Theory of Relativity

Lagrange equation is universal law, it could applied on universe scale as it can be applied also to small scales like sub nucleus. Holy Quran also universal and multi dimensions because it is the God speech to human and Jinn over all ages. So many Verses in Quran have scientific facts and it should because God created universe and put in Quran the catalog so as to understand it.
Almighty Allah says:
(It is Allah who created the heavens and the earth and sent down rain from the sky and produced thereby some fruits as provision for you and subjected for you the ships to sail through the sea by His command and subjected for you the rivers. And He subjected for you the sun and the moon, continuous [in orbit], and subjected for you the night and the day. And He gave you from all you asked of Him. And if you should count the favor of Allah, you could not enumerate them. Indeed, mankind is [generally] most unjust and ungrateful.) . surat Ibrahim Verses 31,32, 33,34

On this article I discussed one verse says:
(And if their evasion is difficult for you, then if you are able to seek a tunnel into the earth or a stairway into the sky to bring them a sign, [then do so]. But if Allah had willed, He would have united them upon guidance. So never be of the ignorant.)  Surat Al-Anaam verse 35
This verse connects the “Ascension in Heaven” with “walking into a Tunnel”, how that, and what is the resemblance between them and Lagrange concept? All that have been discussed through these topics.
• What is Lagrange equation and the concept of least action?
• Lagrange equation is universal law.
• Characteristics of Lagrange equation.
• The meaning of conservative Force and Momentum.
• The meaning of coordinate dependence.
• The meaning of containing all newton laws of conservation motion.
• Nature using Lagrange to make disasters (Hurricanes for example).
• Lagrange equation and geodesic equation.
• Holy Quran and Lagrange concept.

Since Galileo scientists were conscious of the necessity that all the laws in physics hold good whatever the motion of an inertial reference frame. When it has been shown it was not the case for the equation of propagation of electromagnetic waves with the use of the Newtonian rule, there was a challenge to find the way to solve this problem.   
Everyone knows how Einstein found his way to his relativity theory. Far fewer people have the knowledge of existence of Young-Sea Huang relativity theory. In this paper we will compare these two relativity theories with Einstein Thought Experiments.
Since the reader may not be aware of the conceptual theory of Young-Sea Huang relativity, it is recommended to first read the documents in reference.

A complete theoretical and mathematical description of how electric fields change due to relative motion that includes an in-depth analysis of relativistic electric fields and the methods to effect motion.

This new description is based on James Maxwell's original bi-quaternion that includes descriptions and examples of how to use these electric field differences to create an all new propellant-less spacecraft propulsion device.

This book chapter examines the introduction of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity into China during the May Fourth movement and the vital impact of Japanese physicists' scholarship on this process.  It has also provided a detailed discussion on Einstein's planned visit to Beijing in late 1922 and explained why he cancelled the trip to Beijing eventually.

The entire catalog for the exhibition is uploaded here.  My essay, "Park Place: Its Art and History," and its footnotes are pp. 1-42 and 117-37.  The catalog is available from the Blanton Museum of Art bookshop as well as many libraries.

Errata: Caption for Plate 35B should read 1965, not 1966.

The golden ring to which most physicists aspire is a unified field theory that incorporates all of modern and classical physics. Some scientists and others call this a TOE or ‘theory of everything’, but it is no more than false hubris to believe that humans could possibly know and explain everything about the universe at this time. Einstein chased this goal for the last three decades of his life, basing his theoretical research on his general theory of relativity. Meanwhile, the vast majority of scientists supporting the other major accomplishment of the Second Scientific Revolution were investing all of their time and efforts to advancing the quantum theory and their quest has been extremely successful. They originally had no interest in a unified field theory. After Einstein died in 1955, his efforts were all but abandoned because of his philosophical stance against the prevalent Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory even though he had been one of quantum theory’s founders. During the 1970s the tables started to turn and quantum theorists became interested in unifying physics, although not from the foundational principles of relativity theory. They claimed that quantum theory was more fundamental than relativity so they began the same quest from a totally different direction despite their claims to be continuing Einstein’s quest.  Throughout the development of the ensuing standard quantum model, superstring theory and many other theoretical schemes, quantum theorists have remained resolute in their conviction that the quantum and relativity are mutually incompatible so the quantum must completely do away with and replace relativity once and for all. However, the quantum theory and relativity are not actually incompatible and, in fact, say the some of the same things about the nature of physical reality. When the similarities are fully defined and studied and the basic assumptions behind each of the theories are altered to reflect the similarities instead of the incompatibilities, only then can the point of their compatibility be determined and act as a unifying principle resulting in a completed unified field theory of the type that Einstein once sought. The development of this physical model of reality is not without irony. Not only is the quantum theory incomplete as Einstein argued in EPR, but Einstein’s general relativity is also seriously incomplete and true unification cannot be rendered complete at any level of reality until all the theoretical models being unified are themselves complete.

This article describes two of the major errors of Einstein's reasoning in his 1905 document which founded the Special Theory of Relativity. Einstein contradicted himself by using both the principle of the constancy of speed of light, and a variable speed of light, along with a wrong synchronization method. A 3D animated simulation accompanies and demonstrates the statements of this article, and it is available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOjNwuQUOAM

This book examines Newton's argument for universal gravity and his application of it to resolve the problem of deciding between geocentric and heliocentric world systems by measuring masses of the Moon, Neutron star formation, observed in Jinja , ,Uganda.26/Jan/2022 Time is at 7;00pm – 7;20pm , Sir Isaac Newton's inferences from phenomena realize an ideal of empirical success that is richer than prediction. To achieve this rich sort of empirical success a theory needs, not only to accurately predict the phenomena it purports to explain, but also, to have those phenomena accurately measure the parameters which explain them. Newton's method aims to turn theoretical questions into ones which can be empirically answered by measurement from phenomena. Newton employs theory mediated measurements to turn data into far more informative evidence than can be achieved by confirmation from prediction alone. Propositions inferred from phenomena are provisionally accepted as guides to further research
This methodology, guided by its rich ideal of empirical success, supports a conception of scientific progress that does not require construing it as progress toward Laplace's ideal limit of a final theory of everything and is not threatened by the classic argument against convergent realism. Newton's method endorses the radical theoretical transformation from his theory to Einstein's theory of relativity. It is strikingly realized in the development and application of testing frameworks for relativistic theories of gravity. In addition, it is very much at work in cosmology today. These propositions described patterns of motion, generalised from observations of the Mercury planet,Earth and moon. It has been noted by many commentators, however, that these do not seem to fit any standard definition of 'phenomenon'. 1 Some have argued that Newton's labelling was mistaken, while others have argued that Newton was using the label 'phenomenon' to avoid using the term 'hypothesis', which would mark his work as speculative, rather than experimental (for the early modern distinction between experimental and speculative philosophy.  I argue that Newton's choice of label was appropriate, albeit unconventional. Firstly, drawing on Bogen and Woodward's (1988) distinction between data, phenomena and theories, I Ariny Amos argue that Newton's phenomena performed a specific function: they isolated explanatory targets.
In experimental philosophy [science], we develop our theories from the phenomena we observe, and afterwards we develop general theories for all similar phenomena by inductive reasoning. This was how the laws of motion and gravitation of  Neutron star  Astronomical Object were Original was Observed ,discovered in  Jinja 26/Jan/2022,Uganda East Africa. The book comprises  introduction, of Neutron star  Astronomical Object,Objectives of the study, Biblical Astronomy, Motions of the Neutron  star Astronomical Object, Literature review, scope of the  study, Neutron star Astronomical Object Astronomy, Amos Ariny (Astronomer)Experiment procedure, Results , Discussions,Conclusions, Recommendations, References, Further reading, Bibliography.

Since Einstein died in 1955, very few theoretical scientists have tried to complete his work because the pendulum of history has swung toward favoring field theories based on the quantum for the expected unification of physics. Nearly everyone now believes that the quantum (discrete point) and relativity (continuity) are incompatible and the quantum is more fundamental than relativity and continuity, so those who have sought unification have looked for new and unique quantum approaches to accomplish unification. However, the truth is that the quantum and relativity are not incompatible and the traditional differences between the two–discreteness and continuity, indeterminism and determinism–are just the outward appearances of an even deeper fundamental problem–geometric point and extension–that when solved renders relativity and the quantum completely compatible. This deeper problem is even more significant because Riemann knew of and failed to consider and even purposely ignored the problem of point-elements and based his differential geometry of surfaces on metric-elements alone. Therefore, expanding the Riemannian geometry to include point-elements, which can be interpreted as discrete points for the quantum, forms a fundamental enough foundation for developing a unified field theory.

In Science in Context, 17 (Winter 2004), 423-66
This is the full introduction for this guest-edited issue on modern art and science.  Part I contains a history of this topic and a discussion of methodology; Part II on Cubism and Futurism appears here as well as in a separate file that follows.

The existence of the electromagnetic aether is argued from two standpoints. Conceptual, based on the nature of physical waves. And practical: the various experiments that demonstrate it. Possible reasons for the strange nullification of the positive 1887 Michelson-Morley aether-wind result are discussed.

معادلة لاغرانج تعتبر من احد القوانين الكونية حيث يمكن تطبيقها على مقياس الكون كما يمكن تطبيقها على مقاييس صغيرة  مثل المقاييس الذرية واصغر من ذلك. والقرآن الكريم هو كلام الله لعباده من الانس والجن على مر العصور الي قيام الساعة، لذا لابد له وان يمتلك خطاب علمي وفلسفي وتصورات  عن بنية وتشكل الكون الذي امرنا الله ان نتدبره.
قال تعالى:
(إِنَّ فِي خَلْقِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلَافِ اللَّيْلِ وَالنَّهَارِ لَآيَاتٍ لِّأُولِي الْأَلْبَاب)ِ. 
ولذلك نجد كثير من الايات التي تناقش حقائق علمية فيها هذا النوع من الخطاب. في هذا المقال اتحدث فيه باذن الله عن واحدة من الايات التي تلمح على بنية الكون وطريقة التحرك فيه والسفر داخله، والغرض من هذه الآية هي التحدي والأعجاز وفي نفس الوقت فيها حقائق علمية قد توصل اليها العلم الحديث والقديم وهذه الحقائق هي :
• معادلات لاغرانج للحركة Lagrange equations.
• قوانين الحركة في الخط الجيوديسي Geodesic line.
هذه الآية واحدة تعتبر من اجمل الايات يقول يقول الله عز وجل
(وَإِن كَانَ كَبُرَ عَلَيْكَ إِعْرَاضُهُمْ فَإِنِ اسْتَطَعْتَ أَن تَبْتَغِيَ نَفَقًا فِي الْأَرْضِ أَوْ سُلَّمًا فِي السَّمَاءِ فَتَأْتِيَهُم بِآيَةٍ ۚ وَلَوْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ لَجَمَعَهُمْ عَلَى الْهُدَىٰ ۚ فَلَا تَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْجَاهِلِين). 
تربط هذه الآية بين "الصعود في السماء" و "المشي في نفق" ، فما هي العلاقة بينهما، وما هو التشابه بينها وبين مفهوم لاغرانج؟ كل ذلك تمت مناقشته من خلال المواضيع التالية:
• ماهي معادلة لاغرانج وماهو مفهوم الفعل الادنى least action؟
• معادلة لاغرانج تناقش مفهوم عالمي وهو قانون حفظ القوى والمعتمد على تماثل الفراغ space symmetry and forces conservations .
• خصائص معادلة لاغرانج.
• القوة المحافظة والزخم المحافظ في معادلة لاغرانج conservative force and conservative momentum.
• مفهوم الاستقلال عن الإحداثيات coordinates independence.
• معادلة لاغرانج تحتوي على جميع قوانين نيوتن للحركة Newtonian motion.
• استخدام مفهوم لاغرانج في الطبيعة  الأعاصير على سبيل المثال hurricanes.
• معادلة لاغرانج ومعادلة الخط الجيوديسي.
• القرآن الكريم ومفهوم معادلة لاجرانج (الفعل الاقل) والخط الجيوديسي.

This book examines Newton's argument for universal gravity and his application of it to resolve the problem of deciding between geocentric and heliocentric world systems by measuring masses of the Moon, Saturn Planet .Sir Isaac Newton's inferences from phenomena realize an ideal of empirical success that is richer than prediction. To achieve this rich sort of empirical success a theory needs, not only to accurately predict the phenomena it purports to explain, but also, to have those phenomena accurately measure the parameters which explain them. Newton's method aims to turn theoretical questions into ones which can be empirically answered by measurement from phenomena. Newton employs theory mediated measurements to turn data into far more informative evidence than can be achieved by confirmation from prediction alone. Propositions inferred from phenomena are provisionally accepted as guides to further research.
This methodology, guided by its rich ideal of empirical success, supports a conception of scientific progress that does not require construing it as progress toward Laplace's ideal limit of a final theory of everything and is not threatened by the classic argument against convergent realism. Newton's method endorses the radical theoretical transformation from his theory to Einstein's theory of relativity. It is strikingly realized in the development and application of testing frameworks for relativistic theories of gravity. In addition, it is very much at work in cosmology today. These propositions described patterns of motion, generalised from observations of the Saturn planet,Earth and moon. It has been noted by many commentators, however, that these do not seem to fit any standard definition of 'phenomenon'. 1 Some have argued that Newton's labelling was mistaken, while others have argued that Newton was using the label 'phenomenon' to avoid using the term 'hypothesis', which would mark his work as speculative, rather than experimental (for the early modern distinction between experimental and speculative philosophy.  I argue that Newton's choice of label was appropriate, albeit unconventional. Firstly, drawing on Bogen and Woodward's (1988) distinction between data, phenomena and theories, I Ariny Amos argue that Newton's phenomena performed a specific function: they isolated explanatory targets.
In experimental philosophy [science], we develop our theories from the phenomena we observe, and afterwards we develop general theories for all similar phenomena by inductive reasoning. This was how the laws of motion and gravitation of  Planet were Original was Observed ,discovered in Mbarara 18/June/2019,Uganda East Africa. The book comprises introduction to Saturn of Saturn planet, Motion of Saturn planet, literature review, Scope of the study, Astronomy of Saturn planet, Experiment  on Saturn planet by Ariny Amos(Astronomer or Computational Astrophysicist), results, discussion, conclusions, recommendations, references.

Wie werden Energie-und Impuls im elektromagnetischen Feld oder in der Materie transportiert? Im Gegensatz zum klassischen Zugang zur Mechanik, der aufbauend auf den Newtonschen Gesetzen Energie-, Impuls-sowie Drehimpuls über Erhaltungssätze einführt, wird hier der Energie-Impuls-Tensor, die Quelle des metrischen Feldes, an den Anfang gesetzt. Was ziemlich abstrakt klingt, ist in der Anwendung intuitiver und damit anschaulicher als Massenpunkte, die infolge ihrer Fernwechselwirkung relativ zum leeren Weltraum beschleunigt werden. Der Energie-Impuls-Tensor lässt sich in einen materiellen und einen elektromagnetischen Teil aufspalten, wobei letzterer direkt aus den Feldstärken berechnet werden kann. Bezüglich unserem Erlebnisraum, einem erdfesten Bezugssystem, zerfällt der Energie-Impuls-Tensor in vier Teile, welche Speicherung und Transport der Energie und der drei Komponenten des Impulses beschreiben. In einem ersten Schritt zeige ich am Beispiel des Plattenkondensators, dass Impuls bewegungslos durch das elektromagnetische Feld und durch die Materie hindurchfliessen kann. Dieser Impulstransport steht im Widerspruch zur naiven Vorstellung vom Strom als Bewegung. Der Energietransport durch das elektromagnetische Feld wird durch die erste Zeile des Energie-Impuls-Tensors beschrieben. Notwendige Bedingung für eine nichtverschwindende Energiestromdichte sind eine elektrische und eine magnetische Feldstärke. Im elektrischen Stromkreis kann der Energietransport entweder direkt mit dem elektromagnetischen Feld oder indirekt mit Strom und Spannung erklärt werden, wogegen jeder Erklärungsversuch mit Elektronen in einer logischen Sackgasse endet. Der mechanische Energietransport lässt sich nicht so einfach darstellen wie der elektrische. Hier formulieren wir den Energie-Impuls-Tensor zuerst im materiellen Bezugssystem des Energieleiters und transformieren dann ins erdfeste System. Durch diese Operation gewinnen wir eine Reihe von Zusatztermen, welche als Impulsdichte, als Massenstromdichte, als konvektive Impulsstromdichte, als kinetische Energie und als Energiestromdichte interpretiert werden können. Diese Herangehensweise zeigt klar, dass der mechanische Energietransport ein relativistischer Effekt des Impulsstromes ist. Die Relativitätstheorie, die dieser Betrachtung zugrunde liegt, degradiert die Gravitationskraft, die zentrale Grösse der Newtonschen Punktmechanik, zu einer Scheinkraft, welche durch eine Transformation aus dem frei fallenden ins erdfeste Bezugsystem entsteht. Dementsprechend sind kinetische und Gravitationsenergie reine Buchhaltungsgrössen, die einen vom Beobachter abhängigen Werte annehmen. Dieser Aufsatz basiert auf einem Vortrag, den ich am 17. Juni 2022 anlässlich des 31. Karlsruher Didaktik-Workshop halten werde.

This book examines Newton's argument for universal gravity and his application of it to resolve the problem of deciding between geocentric and heliocentric world systems by measuring masses of the Moon, Saturn Planet .Sir Isaac Newton's inferences from phenomena realize an ideal of empirical success that is richer than prediction. To achieve this rich sort of empirical success a theory needs, not only to accurately predict the phenomena it purports to explain, but also, to have those phenomena accurately measure the parameters which explain them. Newton's method aims to turn theoretical questions into ones which can be empirically answered by measurement from phenomena. Newton employs theory mediated measurements to turn data into far more informative evidence than can be achieved by confirmation from prediction alone. Propositions inferred from phenomena are provisionally accepted as guides to further research. This methodology, guided by its rich ideal of empirical success, supports a conception of scientific progress that does not require construing it as progress toward Laplace's ideal limit of a final theory of everything and is not threatened by the classic argument against convergent realism. Newton's method endorses the radical theoretical transformation from his theory to Einstein's theory of relativity. It is strikingly realized in the development and application of testing frameworks for relativistic theories of gravity. In addition, it is very much at work in cosmology today. These propositions described patterns of motion, generalised from observations of the Saturn planet,Earth and moon. It has been noted by many commentators, however, that these do not seem to fit any standard definition of 'phenomenon'. 1 Some have argued that Newton's labelling was mistaken, while others have argued that Newton was using the label 'phenomenon' to avoid using the term 'hypothesis', which would mark his work as speculative, rather than experimental (for the early modern distinction between experimental and speculative philosophy. I argue that Newton's choice of label was appropriate, albeit unconventional. Firstly, drawing on Bogen and Woodward's (1988) distinction between data, phenomena and theories, I Ariny Amos argue that Newton's phenomena performed a specific function: they isolated explanatory targets. In experimental philosophy [science], we develop our theories from the phenomena we observe, and afterwards we develop general theories for all similar phenomena by inductive reasoning. This was how the laws of motion and gravitation of Planet were Original was Observed ,discovered in Mbarara 18/June/2019,Uganda East Africa. The book comprises introduction to Saturn of Saturn planet, Motion of Saturn planet, literature review, Scope of the study, Astronomy of Saturn planet, Experiment on Saturn planet by Ariny Amos(Astronomer or Computational Astrophysicist), results, discussion, conclusions, recommendations, references.

In this paper, I discuss the similarity between Wittgenstein’s use of thought experiments and Relativity Theory. I begin with introducing Wittgenstein’s idea of “thought experiments” and a tentative classification of different kinds of thought experiments in Wittgenstein’s work. Then, after presenting a short recap of some remarks on the analogy between Wittgenstein’s point of view and Einstein’s, I suggest three analogies between the status of Wittgenstein’s mental experiments and Relativity theory: the topics of time dilation, the search for invariants, and the role of measuring tools in Special Relativity. This last point will help to better define Wittgenstein’s idea of description as the core of his philosophical enterprise.

It is considered a pair of spherical coordinate systems. Here are the coordinate transformations relative to the Cartesian system, their Jacobians and linear elements. We mentioned a couple of metrics of the theory of relativity, including Schwartzshild and the Robertson-Walker metric, which is approximately metrics of centrally symmetric gravitational field and our universe.

This article continues the development of the relativistic quantum-vortex electron and positron models composed of a helically-circulating electrically-charged superluminal energy quantum (SEQ). Parametric equations similar to that of a coiled slinky toy are proposed and analyzed for the relativistic electron and positron models, which can each have either spin-up or spin-down. The point-like electric charge of the SEQ moves along a positively or negatively-turning helical trajectory, depending on the sign of the electric charge, to form the electron/positron model. At low electron-model speeds, the SEQ moves along the surface of a mathematical horn torus that moves forward at the electron/positron model’s speed. At highly relativistic electron-positron speeds this horn-torus surface, along which the SEQ moves, transforms into a spherical surface whose radius decreases with increasing electron/positron speed. There is a range of speeds of the superluminal energy quantum for the relativistic electron/positron model. The maximum and minimum speeds range from superluminal to subluminal, passing easily through the speed of light. These speed ranges depend on the electron/positron speed and the combination of electric charge and spin direction of the electron/positron model.

Durante as três primeiras décadas do século XX, a quarta dimensão era uma preocupação comum aos artistas em cada movimento moderno principal: cubistas analíticos e sintéticos (como Duchamp, Picabia e Kupka), futuristas italianos, futuristas russos, suprematistas e construtivistas, modernistas americanos no Stieglitz e círculos de Arensberg, dadaísta e membros do De Stijl. Enquanto o surgimento do fauvismo e o Expressionismo Alemão precedeu a primeira aplicação artística de dimensões superiores pelos cubistas, o próprio Matisse demonstrou um interesse passageiro pelo assunto. E, embora a Bauhaus não era um centro ativo de interesse na quarta dimensão, ela, também, foi tocada pela ideia através da propaganda de Van Doesburg, a própria consciência de Kandinsky da ideia, e o crescente interesse na Alemanha com o mundo espaço-tempo de Einstein.

In this article, I seek to shed new light on a lesser-known stage of the development of Hans Reichenbach's thought, namely his research, output and teaching activities at Istanbul University (1933-1938). I argue that the experience of Turkish exile was decisive in the elaboration of Reichenbach's probability theory of meaning and knowledge. His work Experience and Prediction, produced while in Istanbul, should therefore be put in its Turkish context of elaboration and reception. To this end, I will take into consideration not only Reichenbach's efforts to popularize and extend the Berlin Group's program of scientific philosophy in Turkey and throughout Europe in the 1930s, but also the forgotten work of Reichenbach's students-most of them women-at Istanbul University.

This is the 2022 version of an innovative model proposing that space, far from being "nothing," is a substance, and in fact the only substance in the universe as well as the medium for electromagnetic and gravitation fields. Matter and energy are processes that occur within this space substance. The model better explains gravitation, the Hubble expansion, the Lorentz transformations, and many phenomena of classical and quantum mechanics. It proposes solutions for some mysterious and previously unsolved phenomena of physics and cosmology (including dark energy), and a simpler quantum gravity solution, . It postulates that space consists of standard and quantized units that can be added or deleted, and that matter and energy are wave-related processes occurring in the medium of space. The relevance of particles is questioned. Time is defined in terms of repetitive motion in 3-D space, making 4-D spacetime unnecessary.

Both an article and a slide presentation (Space, the Ultimate Substance of the Universe?) summarizing the main points have been provided.

An article by Sabine Hossenfelder and Stacey S. McGaugh, titled “Is Dark Matter Real?’, has just appeared in the August 2018 issue of Scientific American.  Every physicist, astronomer, astrophysicist and cosmologist as well as everyone interested in science needs to read this article because it portends one of the greatest scientific advances in several hundred years, the complete unification of physics and science in general. Due to new observational evidence in astronomy, they have concluded that “Astrophysicists have piled up observations that are difficult to explain with dark matter. It is time to consider that there may be more to gravity than Einstein taught us.” But they have understated the case.

In effect, the new observational data found by McGaugh and an international group of astronomers simply shows that specifically designated dark matter particles do not exist, so the supposed dark matter halos around spiral galaxies do not exist and the rotational speed discrepancies in galaxy orbiting stars and star systems that go unaccounted for by normal gravity are, in fact, due to a secondary effect of normal matter within the galaxy. This finding not only challenges the present theories of gravity (Newtonian and Einsteinian), which it demonstrates are incomplete, it also blows some big logical holes in the fundamentality of the quantum theory, the Standard Model of point-particles and quantum field theories in general that seem to rule the world of modern theoretical physics. Given other recent confirmations of Einstein’s general relativity, found mostly in the detection of gravitational waves that Einstein predicted a century ago, relativity theory seems on the ascendancy and quantum theory is falling behind. The time for a unified field theory that combines the best of both of these paradigms is at hand.

A modification is proposed in the Minkowski spacetime metric, whose associated geometry defines 4-dimensional spacetime in Einstein’s special theory of relativity. The invariant spacetime interval quantity s=cτ replaces the locally measured time quantity ct in the Minkowski spacetime 4-vector, which also includes the three spatial dimensions x, y and z. Similarly, the associated invariant-mass-related quantity mc replaces the locally measured total-energy-related quantity E/c in the Minkowski momenergy 4-vector. The former Minkowski metric coordinates ct and E/c become simple hypotenuse lengths in this new approach. These modifications significantly simplify the geometry of the Minkowski spacetime and momenergy diagrams used with special relativity without changing the special relativity equations themselves. Use of the Modified Minkowski metric could therefore greatly simplify the teaching and understanding of special relativity and invariance, which now heavily rely on Minkowski spacetime and momenergy diagrams.

ABSTRACT
This book examines Newton's argument for universal gravity and his application of it to resolve the problem of deciding between geocentric and heliocentric world systems by measuring masses of the Moon, Jupiter Planet  observed in Moroto,Uganda. Sir Isaac Newton's inferences from phenomena realize an ideal of empirical success that is richer than prediction. To achieve this rich sort of empirical success a theory needs, not only to accurately predict the phenomena it purports to explain, but also, to have those phenomena accurately measure the parameters which explain them. Newton's method aims to turn theoretical questions into ones which can be empirically answered by measurement from phenomena. Newton employs theory mediated measurements to turn data into far more informative evidence than can be achieved by confirmation from prediction alone. Propositions inferred from phenomena are provisionally accepted as guides to further research
This methodology, guided by its rich ideal of empirical success, supports a conception of scientific progress that does not require construing it as progress toward Laplace's ideal limit of a final theory of everything and is not threatened by the classic argument against convergent realism. Newton's method endorses the radical theoretical transformation from his theory to Einstein's theory of relativity. It is strikingly realized in the development and application of testing frameworks for relativistic theories of gravity. In addition, it is very much at work in cosmology today. These propositions described patterns of motion, generalised from observations of the Mercury planet,Earth and moon. It has been noted by many commentators, however, that these do not seem to fit any standard definition of 'phenomenon'. 1 Some have argued that Newton's labelling was mistaken, while others have argued that Newton was using the label 'phenomenon' to avoid using the term 'hypothesis', which would mark his work as speculative, rather than experimental (for the early modern distinction between experimental and speculative philosophy.  I argue that Newton's choice of label was appropriate, albeit unconventional. Firstly, drawing on Bogen and Woodward's (1988) distinction between data, phenomena and theories, I Ariny Amos argue that Newton's phenomena performed a specific function: they isolated explanatory targets.
In experimental philosophy [science], we develop our theories from the phenomena we observe, and afterwards we develop general theories for all similar phenomena by inductive reasoning. This was how the laws of motion and gravitation of  Planets in Astrology, Astronomical objects in Astrology were Original was Observed ,discovered in, 6th,/Nov/2011, Mwanza Tanzania , , East Africa,This book comprises Introduction

ABSTRACT
This book examines Newton's argument for universal gravity and his application of it to resolve the problem of deciding between geocentric and heliocentric world systems by measuring masses of the Moon,solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse formation, observed in Mbarara , ,Uganda 30th /April /2022 Time is at 7;00pm – 7;20pm , 20th /Oct/2020 Mbale ,Uganda,6;30pm,1984 – Present lunar calender, Sir Isaac Newton's inferences from phenomena realize an ideal of empirical success that is richer than prediction. To achieve this rich sort of empirical success a theory needs, not only to accurately predict the phenomena it purports to explain, but also, to have those phenomena accurately measure the parameters which explain them. Newton's method aims to turn theoretical questions into ones which can be empirically answered by measurement from phenomena. Newton employs theory mediated measurements to turn data into far more informative evidence than can be achieved by confirmation from prediction alone. Propositions inferred from phenomena are provisionally accepted as guides to further research
This methodology, guided by its rich ideal of empirical success, supports a conception of scientific progress that does not require construing it as progress toward Laplace's ideal limit of a final theory of everything and is not threatened by the classic argument against convergent realism. Newton's method endorses the radical theoretical transformation from his theory to Einstein's theory of relativity. It is strikingly realized in the development and application of testing frameworks for relativistic theories of gravity. In addition, it is very much at work in cosmology today. These propositions described patterns of motion, generalised from observations of the Mercury planet,Earth and moon. It has been noted by many commentators, however, that these do not seem to fit any standard definition of 'phenomenon'. 1 Some have argued that Newton's labelling was mistaken, while others have argued that Newton was using the label 'phenomenon' to avoid using the term 'hypothesis', which would mark his work as speculative, rather than experimental (for the early modern distinction between experimental and speculative philosophy.  I argue that Newton's choice of label was appropriate, albeit unconventional. Firstly, drawing on Bogen and Woodward's (1988) distinction between data, phenomena and theories, I Ariny Amos argue that Newton's phenomena performed a specific function: they isolated explanatory targets.
In experimental philosophy [science], we develop our theories from the phenomena we observe, and afterwards we develop general theories for all similar phenomena by inductive reasoning. This was how the laws of motion and gravitation of  Lunar Eclipse were Original was Observed ,discovered in  Mbarara 30th /April/2022, In Mbale 20th /Oct/2020 , 6;30pm-720pm ,Uganda East Africa. The book comprises  introduction to solar eclipse,Objectives of the study, Biblical Astronomy, Motions of sun , moon, Astronomical Object, Literature review, scope of the  study, solar eclipse Astronomy, Amos Ariny (Astronomer)Experiment procedure, Results , Discussions,Conclusions, Recommendations, References, Further reading, Bibliography.

Columbus's egg of curved space-time without gravity

There is no need for "fictitious gravity" to explain the "curvature" nor for a circle ⭕️ a sphere and the entire illusory universe of the eternally present "condensed mass": The surface of the hypersphere from you to infinity always has the same points regardless of the radius :)

How does gravity arise?  What is it made of?

On my desk I have the classic book by Misner, Thorne and Wheeler, titled "Gravitation" which contains 2179 pages.  Maybe a little too much for an answer on Quora.

L'uovo di Colombo dello spazio-tempo curvo senza gravità

Non c'è bisogno di "gravità fittizia" per spiegare la "curvatura" né di un cerchio ⭕️ una sfera e tutto l'universo illusorio dell'eternamente presente "massa condensata": La superficie dell'ipersfera da te all'infinito ha sempre gli stessi punti  indipendentemente dal raggio :)

Come nasce la gravità?  Da cosa è formata?

Sulla mia scrivania ho il classico libro di Misner, Thorne e Wheeler, dal titolo "Gravitation" che contiene 2179 pagine.  Forse un po' troppe per una risposta su Quora.

The Special Theory of Relativity, is a theory in Physics, generally accepted and experimentally confirmed in the theory of physics, and validated mathematically. In physics, the special theory of relativity, is a scientific theory regarding the relationship between space and time. General Theory of Relativity, also known as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 and is the current description of gravitation in modern Physics.

We consider the Universe deep inside the cell of uniformity. At these scales, the Universe is filled with inhomogeneously distributed discrete structures (galaxies, groups and clusters of galaxies), which perturb the background Friedmann model. Here, the mechanical approach (Eingorn & Zhuk, 2012) is the most appropriate to describe the dynamics of the inhomogeneities which is defined, on the one hand, by gravitational potentials of inhomogeneities and, on the other hand, by the cosmological expansion of the Universe. In this paper, we present additional arguments in favor of this approach. First, we estimate the size of the cell of uniformity. With the help of the standard methods of statistical physics and for the galaxies of the type of the Milky Way and Andromeda, we get that it is of the order of 190 Mpc which is rather close to observations. Then, we show that the nonrelativistic approximation (with respect to the peculiar velocities) is valid for $z \lesssim 10$, i.e. approximately for 13 billion years from the present moment. We consider scalar perturbations and, within the $\Lambda$CDM model, justify the main equations. Moreover, we demonstrate that radiation can be naturally incorporated into our scheme. This emphasizes the viability of our approach. This approach gives a possibility to analyze different cosmological models and compare them with the observable Universe. For example, we indicate some problematic aspects of the spatially flat models. Such models require a rather specific distribution of the inhomogeneities to get a finite potential at any points outside gravitating masses. We also criticize the application of the Schwarzschild-de Sitter solution to the description of the motion of test bodies on the cosmological background.

ABSTRACT
This book examines Newton's argument for universal gravity and his application of it to
resolve the problem of deciding between geocentric and heliocentric world systems by
measuring masses of the Moon, Jupiter Planet observed in Moroto,Uganda. Sir Isaac
Newton's inferences from phenomena realize an ideal of empirical success that is richer
than prediction. To achieve this rich sort of empirical success a theory needs, not only
to accurately predict the phenomena it purports to explain, but also, to have those
phenomena accurately measure the parameters which explain them. Newton's method
aims to turn theoretical questions into ones which can be empirically answered by
measurement from phenomena. Newton employs theory mediated measurements to
turn data into far more informative evidence than can be achieved by confirmation from
prediction alone. Propositions inferred from phenomena are provisionally accepted as
guides to further research
This methodology, guided by its rich ideal of empirical success, supports a conception
of scientific progress that does not require construing it as progress toward Laplace's
ideal limit of a final theory of everything and is not threatened by the classic argument
against convergent realism. Newton's method endorses the radical theoretical
transformation from his theory to Einstein's theory of relativity. It is strikingly realized in
the development and application of testing frameworks for relativistic theories of gravity.
In addition, it is very much at work in cosmology today. These propositions described
patterns of motion, generalised from observations of the Mercury planet,Earth and moon. It has been
noted by many commentators, however, that these do not seem to fit any standard definition of
'phenomenon'. 1 Some have argued that Newton's labelling was mistaken, while others have argued
that Newton was using the label 'phenomenon' to avoid using the term 'hypothesis', which would
mark his work as speculative, rather than experimental (for the early modern distinction between
experimental and speculative philosophy. I argue that Newton's choice of label was appropriate,
albeit unconventional. Firstly, drawing on Bogen and Woodward's (1988) distinction between data,
phenomena and theories, I Ariny Amos argue that Newton's phenomena performed a specific
function: they isolated explanatory targets.
In experimental philosophy [science], we develop our theories from the phenomena we observe, and
afterwards we develop general theories for all similar phenomena by inductive reasoning. This was how
the laws of motion and gravitation of Planets in Astrology, Astronomical objects in Astrology were
Original was Observed ,discovered in, 6th,/Nov/2011, Mwanza Tanzania , , East Africa,This book
comprises Introduction

The positive charge (+) of God, the negative consciousness / reality (-) and the "gravity" of Neanderthal "ego-monism".

From QUORA’s Q&A: What equation is better than E=mc²?
Profile photo for Marco Brigliadori
Marco Brigliadori, I have always been Consciously conscious

Answered 5h ago

E/M=C2: Meaning that - according to my interpretation of Einstein’s “relativity” by my paleontoLogicaMindly ISOCIC - NOT just light but ALSO evolutionary consciousness (I.e. consciously conscious consciousness, with NO pun intended), deals with condensed Mass AND energy (within a likewise “relative”, “elastic”, space/time) that are “interchangeable” AND THIS is the touchstone of the quantum universe, where - in a “relativistic” way - any place is an inertial frame of reference POV of the same nature of the whole … so called god if you like, but a god that - most notably in contrast with the ill advise or uncle Albert - DOES plays dices with us, precisely by sharing consciousness … for further insights you are welcome to follow me on academia edu:)

Gravity is purely a sub-dimensional, “evolutionary dimensional” delusion: There are no “forces” in the universe ONLY relativistic “motions” of condensed mass that convert “instantaneously” into energy as with particles. According to relativity, any inertial POV is a “legit” franchise of the whole: What difference does could it makes in “condensed mass” acceleration if the entirety of the universe is within an accelerated expansion?! Which one could be the “correct” inertial frame of reference?!

Time/space and energy/mass interplay are “just” an implicit effect of the duality particles/condensed mass which relativity grouped, for lack of better “dimensional” metaphor: Not only a so-called “sacred unity” isn’t there but ALSO UNWANTED AD HARMFUL- the very STRUCTURAL UNITY “concept” prevents us to go further with our consciousness of the universe:

God’s (+) ’positive charge

The legitimacy of quantum wave particles and cosmological Maxwell’s analogy implies “duality” not “unity” as a touchstone of consciousness and the litmus paper of his “lonely God” 😞 positive tunes.

The egotistical Neanderthal's POV reflected by inCoScientists search for a “sacred” unity that can’t be “real”: - as in any visible motion like an electrical charge - is “duality” that prevails everywhere, beginning with sex …

So, it is puzzling 🤨 to investigate the reasons for this “monistic” PaleontoLogicalMind “bias”, to overcome the present evolutionary consciousness stalemate.

First, we know that religions play a crucial role in cultural evolutionary consciousness to these very days, henceforth unconsciously affecting any perspective as it was always happening in this interplay’s game with gods that enticed even Einstein: This is why he also, in the end, had to throw the towel; He too couldn’t believe that complexity doesn’t imply “unity” …

Just to the opposite, multiple interplays are needed to generate a sort of “consciousness field”, as for any current circulation, and this is probably the only legit way to analyze e further in cosmology with Maxwell’s fields.

https://www.britannica.com topic

Tauhid, also spelled Tauhid, Arabic Tawḥīd, (“making one,” “asserting oneness”), in Islam, the oneness of God, in the sense that he is one and there is no god but he, as stated in the shahādah (“witness”) formula: “There is no god but God and Muhammad is His prophet.” Tawhid further refers to the nature of that God— …


Dalle domande e risposte di Quora: quale equazione è migliore di E=mc²?

Foto profilo per Marco Brigliadori
Marco Brigliadori, sono sempre stato Consapevolmente cosciente

Risposta 5 ore fa

E/M=C2: Significa che - secondo la mia interpretazione della "relatività" di Einstein da parte del mio paleontoLogicaMindly ISOCIC - NON solo luce ma ANCHE coscienza evolutiva (cioè coscienza coscientemente cosciente, senza giochi di parole), si occupa di massa ED energia condensata (entro  un altrettanto “relativo”, “elastico”, spazio/tempo) che sono “intercambiabili” E QUESTA è la pietra di paragone dell'universo quantistico, dove - in maniera “relativistica” - ogni luogo è un quadro di riferimento inerziale POV dello stesso  natura dell'insieme... il cosiddetto dio se volete, ma un dio che - in particolare in contrasto con il cattivo consiglio o zio Albert - gioca a dadi con noi, proprio condividendo la coscienza... per ulteriori approfondimenti siete invitati a seguirmi su  formazione accademica :)

La gravità è puramente un'illusione sub dimensionale, "dimensionale evolutiva": non ci sono "forze" nell'universo SOLO "movimenti" relativistici di massa condensata che si convertono "istantaneamente" in energia come con le particelle.  Secondo la relatività, qualsiasi POV inerziale è un franchise "legittimo" del tutto: che differenza potrebbe fare nell'accelerazione della "massa condensata" se l'intero universo si trova all'interno di un'espansione accelerata?!  Quale potrebbe essere il sistema di riferimento inerziale “corretto”?!

Tempo/spazio ed interazione energia/massa sono “solo” un effetto implicito della dualità particelle/massa condensata che la relatività ha raggruppato, in mancanza di una migliore metafora “dimensionale”: non solo non c'è una cosiddetta “unità sacra”, ma  ANCHE INDESIDERABILE E DANNOSO - lo stesso "concetto" di UNITÀ STRUTTURALE ci impedisce di andare oltre con la nostra coscienza dell'universo:

La carica positiva (+) di Dio

La legittimità delle particelle di onde quantistiche e l'analogia cosmologica di Maxwell implica la "dualità" non "unità" come pietra di paragone della coscienza e la cartina di tornasole del suo "Dio solitario" 😞 melodie positive.

Il punto di vista egoistico di Neanderthal riflesso dagli inCoScientists cerca un'unità "sacra" che non può essere "reale": - come in ogni movimento visibile come una carica elettrica - è la "dualità" che prevale ovunque, a cominciare dal sesso...

Quindi, è sconcertante 🤨 indagare le ragioni di questo "bias" PaleontoLogicalMind "monistico", per superare l'attuale stallo della coscienza evolutiva.

In primo luogo, sappiamo che le religioni svolgono un ruolo cruciale nella coscienza evolutiva culturale proprio in questi giorni, influenzando d'ora in poi inconsciamente qualsiasi prospettiva come accadeva sempre in questo gioco di interazione con gli dei che allettava persino Einstein: ecco perché anche lui, alla fine,  dovuto gettare la spugna;  Anche lui non riusciva a credere che la complessità non implicasse “unità”…

Al contrario, sono necessarie molteplici interazioni per generare una sorta di "campo di coscienza", come per qualsiasi circolazione attuale, e questo è probabilmente l'unico modo legittimo per analizzare ulteriormente in cosmologia i campi di Maxwell.

Argomento https://www.britannica.com

Tauhid, scritto anche Tauhid, arabo Tawḥīd, ("fare uno", "affermare l'unità"), nell'Islam, l'unità di Dio, nel senso che è uno e non c'è dio all'infuori di lui, come affermato nella shahādah (  “testimone”): “Non c'è dio all'infuori di Dio e Maometto è il Suo profeta”.  Tawhid si riferisce inoltre alla natura di quel Dio...

We explore the role of symmetry in the theory of Special Relativity. Using the symmetry of the principle of relativity and eliminating the Galilean transformations, we obtain a universally preserved speed and an invariant metric, without assuming the constancy of the speed of light. We also obtain the spacetime transformations between inertial frames depending on this speed. From experimental evidence, this universally preserved speed is c, the speed of light, and the transformations are the usual Lorentz transformations. The ball of relativistically admissible velocities is a bounded symmetric domain with respect to the group of affine automorphisms. The generators of velocity addition lead to a relativistic dynamics equation. To obtain explicit solutions for the important case of the motion of a charged particle in constant, uniform, and perpendicular electric and magnetic fields, one can take advantage of an additional symmetry-the symmetric velocities. The corresponding bounded domain is symmetric with respect to the conformal maps. This leads to explicit analytic solutions for the motion of the charged particle.

This book focuses on Albert Einstein and his interactions with, and responses to, various scientists, both famous and lesser-known. It takes as its starting point that the discussions between Einstein and other scientists all represented a contribution to the edifice of general relativity and relativistic cosmology. These scientists with whom Einstein implicitly or explicitly interacted form a complicated web of collaboration, which this study explores, focusing on their implicit and explicit responses to Einstein's work.This analysis uncovers latent undercurrents, indiscernible to other approaches to tracking the intellectual pathway of Einstein to his general theory of relativity. The interconnections and interactions presented here reveal the central figures who influenced Einstein during this intellectual period. Despite current approaches to history presupposing that the efforts of scientists such as Max Abraham and Gunnar Nordström, which differed from Einstein’s own views, be relegated to the background, this book shows that they all had an impact on the development of Einstein’s theories, stressing the limits of approaches focusing solely on Einstein. As such, General Relativity Conflict and Rivalries proves that the general theory of relativity was not developed as a single, coherent construction by an isolated, brooding individual, but, rather, that it came to fruition through Einstein's conflicts and interactions with other scientists, and was consolidated by his creative processes during these exchanges.

In Physics ,Chemistry, Biology Mathematics and Mythology, the principle of relativity is the requirement that the equations describing the laws of physics have the same form in all admissible frames of reference. For example in this book , in the framework of special relativity the Maxwell equations have the same form in all inertial frames of reference. In the framework of general relativity the Maxwell equations or the Einstein field equations have the same form in arbitrary frames of reference. Several principles of relativity have been successfully applied throughout science, whether implicitly as in Newtonian mechanics or explicitly as in Albert Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. such that this book tends to enunciate that The laws by which the states of physical systems alter are independent of the alternative, to which of two systems of coordinates, in uniform motion of parallel translation relatively to each other, these alterations of state are referred (principle of relativity).
The aim of the experiment was to detect the movement of the Earth through the aether. The theory was that there had to be an aether through which light propagated. Since the Earth rotates round the sun, it would be travelling through the aether in different directions in summer and winter, and the experiment was intended to detect this. Ariny Amos did an experiment and applications in the field,
Preceded by a companion book on Ariny Amos 's experiment and work on applications of principle or theory of relativity within the early thirty three years from birth 1982-2016 Research reveals Ariny Amos being Scientist. The book distinguishes the type of Androids
Description of Ariny's early life as astronomer , Astrologer.Chronology of events during Ariny Amos studies at Makerere University Kampala, Imprisonment by remote sensing's electromagnetic force on applications, or Hendrik Lorentz force, Electric shock and plasma physics, Seismology,Metaphysics of pluto, Masturbation or perturbation and photo electric effect Plasma physics , Dreamers's motion phenomenon, Astrophysics of Sweat and salt bridge in electrochemistry, Rainbow or Hydrogen Spectrum, Alzheimer disease in Astrology, Turbine and Turbomachine, Electric Generators, Satellite dish as Ariny Amos, International Womens' day venus crosser asteroid explosions,Hot air, tongue and electricity, Static electricity, Enamel Grinding and Electricity, Celestial bodies as Ariny's Natural satellite, Rota fortunae gravitation and healing ability, This book then explains the principle of relativity of which was introduced by German scientist Albert Einstain, in 1900, Noted that Jesus Christ of Nazareth first taught the principle of relativity during his life on earth. By surveying the work of scientists and theologians, Laws of physics, Ariny Amos experiment on relativity principle with White tailed Blue flycatcherbird and schistocerca nitens grass hopper,several experiments on principle of relativity,conclusions and recommedations, references,

We argue in favor of the physical basis of YARK theory of gravity and show that the major part of recent criticism by Corda (Corda, C. Symmetry 2018, 10, 558-559) is based on either irrelevant or erroneous claims. We highlight a perfect agreement of YARK theory with the results of the Mössbauer experiments in a rotating system and demonstrate that the so-called "synchronization effect" proposed by Corda to account for the outcome of these experiments stems from an elementary mathematical error and must be rejected. Finally, we show that YARK theory provides a consistent alternative explanation of the origin of the LIGO signals beyond the hypothesis about gravitational waves. [http://vixra.org/pdf/1902.0070v1.pdf]

The postulation of matter waves by Louis de Broglie was an essential starting point for the development of quantum mechanics. De Broglie started out from the fact that photons undergo scattering and interference at a double slit. He assumed that this behavior must also apply to elementary particles like the electron. To determine the results of this scattering, he related the effective wavelength for a particle to the momentum of that particle. Experiments seemed to confirm this concept. However, this approach is based on an incorrect understanding of relativistic dilation and the experimental confirmation works only in a specific situation. QM equations set up by Schrödinger and Dirac, which are based on de Broglie's approach, are partially incorrect. – In the following, we will present the corrected equations and show why the equations proposed by de Broglie looks correct in certain experiments.

We investigate a point-like massive source in non-linear f(R) theories in the case of arbitrary number of spatial dimensions D\geq 3. If D>3 then extra dimensions undergo toroidal compactification. We consider a weak-field approximation with Minkowski and de Sitter background solutions. In both these cases point-like massive sources demonstrate good agreement with experimental data only in the case of ordinary three-dimensional (D=3) space. We generalize this result to the case of perfect fluid with dust-like equations of state in the external and internal spaces. This perfect fluid is uniformly smeared over all extra dimensions and enclosed in a three-dimensional sphere. In ordinary three dimensional (D=3) space, our formulas are useful for experimental constraints on parameters of f(R) models.

With the consideration of the light: the photon particles, the Lorentz transformation was constructed with an impressive mathematical approach. But the generalization of that equation for all the velocities of the universe is direct enforcement on other things not to travel faster than light. It has created serious issues in every scientific research that was done in the last century based on the special theory of relativity. This paper replaces the velocity of light with some other velocities and shows us the possible consequences and highlights the issues of special relativity. If I travel through my past or future and was able to see another me there, who would be the real Hamdoon I or the one I see there in the past or future! If the real one is only me, the one I saw, is not me, so, I could not travel through my or someone else's past or future. Therefore, no one can travel through time. If both of us are the same, can the key of personal identity be duplicated or be separated into two or more parts? These are some of the fundamental philosophical arguments that annihilate the concept of time travel which is one of the sequels of special relativity.