growing up in this town, I heard similar racist “histories” about Pole Town and other spots too: a “secret” meeting spot existing for the KKK at Clark’s Ferry (right outside of town) and previous signs at the city limits acknowledging Grand Saline as a “sundown town.” In my essay, I explore how these racist folklores and urban legends compose my hometown’s identity by formulating a public memory for consumption, one that produces a racialized climate for residents. Utilizing theories on public memory (Phillips, Vivian, Casey) and rituals (Feuchtwang), I will demonstrate that the racist stories of my childhood, the stories that haunted Reverend Moore and myself, construct a 21st-century racism that relies on the rhetorical use of memorization and repetition as a type of ritual to remain in power. Interviewing old friends, former teachers, and other town members, I will recite this folklore with them, leading me to investigate how these stories fostered a more progressive stance on race for me and altered my hometown’s image as being “safe” as well. Overall, by exploring specific sites of public memory and urban legends, I will compose a dual meaning of place for myself and other townsfolk in this small salt mine town in East Texas: a literal place for home and a figural place for the legacy of racism.

This essay examines vacillating affective responses to pop star Britney Spears. I juxtapose Spears’s career ascent as a teen queen from the rural American South to her career descent into “white trash” rebellious adulthood. I contend that Spears exposes the cracks in the celebrity system: while it promises transformation to ordinary people, it treats cruelly those who fail to transform into the “right” kind of celebrity. In Spears’s case, she was chastised as a working-class woman from the rural South who could never rise above her roots. Ultimately, Spears’s “failure” became an individualized shame, which reifies a celebrity system built on neoliberal, bourgeois ideals of transformation.

The present volume analyzes the long process of transformation of the society and
economic structure of Dumbrăvioara, a settlement situated on the southern margins
of Szeklerland, on the border between the Transylvanian Plain and Mureș region,
14 km from Târgu-Mureș and 18 km from Reghin. In many aspects the village is
developing dynamically and transforming rapidly, but otherwise is holding on to
its traditions, to the economic and cultural practices which are characteristic to
rural societies. The book aims to identify, to document and to interpret the changes
that have occurred within the economic and cultural structure of the communities,
having the impact of turning points in their life.
The research follows the transformation of the rural economy and environment
situated in the close vicinity of the urban agglomeration area, the external factors
and internal motivations that influence these processes of change, respectively the
impact of the latter on the social and occupational structure, on the structure of
economy, on the economic strategy options, but also on the evolution of the plot,
the dimensions, forms and materials of the buildings, of the size and composition
of the livestock.
The volume is divided into seven major chapters. The first three chapters present
the subject of the book, the sources and the methodology in use. In the same time they
sketch the theoretical framework used in the analysis, respectively the geographic,
administrative and cultural contexts of the settlement. The following three chapters
present the specific social, economic and cultural contexts. Among the factors
influencing the evolution of the settlement’s economic structure the author presents
the evolution of properties, lands, livestock, institutional structure, motorization
and industrialization; the chapter on social changes includes the evolution of
population, occupations, occupational structure, but also migration. The chapter
on cultural changes deals with alphabetization, the appearance of educational and
cultural institutions, respectively their impact on local culture and cultural life. Then
follows the chapter concerning the presentation of the evolution of the buildings in
the village, including the house and interiors, the outbuildings, the household and
the larger environment.
The last chapter of the volume presents the conclusions of the analysis, under
the form of theses.
The appendices include 6 maps, 80 contemporary or recent pictures, respectively
the copy of 5 documents, all closely related to the content of the book.

El libro “Reflexiones regionales sobre el desarrollo sustentable en contextos interculturales” representa un aporte fresco y aleccionador para la comprensión de las realidades y problemáticas socioambientales que emergen en diferentes regiones de México.
Éste es un producto colectivo resultado de un largo proceso de
discusión y debate del cuerpo académico “Estudios interdisciplinarios e interculturales sobre espacios regionales” de la Universidad Intercultural del Estado de Hidalgo (UICEH), lo que ha implicado conjuntar miradas diversas y multidisciplinarias sobre un objetivo común de investigación.

This paper is concerned with bringing together and drawing out some diverse strands of thought and action that are striving-from within a broadly green anti-capitalist agenda-to produce a rural space that is different from and a challenge to the mainstream trajectories that the production of the rural is taking in the global North. First, I outline the main elements of a new model for thinking about rural space in general that tries to incorporate three different facets of 'space' that have been teased out through geographical scholarship. This draws inspiration from work by Henri Lefebvre. After demonstrating this model in respect of the post-1945 productivist rural, I introduce it to debates about the emerging contours of the post-productivist countryside. Drawing predominantly on British examples, the second half of the paper develops one element within the heterogeneous potentiality of this post-productivism to consider some key aspects of what I term an example of 'radical' rural spatiality. This examines its perceived localities, conceived formal representations and partially lived everyday lives. The final main section gives brief consideration to opportunities now being presented to this radical rurality but also notes the considerable challenges that lie ahead. r

The multigrade class setting involves learners from different grades learning together in a single classroom, with their teacher having to cater to, and accommodate, the learners’ diverse learning styles. This article investigates the perceptions of teachers who teach multigrade classes by using cooperative learning as a pedagogical approach. A qualitative research design was used to obtain the views of four multigrade teachers, who responded to the telephonic interviews and open-ended emails used as data-collection instruments. The empirical inquiry employed a convenient purposive sampling of teachers from the Free State province in South Africa. In this study, this study has shown that rural teachers’ voices do matter because they work daily with this reality. They expressed the view that they are professionally competent to teach and adapt the cooperative learning pedagogies to changing circumstances. Further research is needed, using a much bigger sample, which might yield different or more nuanced results regarding multigrade teachers’
views on cooperative learning.

Los procesos democráticos son cíclicos y para el caso argentino comienza la cuenta regresiva respecto a renovar a quien dirigirá aquel país del continente latinoamericano por los siguientes cuatro años. No obstante, es importante que los votantes realicen un proceso de reflexión que se sustente en tres preguntas relevantes, a saber: a) ¿Cómo estábamos antes de la administración que está por salir? b) ¿Qué hizo el actual presidente en su gestión? y c) ¿Cómo estamos ahora? Ya que con esas preguntas se podrá perfilar al menos desde el punto de vista ciudadano, las áreas prioritarias que deberán tomar en cuenta los contendientes en sus propuestas políticas si es que desean llegar a la Casa Rosada.
Bajo este contexto, es que el presente trabajo pone en análisis un área
considerada importante no sólo en el ámbito económico, sino
sociodemográfico y productivo: la ruralidad argentina, ya que el sector agropecuario, forestal y pesquero sigue representando no sólo actividades fundantes en una economía (particularmente una latinoamericana), sino un conjunto de prácticas y saberes colectivos que se producen y transforman por las intervenciones a veces tecnológicas, a veces políticas que el Estado realiza. En este sentido, se abordan los elementos más relevantes en tanto, crecimiento poblacional, producción y exportación para generar lineamientos básicos para consolidar una política pública que innove y desarrolle un sector que cada día se resiste a sucumbir ante la mirada urbana.

Abstract：Rurality refers to the characteristics that define a village, namely, the characteristics that differentiate rural from urban. The problem of hollow villages refers to the phenomenon of 'an increasing loss of land resources in rural areas due to housing developments with a decreasing number of residents in recent years because the urbanization lagged behind the non-agriculturization of cultivated land in China. Drawing on empirical materials detailing the transformation of rurality in hollow villages' daily life in Dengzhou, a small city in Henan province, this paper provides new insights to understand China's diverse trajectories of rural restructuring
under the confluence of two simultaneous processes of urbanization and marketization. This
study is organized around the following questions: How can we capture the evolving rurality from the microcosmic
perspective and provide explanations for these transformation? To what extent do these findings differentiate
from previous studies? Adopting the qualitative method and the quantitative method together, an empirical work based on several month in- depth interviews and questionnaires was conducted within one town in Dengzhou City of Henan Province in Middle China. Three main parts of the work focus on transformation of rurality in daily life, daily production and collective organization and collaboration respectively. It is found that the enhanced economic rationality of individual and household due to deepening marketization,
and the mobility associated with rapid urbanization have a combined effect which shocked the traditional rurality in different dimension from individual to the group, as well as from the daily life to daily production.
Key words：rurality; rural transformation; daily life; obligated urbanization; hollow village，Dengzhou

How do rural villagers, as the insiders, construct rurality in rapidly urbanizing China? How do they perceive the changes on themselves, their families and their villages brought by rapid urbanization? What insights with regard to rurality in contemporary China can be obtained through the interpretation of their opinions? Based on a field research in some “hollow villages” in Dengzhou County-level City in Henan Province, we explore these questions from the perspectives of “why rural people migrate”, “why migrant workers come back home”, and “how is homesickness constructed by rural villagers”. This research echoes the controversial debate on “the vanishing villages (rurality)” in China, and it is founded that the mutual gaming between rurality and urbanity has permeates into different layers and facets of rural villagers in respect of their rurality construction.

Los paisajes del desarrollo han sido unas de las herramientas analíticas que nos han permitido evidenciar cómo, por medio de los discursos y las operaciones del desarrollo, se ha agenciado la producción social del espacio. En este contexto, el turismo en la naturaleza como práctica espacial ha servido como estrategia de localización de las operaciones del desarrollo, con la intención de insertar en condiciones de desigualdad a las localidades rurales en el mercado mundial de acumulación de capitales, a través de su sentido de lugar histórico/tradicional en la producción y el intercambio.

Por medio de la descripción del caso de San Sebastián de Palmitas, se verá a continuación cómo se ha venido produciendo un espacio turístico local desde la práctica del turismo en la naturaleza. Dentro de este proceso, se analizará cómo ese espacio turístico viene siendo actualmente producido desde un régimen espacial, el cual ha dispuesto una valoración (eco)turística hegemónica, generando una mirada totalizante sobre el espacio turístico.

La investigación social apela frecuentemente a la noción rural, bien sea para delimitar el territorio objeto de estudio o para aludir a una forma de vida. El análisis de las distintas perspectivas que confluyen en la construcción de esta noción es el propósito de este artículo. Se acude para ello a las formulaciones realizadas por distintos autores respecto a las principales tendencias contemporáneas sobre la ruralidad: lo rural como signo de atraso, el continuum rural-urbano, la desruralización, la fusión urbano-rural, el reencuentro con la vida rural y la nueva ruralidad. Se presentan, asimismo, los indicadores oficiales utilizados en América Latina para medir la ruralidad o para referirse a ella en términos técnicos, sociales o políticos, así como algunas reflexiones sobre las relaciones entre estas mediciones y las perspectivas conceptuales analizadas. Finalmente, se plantea una serie de consideraciones, a manera de retos actuales, frente a la necesidad de construir re- conceptualizaciones y metodologías más potentes e incluyentes sobre lo rural.

Social research often appeals to the notion of rural, either to define the territory under study or to refer to a way of life. The analysis of the different perspectives that shape the construction of this notion is the purpose of this article. For that, it draws upon the formulations made by various authors on the main contemporary trends on the notion of rural: the rural as a sign of retrogress, the rural-urban continuum, the deruralization, the urban-rural merging, the reencounter with rural life and the new rurality. It presents, also, the official indicators used in Latin America to measure rurality or to refer to it in technical, social or political terms, as well as some thoughts about the relation between these measurements and the conceptual perspectives that were analyzed. Lastly, it presents a number of considerations, as current challenges facing the need to build more powerful and inclusive re-conceptualizations and methodologies of the rural.

A publicação apresenta ao governo e à sociedade brasileira os produtos da primeira fase do projeto consubstanciados, sendo dividida em: introdução, na qual se descreve e analisa todo o processo de elaboração do projeto e seus principais resultados, e outras três partes: Parte 1 -Tipologias de ruralidades em agências multilaterais e organismos internacionais selecionados; Parte 2 -Concepções de ruralidade e políticas públicas na América Latina e na Europa: análise comparativa de países selecionados; e Parte 3 -A singularidade do rural brasileiro: implicações para as tipologias territoriais e a elaboração de políticas públicas.

En los umbrales del siglo XXI, con toda su complejidad, se hace necesario
repensar el papel desempeñado por las ciencias sociales; por la gran cantidad de acontecimientos socioculturales que lo significan, algunos
no son nuevos, otros son verdaderamente novedosos a los cuales hay
que enfrentar con nuevos recursos epistemológicos. La descomposición
y desintegración del orden social capitalista cada vez es más notoria, se
hace visible la pérdida de rumbo que ancle los intereses de los diversos
grupos sociales, un refugio, ante la situación prevaleciente lo representan
los estudios culturales. México es un país grandioso gracias a su diversidad cultural, durante largos siglos presenciamos el desmantelamiento de nuestra cultura ancestral por diversos motivos y razones, el resultado ha sido la pérdida de brújula que guie el sentir nacional. El naciente siglo representa la posibilidad de hacer posible el renacer principios que han mantenido y sustentado las viejas culturas, la modernidad con su tecnología y el desarrollo de sus medios de comunicación, y el mercado, han resuelto ciertos problemas,
pero, han agravado otros, sobre todo el abandono de principios y
valores humanos que han caracterizado a nuestra cultura desde tiempos
ancestrales...(Tomado de la introducción)

Oukaimeden, Aoukai n mden, la traversée des Hommes, imazighen, ou autres personnes vers le sud, le sahara, l’au-delà du Sahara, les ruées vers l’or et les nègres ; ou pour descendre vers le bas, le ventre, Al kerch, d’où les mots, tamdiazt, poussent des branches de la langues, Izlan.
Or le sommet est dressé vers le Haut, comme les baïonnettes des colons et les doigts du Makhzin ; Aabid Alboukhari.
Oukaimden est l’utopie de l’ascencion, l’élévation vers l’au-delà, Wissa ignwan (le septième ciel), L’apothéose de Hamou Ounamir, l’anti-Orpheús. Oukaimden : STARGATE.
Le ciel ouvert et nombreuses sont les portes (وَفُتِحَتِ السَّمَاء فَكَانَتْ أَبْوَابًا ) : L’Isra et le Miraj, le voyage nocturne et l’ascencion, et ceci pour lui montrer certains des signes des signeurs. Risalat al-ghufran ou l’épitre du pardon ; s'il n'y avait pas d'humanité dans un ciel, au-dessus de nous,Il n'y aurait pas d'ange sur la terre, ni dans ses profondeurs. Ou la Divina Commedia au couchant extrême Al Maghreb Al Aqsaa. L’atlas. Tugg Akal (Toubkal), le sommet de la terre. Ainsi Hamou Ounamir, cette vieille légende des montagnards, mden n’ Adrar, a aimé un être venu du ciel. Tanirt (être de lumière). Il a fait le grand voyage et à chaque porte des cieux un de ses doigts est une offrande.

The ”rural” has become a collage of all kinds of images. The material authenticity of the rural has blurred by imaginative representations. Rural areas in Taiwan are transforming from agricultural productivism into a postmodern consumption space-a culturally constructed space. Ching-Jing area is a model moving from its productive role toward tourism. Rural signs, such as sheep and cows, construct the unique Ching-Jing image as a consequence. It is the unique image that Ching-Jing is selling. This study analyzes the production of rural space by the use of signs and representations. It is argued that the interaction of signs constructs a discursive space where an imaginary, mythical countryside is situated.

Site/Seal/Gesture is a collaboration between cultural geographer Rupert Griffiths and archaeologist Lia Wei. This collaboration develops a shared language of fieldwork, process and making. Working together as artists and from our disciplinary perspectives, we deal with two distinct types of site, one in the UK, the other in China.
In the UK we look at the ruins of defensive architectures, such as sound mirrors and bunkers, on the Thames Estuary and South East Coast. In Southwest China we look at ancient rock cut tombs, set high in cliff face, sometimes reached by expanding urbanisation. We correlate these sites by considering them as both monuments and dwellings in rural margins. We see the bunkers and the rock cut burial sites as proto‐dwellings, drawing a line between life and death, with bunkers protecting the living from
death and rock cut tombs separating the living and the dead. Both use the material monumentality of rock or concrete to do so, whilst set precariously at the physical and psychological margins of the host culture, and between land and sea, wilderness and settlement, living and non‐living.
As geographers and archaeologists our aim is to investigate correspondences between materiality, landscape and the human subject, and to develop and extend approaches to ethnographic and autoethnographic fieldwork. As artists our aim is explore the process by which cosmologies emerge, developing our own microcosmology that synthesises an assemblage of bodies, materials, atmospheres, tools, technologies, agents and actants, both human and non‐human. Through our encounters with the landscape and the material artefacts, diagrams, traces and inscriptions we produce, trajectories are created between living and non‐living. We approach this as a reverse archaeology that sketches the original process by which meaning emerges rather than recreating a
culture from material relics.

Țările din Europa Centrală şi de Est sunt cele mai mari exportatoare de plante medicinale şi aromatice de pe continent. Deşi România deține doar o mică parte din piața aceasta, industria locală are o lungă istorie, iar folosirea plantelor medi-cinale este în creştere continuă. În vreme ce plantele medicinale sunt deseori aso-ciate cu medicina tradițională practica-tă de „babe” şi de vindecători, obținerea şi utilizarea lor, de la colectarea din flora spontană şi cultivare, şi până la procesa-re, sunt parte a vieții satelor şi în prezent. Cele trei poveşti prezentate aici ilustrează diferite etape ale acestor procese: curăța-rea plantelor pentru procesare, adunarea lor din flora spontană şi, în final, derula-rea unei mici afaceri de familie cu plante medicinale. Poveştile astea se plasează la punctele de întâlnire sau la hotarele din-tre sat şi oraş. Astfel, viața satului, o viață cât se poate de reală, este legată prin miş-carea plantelor medicinale de cea a ora-şului, în vreme ce, prin imaginarul medi-cinei tradiționale, orăşenii care cumpără produsele naturale contribuie la idealiza-rea romantică a satului.

Las comunidades campesinas e indígenas eran consideradas los espacios con más arraigo y con un tejido social compacto, sin embargo, hemos sido testigos de cómo se ha derrumbado este mundo idílico de lo rural. Durante los once congresos que la AMER ha organizado y en los cuales los socios, investigadores, actores sociales y estudiantes, e interesados en el campo han puesto a debate sus resultados de investigación y experiencia, podemos observar como la problemática rural no cede, sino por el contrario, en cada ocasión surgen nuevos problemas, algunos derivados de la aplicación de políticas que terminan afectando la vida campesina, como los acuerdos comerciales que solo benefician a los grandes productores rurales, pero los pequeños que
son la inmensa mayoría son afectados y abandonados en términos de apoyos y subsidios gubernamentales para la reproducción de su vida campesina, orillándolos a altos niveles de pobreza, por lo que ahora son objeto de apoyos para su sobrevivencia en vez de programas productivos.

Die Ethnologie hat ein paradoxes Verhältnis zu Dörfern. Ein wesentlicher Teil klassisch orientierter ethno-grafischer Feldforschung findet zwar nach wie vor in mehr oder weniger abgelegenen Dörfern statt, jedoch wird das Dorf selten expliziter Gegenstand der Untersuchung. Es stellt sich daher die Frage, ob die Ethnologie des Dorfes auch im 21. Jh. unmarkierter Normalzustand des ethnologischen Arbeitens ist, oder ob es sich hier um einen möglicherweise vernachlässigten und auch zu wenig theoretisierten Gegenstand handelt.

In 2016, Italian production of wine exceeded 51 million hectolitres and among the twenty regions, the region with the most production by volume (millions of hectolitres) was the Veneto region, north-east of Italy, with almost 11 million. In particular, the success of Prosecco at the global level is the most important driving factor at both the economic and productivity levels. The worldwide success of Prosecco wine entails a remarkable change in both the local and regional configuration of agrarian landscapes. Traditional winegrowing swiftly changed into an intensive monoculture with remarkable investments and the spread of new viticulture entrepreneurships. The discussion proposed here intends to investigate the process of heritage construction or ‘heritagisation’, UNESCO candidacy, as an important issue for rural tourism promotion in the context of a productive winescape.
We concentrated our analysis on the DOCG area, a complex space where several forces need to coexist; the productive drive of growing requests (global and local) of Prosecco, as well as rural representation based on local habits and a concrete hilly landscape. Rural tourism is clearly an important sector in terms of revenue and employment, especially for local communities, and it can help to ensure economic stability; however, doing so in a way that benefits the area and the landscape is not so straightforward. There are potential problems in facilitating increased urbanization, such as the standardization of landscape and damage to the area if plans are mismanaged. In the case of best practices, a desirable model of tourism can be tapped into while helping rural regions take advantage of more sustainable tourism development and landscape management.