Translation Competence

Türkiye’de son yıllarda birçok üniversitede çeşitli dillere yönelik “mütercim-tercümanlık”, daha yeni bir tanımla “çeviribilim” bölümlerinin açılmasıyla birlikte çeviri eğitimi, bilimsel açıdan araştırmaya değer bir konu haline gelmiştir. Sayıları yıldan yıla artarak bugün 20’ye ulaşan çeviri bölümlerinin hedef ve temel ilkeleri, son on yıllarla ifade edilen evreli bir gelişim sürecinde kurumsallaşmaya yaklaşan “çeviribilim” alanı açısından araştırılmaya değer olgusal durum olarak karşımızda durmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir yandan Türkiye’deki üniversitelerin çeviri programlarını temel alarak sürdürülen eğitim-öğretim etkinliklerini, ortaya koydukları hedefler açısından ele alıp irdelemek; diğer yandan ise çeviri eğitimi uygulamaları ile çeviri eğitimine dönük olarak ortaya atılan yaklaşımlar arasındaki benzerlikleri - farklılıkları tartışmak, çeviri bölümlerinin eğitim-öğretim izlenceleri üzerinden çeviri eğitiminde görülen olası eksikliklere ve yetersizliklere ilişkin çözüm ö...

Background: With regard to novel plans in the health sector, including “Health Sector Evolution” and changes of hospitals’ issues, change and innovation skills are considered essential for hospital administrators. This study aimed to determine the relationship between management style and change and innovation skills of administrators in Teaching Hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2009. Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical survey. Study samples were 9 managers and 135 headquarter staff of hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using the management style questionnaire of Rensis Likert and questionnaire of change and innovation skills. Data were analyzed through SPSS16 and using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage and mean) and analytical statistics (t-test and ANOVA .( Results: Most hospital administrators of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences had consultative management style. The m...

AUTHORS AND COPYISTS OF TATAR RELIGIOUS LITERATURE. EDUCATION, SOCIAL POSITION, AND KNOWLEDGE OF ORIENTAL AND SLAVIC LANGUAGES

Abstract:
The purpose of the paper is to describe the competence of Tatar translators. Hence, it discusses the education system in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and focuses on the sources of knowledge and inspiration for the authors of the 16th-century translation of the Qur’an into Polish, including their knowledge of Oriental languages. Research has led to the conclusion that the author of the Tatar tefsir met the criteria for a good translator because he:
– knew the culture of both the source and target languages, i.e. Islam and Christianity,
– had expert knowledge of the reality described, i.e. the reality of the Muslim world,
– knew both languages – the target one, i.e. Arabic, and the source one, i.e. Polish,
– displayed a knowledge of translation theory,
– knew the type of text he translated, i.e. the Qur’an, and was capable of creating it in the target language.
Moreover, what distinguished him was the knowledge of parallel texts created in the target language, i.e. mainly translations of the Bible, as well as extra-linguistic knowledge of the recipients of the translation, i.e. the community of Lithuanian-Polish Tatars.

Keywords: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Qur’an, tefsir, translation, translation competence

Bilim pratiklerinde alanın dinamiklerini düşünmek için çeviribilim araştırmacılarına kavramsal bir çerçeve sunması açısından Pierre Bourdieu’nün bilim alanı üzerine teorik ve pratik araştırmalarına yer vermenin önemli olduğunu düşünüyorum. Bilginin üretim ve dolaşım uzamı olarak kendine özgü iç mantığı, işleyiş kuralları ve yapısıyla bilim alanı, Bourdieu’nün bilim sosyolojisi incelemelerinin ve saha araştırmalarının odağındadır. Alan; kurumsal yapıları, hiyerarşik mekanizmaları, üniversiteler,
bölümler, yayınlar, araştırma altyapıları ve teşvik kurumlarıyla, sahip oldukları bilimsel sermayelerle akademisyen ve araştırmacıların konum ve konumlanmalarında tahakküm, baskı ve mücadelelerin de yeridir. Bourdieu’nün düşünümsellik ve nesnelleştirme kavramlarıyla çizilecek çerçeveyle alan pratiklerimize dönük araştırmalarda güncel dinamiklerimiz içinde etik duruş ve sorumluluklarımızı tartışmada çeviribilim sosyolojisinin bizlere verimli bir izlek sunabileceğini düşünüyorum.

The structure of translator competence is an important topic in translation studies. Although various proposals for the components of translator competence have been made based on logical reasoning over the past 30 years, few empirical studies have explored the relative importance of different components and the factors that affect their importance. This study focuses on the competence of professional translators, and based on a thorough review of previous research and interviews with professional translators, seven components of translator competence were identified. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to conduct a survey of 154 professional translators in China, distinguishing between in-house and freelance translators, different domains (science and news) and different language directions (English to Chinese and Chinese to English). By comparing the relative importance of each component, the study determined the weights of the different components of translator competence for specific translation tasks. The findings of this study contribute to improving the theoretical framework of translator competence and provide insights for translator training and curriculum planning.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Due to the wide scope of the roles and activities of environmental health experts and in response to the extensive educational needs of experts, the content of educational materials should be designed according to these professional roles and activities in order to carry out the responsibilities associated with this organizational post. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the level of coordination of syllabus of Environmental Health Engineering (EHE) BS with job requirements from the viewpoints of postgraduates in Mazandaran province. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in health centers of Mazandaran province in 2816. Totally, 80 students were randomly selected among EHE graduates using cluster sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire whose reliability was evaluated based on internal consistency and Cronbach's alpha coefficient and validity was confirmed by experts, was used to collect data. Data were a...

مدل های زبان بزرگ مانند ChatGPT را می توان برای بسیاری از چیزها استفاده کرد، اما افزایش قابلیت اطمینان نسخه های جدیدتر نیز ممکن است تمرین استفاده از دانش را که برای کل جامعه مهم است، تنظیم کند.  بنابراین، پس از شنیدن و سایر خطاهای نسخه های قبلی، ChatGPT4o می تواند به طور قابل اعتماد تمام دانش انباشته شده فعلی را در تعدادی از زبان ها در عرض چند دقیقه دریافت کند، فقط باید این ارائه دانش را با یک سری سوالات مناسب از آن بپرسید. و از آنجا که این نسخه می تواند به اینترنت دسترسی پیدا کند اگر نتواند اطلاعاتی برای پاسخ به سؤالی که قبلا در طول آموزش تغذیه شده است پیدا کند ، و بنابراین تقریبا می تواند کل دانش فعلی را در عرض چند دقیقه در دسترس نگه دارد. بر اساس این الگوی داده کاوی، در ماه های اخیر آزمایش استخراج این دانش آماده را آغاز کرده ام و نتیجه آن خلاصه ای از دانش کاوی در حوزه علوم اجتماعی و تاریخ است (Pokol 2024).
      اما اگر بخواهیم عملکرد تکاملی احتمالی چنین مدل های زبانی بزرگی را در سطح نظری جامع تری فرموله کنیم، باید به ایده پیچیدگی زمانی سازی به پیروی از نیکلاس لومان برگردیم. (لومان 1984) بر این اساس، در کشورهای تمدن غرب و سپس گسترش از اینجا، نه تنها تمایز افقی بین خرده نظام های کارکردی مانند قانون، سیاست، علم، اقتصاد، آموزش، حوزه بهداشت، حوزه هنری و غیره صورت گرفت، بلکه تمایز زمانی در هر زیرسیستم و همچنین در رابطه بین جامعه به عنوان یک کل و خرده نظام ها صورت گرفت. لومان این تمایز اخیر را "زمانی شدن پیچیدگی" می نامد.

Background & Aims Oral presentation skills play an important role in the personal, academic and professional success. It is the most common method of educational assessment in higher education settings. This study aims to determine the oral presentation competency of nursing students from Ardabil university of medical sciences (AUMS).
Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2023 on 274 nursing students from AUMS, who were selected using a convenience sampling method. The data collection tool were a demographic form and Chiang’s oral presentation evaluation scale (OPES). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 20, using independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance.
Results The total score of OPES was 58.81±7.75. The scores of the dimensions of accuracy in content, effective communication, and clarity of speech was 4.01±0.348, 3.72±0.658, and 4.02‌±‌0.673, respectively. Competency was higher in Persian speaking students than in Azari-speaking students. Also, students with a history of more oral presentation and reading of public speaking books obtained higher scores.
Conclusion Considering the importance of oral presentations for nurses, it is recommended that nursing professors in AUMS and the educational system in Iran pay more attention to promote this skill in Azeri-speaking nursing students.

Article Info Introduction: The mission of the doctoral program in nursing is health promotion, increase national standards, faculty members empowering, knowledge development, technology transfer, increased national and international scientific cooperation, creating a dynamic, motivating scientific atmosphere. Methods: This descriptive-comparative study was carried out in 2016 in order to compare components of nursing PhD program curriculum in Iran and four top United States universities. Data were collected by searching through the internet and compared using Bereday’s four-stage model: description, interpretation, juxtaposition and

Background: The concept of lean management refers to the elimination of waste and creation of value in an organization. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of lean management on improving surgery ward processes in a private hospital in Tehran. Methods: In this case study, the level of patients’ consent and their voluntary discharge both before and after the intervention were investigated. Spaghetti chart methods were used to implement lean management. All clinical, administrative, and paraclinical wards of a private general hospital in Tehran from January 2014 to July 2016 were studied. The data were collected using patients’ consent analysis questionnaires and researcher developed forms, and they were analyzed through descriptive statistics in Excel software. Results: The use of Spaghetti chart reduced the path in the process of discharging male patients was by 55%, 224 meter (from 408 to 184 m), and female patients by 41%, 224 m (from 546 to 321 m). The implemented i...

Background The academic promotion of faculty members is directly related to the promotion of universities, especially medical universities that are responsible for educating medical students. In this regard, this study aims to explore the barriers, solutions and effective motivational factors in the process of academic promotion for clinical faculty members in Iran. Methods This is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Semi-structured interviews with 9 clinical professors from Jahrom University of Medical Sciences who were experienced the promotion process were used to collect data. The collected information was analyzed based on Colaizzi's seven-step method. Results Based on the analysis, 69 primary codes and semantic units were extracted which led to identifying 10 main themes and 23 sub-themes in three areas of barriers to promotion (lack of knowledge of professors regarding the promotion process, lack of human resources, structural challenges, regulation challenges, audit board challenges), solutions to overcome barriers (increasing professors' awareness, developing facilities, modifying the evaluation system), and motivational factors (Intrinsic and extrinsic factors). Conclusion The findings of the present research revealed a new perspective on the challenges of type 3 universities in Iran regarding the academic promotion process for clinical professors. To improve the process, it is recommended that, the awareness of professors about the promotion regulations and their indicators and clauses should be increased by holding workshops. Experts should be assigned to help them. The promotion regulations should be modified according to the status and characteristics of clinical professors. Intrinsic motivational factors including the salary and the reward system should be strengthened for them.

Background Learning curves are essential in understanding skill acquisition and improvement, especially in complex medical procedures such as obstetrics and gynecology. Simulation training through virtual reality (VR) offers a promising way to enhance surgical skills in obstetrics and gynecology. This study aims to review studies that have used VR simulation for obstetrics and gynecology education and examined its learning curves. Methods This is a systematic review study that was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A search was conducted using the keywords virtual reality, learning curve, gynecology & obstetrics in online databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane library, Google Scholar, SID, MagIran, and Elmnet for relevant studies published until March 2024. Selected studies underwent data extraction and quality assessment. Quantitative synthesis involved pooling or combining data to draw a composite learning curve. Results Twelve studies were included in the review, which included participants with various skill levels from novice to expert. VR simulations significantly improved the performance. Experienced surgeons consistently outperformed novices. Learning curves differed significantly between novices and experts. Novices showed significant improvements with the increase of iterations, especially after the second to sixth iterations, while experts showed shorter learning curves, with improvements occurred much earlier, indicating their higher baseline skills. The composite learning curve depicted performance improvement with increasing iterations, peaking at 84.01% at the fifth iteration, indicating effective skill acquisition over time, albeit with potential fluctuations or leveling off thereafter. Conclusion VR offers a promising platform for increasing surgical skills in obstetrics and gynecology, with favorable learning curves showing significant improvements over time, especially among novices.

اصول سه گانه هنجار رسانه جمهوری اسلامی ایران

1-  اصل مشروعيت: اين اصل حاكم بر محتوا و هرگونه متن رسانه اي است.
سؤال مهم اين است كه در اين اصل\ شريعت مطابق متن دين مورد نظر است يا آن چه شريعتمداران در نظر دارند و كدام گروه از آن ها؟
2-  اصل مقبوليت: چون نظام اسلامي درچارچوب جمهوري عرضه شده است لذا مقبوليت اصلي حاكم بر فعاليت ها است.
3-  دوست محوري: در ادبيات ارتباطات،  مخاطب شناسي در اشكال گوناگون وجود دارد. در فارسي واژه Audience به مخاطب ترجمه شده است. در اين گونه شناسي  سه نوع Audience وجود دارد كه هريك داراي مشخصات متفاوتي است.
الف: مخاطب، در اين نوع Audience طرف خطاب قرار دارد و ارتباط يكسويه و از بالا به پايين و بر اساس مصلحت یا خیر مفروض مخاظب است.
ب: مشتري، تعامل دوسويه بر اساس بازاريابي تجاري  و سود و منفعت رسانه است.
ج: دوست، تعامل دوسويه از جنس بازاريابي اجتماعي و مبتنی بر منفعت- مصلحت است.
بر اساس اين سه اصل نام اين هنجار را مي توان  مقبول مشروع ناميد.

Objective Due to the importance of innovation ecosystems in the global economic circle, the absorptive capacity concept is important in Iran, too. Sharif University of Technology is important in establishing innovation clusters, because of its scientific status, access to knowledge resources, and being close to various industries and factories. It also provides a platform for the flow of knowledge between academic and business fields.

Objective: In spite that Iran's law has undergone changes throughout the history, its connection with jurisprudence is as strong as in the past, as it refers to jurisprudential rules in searching and processing legal rules. Due to the fact that voluntary activities in libraries are new topics, therefore, in the legal examination of it, the mentioned rules will definitely be referred to, but how to apply these rules in legal examinations in general and in the examination of voluntary activities in libraries in particular, has not been studied so far. The present research tries to show that jurisprudence rules can be used in legal examination only with a certain framework. Methodology: The required data was collected using the library method and analysis with jurisprudential and legal logic and balanced use of rational perceptions. The scope of legal studies is limited to Iranian law and the scope of jurisprudence studies is limited to Imami jurisprudence. Findings: The activity of the "rule of beneficence", was concluded that voluntarily activities in libraries means that a person who undertakes such an activity cannot be blamed for the results of these activities, since his work is beneficial. The "rules of action" indicates that since the person has denied the right of receiving salary with his own will, the library will not be responsible for the denial of salary entitlement. Conclusion: Application of the two mentioned rules in the legal review is not absolute and includes religious and rational framework. Its religious framework is derived from the relevant rational that if these two rules cause harm, they are not attributed to the religious legislator. The rational framework is the result of rational perception that does not allow the application of these two rules to have unfair results. Therefore, it cannot be considered responsible for a person conducting voluntary activity in one hand and the library organization on the other hand in the legal review of voluntary activity in Iranian libraries, referring to the above jurisprudential rules. The lack of a framework for jurisprudential rules in their legal use, especially in new matters such

Objective The advantages of telemedicine for the elderly are well known, but there are scattered studies on how to better prepare, implement, and evaluate it for older people in the world. It seems necessary to conduct a study to identify the managerial requirements for providing telemedicine to older people. Therefore, the present study aims to review the managerial requirements for providing telemedicine services to the elderly. Methods This review study was conducted based on the 5-step approach of Arksey & O'Malley. Related studies were identified by searching in three databases of Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed as well as searching for gray literature in Google Scholar. This search was limited to articles published from 2010 to 2022. Inclusion criteria were the study of the managerial requirements of telemedicine in three stages of preparation, implementation and evaluation, publishing from 2010 to 2022, written in English or Persian language or having English abstracts with sufficient evidence for extraction, and availability of full texts. There were no restrictions regarding the country of study. The studies with no access to their full texts were excluded. Results In total, 209 primary concepts, 55 unique concepts, 21 primary themes and 7 main themes regarding the preparation, implementation and evaluation stages were extracted. Out of 38 reviewed studies, 34 were related to the preparation stage, 32 related to the implementation stage, and 13 related to the evaluation stage. The need for organizing resources and manpower in the preparation stage, the need for monitoring, preservation and maintenance in the implementation stage, and the need for evaluation of long-term outcome and scalability of technology in the evaluation stage had the highest level of importance compared to other requirements. Conclusion The number of studies on managerial requirements of telemedicine in the implementation and evaluation stages is lower than the studies on the requirements in the preparation stage. It is necessary to identify these requirements in all stages. This study provides valuable information about managerial requirements for providing telemedicine services to the elderly, which can help managers and policy makers in the health system in promoting the quality and accessibility of telemedicine services for older adults.

In diesem Beitrag soll kulturreflexives Lernen im DaF-Unterricht anhand des Films „Almanya“ der Schwestern Şamdereli vorgestellt werden. Im Film wird die Geschichteeiner Familie türkischer Herkunft dargestellt, die nach Deutschland emigriert ist. Das Thema „kulturelle Identität“ ist im gesamten Film von überragender Bedeutung. Für den DaF-Unterricht ist der Film v. a. von Interesse, weil türkische Sichtweisen und
Stereotypen über die Deutschen vorgeführt werden. Dabei wendet sich der Film insofern direkt an Zuschauer/innen aus dem deutschen Kulturraum, als er versucht, ihnen die Gefühle der türkischen Figuren nahezubringen. Im Rahmen einer Filmanalyse wird das kulturreflexive Potenzial des Films erläutert. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie er im DaF-Unterricht eingesetzt werden kann (Niveau C1), und es wird schließlich ein Einblick in die Rezeption durch die Studierenden gegeben.

ABSTRACT
Producing knowledge and value is one of the prominent goals of new generation universities. At this point, along with specific academic knowledge, research, inquiry, critical and relational thinking emerge as necessary skills to acquire the targeted qualifications. Therefore, courses providing these skills are essential for building the required infrastructure to produce knowledge and value and for developing the ability to use academic knowledge effectively in practice. In terms of translation education, the above-mentioned skills also support ’translation competence’, which is essentially a multi-layered set of skills. ’Complementary courses’ in Translation and Interpreting programs based on research, reading, questioning and critical thinking support both learning and translation competencies. This study aims to reveal the contribution of Current Developments and Language and Cultural Competence courses, which are complementary in Translation and Interpreting programs, to above-mentioned skills. Accordingly, the Current Developments and English Language and Cultural Competence courses in the curriculum of Translation and Interpreting Department in Manisa Celal Bayar University are examined within the scope of the study. First, the concepts of ‘information literacy’ and ‘information fluency’, which constitute the conceptual and theoretical framework of the study are discussed in the context of learning competence and translation competence. Then, the definitions and functions of the specified courses in the curriculum are explained and evaluated in terms of information fluency as a learning competence and translation competence.
Keywords: Translation Competence, Learning Competence, Complementary Courses, Information Literacy, Information Fluency

Edimbilim, dil topluluklarına özgü işlevsel dil kullanımındaki sözel ve sözel olmayan işaretleri açıklığa kavuşturur. Dilin oluşum ve kullanım biçimlerinin ayırt edilebilmesi ve hangi durumda hangi stratejilerle söylemin bağlama uygun biçimde yapılandırılacağı konusunda edimbilim farkındalığı, bireyin iletişim yetisini olumlu yönde etkiler. Bireyin edimbilim dil kullanımlarında biçim ve anlam değişimlerinin etkisini gözlemleyebilmesi için edimbilim dil yapılarının farkında olması gerekir. Bireyin konuya ilişkin farkındalık kazanabilmesi ve edimbilim dil yapılarını sosyal ve kültürel normlar, değer ve yargı vb. etkenlere göre biçimlendirebilmesi için dil öğretim sürecinde edimbilimden yararlanılmalıdır. Edimbilim bağlamın içerdiği çeşitli anlam özelliklerini kullanım biçimlerine göre tanımladığı için etkileşimsel dil öğretimine katkıda bulunur. Böylece bağlama uygun dil kullanımlarının hem dolaylı ifade biçimlerinde hem de gerçek kullanımlarda nasıl biçimlendirildiğine ilişkin dinleyici ve konuşmacıda farkındalık geliştirir. Öte yandan dillerarası iletişimde kültürün dil üzerindeki etkisi göz önünde bulundurulduğunda dil öğretim sürecinde edimbilimden yararlanılması ve ilgili dil topluluğuna özgü kullanım kalıpları, söylem biçimleri ve bağlamların temel özelliklerine yer verilmesi öğrencinin daha doğru ve etkili iletişim kurmasını sağlar. Belirli bir amaç için oluşturulan söylemde yer alan örtük dil ve kültürel yapıların dil topluluğuna özgü göstergelerle nasıl kodlandığı ve dinleyici üzerindeki etkisinin pragmatik öğretilerle gerçekleştirilmesi mümkündür. Bu araştırmada edimbilimin dil öğretim sürecine katkıları gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bununla birlikte edimbilimin dil öğretimi sırasında nasıl kullanılabileceğine ilişkin sözeylem stratejileri ve görev örneklerine yer verilmiştir.

Background. The concept of age-friendly cities has been introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in an attempt to pay more attention to the elderly. In Iran, this issue is more important due to demographic changes and age conditions. This study aimed to investigate the views of the elderly people living in Tabriz about the indicators of age-friendly cities.
Methods. In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 351 elderly people were selected from six age-friendly centers in Tabriz by simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was the standard questionnaire of the WHO in an age- friendly city. To analyze the data, both descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (analysis of variance and t-test) were used. Also, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16 was used and significance level was considered as 0.05.
Results. Among the four studied indicators, the health component had the highest average (44.57 ±11.81), followed by the components of social respect (38.5 ±11.5), participation in social relations (34.8 ±9.12), and the cultural and recreational index (32.86 ±10.54; range 1-100). We also observed a significant relationship between gender and marriage with cultural and recreational component (P = 0.002).
Conclusion. Since none of the four indicators of age-friendly cities in Tabriz were standard, the managers of aging-related organizations should plan to standardize these indicators to achieve the desired conditions.

Resumen. El proyecto de convergencia hacia el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) ha puesto de moda las técnicas de Aprendizaje Cooperativo (AC) (y otras como el Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos). Efectivamente, en el contexto del EEES se espera de los ...

The economy of art and the study of Iran's art market is one of the pioneering economic topics in the development and sustainable development discussion. Familiarity with the economic applications of art in various financial fields can provide the necessary incentives to welcome art into society. This study, after defining the concept of art economy, introduces the influential areas of art economy and then focuses on the field of health and treatment, by presenting the results of several research-applied projects in the area of the impact of art economy on the costs of Health and treatment, a theoretical and practical image of the economic function of art in reducing health and treatment costs for households and health care centers should be presented to provide policymakers with practical ideas for planning.

Background and Objective: Nowadays, due to the expansion of the use of online technologies in the education of students, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of these educations in evaluating and ensuring the academic progress of students. The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of virtual education in the field of learning and evaluation based on the first level of this model. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 dental students. Students answered a researcher-made questionnaire. The data obtained from the questionnaire was evaluated in SPSS V.20 software. Findings: The average age of the students was 23.45 years with a total grade point average of 15.94. Effectiveness was declared in the field of evaluation by 51% and in the field of learning interaction by 49%. Demographic characteristics did not have a significant effect on the effectiveness of virtual education from the point of view students. Conclusion: Considering the moderete effectiveness of virtual education on the learning and evaluation of students of Babol University of Medical Sciences, quality of presenting lessons, planning and tests content may be improved.

Background and Objective: Along with the improvement of technology in today's modern world, the role of virtual education in the education of students is undeniable. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of virtual education based on the first level of Creek Patrick model. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study included 140 dental students of Babol Medical Sciences university during the academic year 2020-2021. Participants answered the e-learning effectiveness questionnaire. (Content Validity Ratio) CVR and and (Content Validity Index) CVI was used to confirm the validity and applicability quantification respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS V.20 software. Findings: CVR was 0.85 and CVI was 0.80. Overall, the students stated an average of 50% of the effectiveness of virtual education on learning. In the area of teaching, 52% of the effectiveness of virtual learning was reported and 57% of familiarity with the virtual learning environment and software was reported. Demographic data was not associated with the effectiveness of virtual learning (p <0.05). Conclusion: From the point of view of dental students of Babol medical University, the effectiveness of virtual education was moderate.It seems that increasing the quality of teaching and upgrading online educational equipment is effective in improving the virtual education and students' attitudes toward virtual education.

Background and Objective: Medical education usually begins with teaching basic biomedical sciences and ends with learning in clinical courses. A significant contribution of clinical education programs is essential in shaping the professional abilities of students. The insufficiency of clinical experience during the study period leads to a decrease in the amount of learning, an increase in stress and the fear of being unable to perform clinical tasks. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the ability of students to perform clinical skills by self-assessment method.
Methods: The current research was cross-sectional and descriptive. After preparing the list of students, the researcher attended the clinic departments and distributed the questionnaire. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using SPSS (with descriptive indices and independent t-tests, ANOVA, and Spearman's correlation coefficient) and P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Findings: 71 dental students participated in this research. The number of female students (57.7%) was more than male students (42.3%). Most dental students of Babol University of Medical Sciences (59.2%) rated their ability as high. In this study, the highest level of students' ability was related to extracting milk teeth, and the lowest level of ability was reported in treating patients with systemic problems.
Conclusion: Deficiencies in educational experiences are problematic because the quality of children's dental educational experiences is related to the attitude and professional behavior of dentists. Therefore, dentists with more educational experience are more likely to treat children than dentists

Background and Objective: At the beginning of the corona pandemic, the lack of sufficient knowledge about the nature of the disease, the ways of transmission and the factors affecting the severity of the disease, had caused great concern and anxiety. Considering that medical students are in close contact with people, it is necessary to measure their level of knowledge, attitude and behavior in the face of covid-19 so that, if necessary, appropriate measures can be taken in order to improve their awareness and attitude. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the knowledge, attitude and performance of clinical and basic science students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences regarding Covid-19. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 310 clinical and basic science students at Shahid Beheshti University during the academic year 2021-2022. The sampling was categorized, and data were collected using the Baniyas study questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS-26 statistical software through descriptive tests and Chi-Square analysis. Findings: Among the study participants, 231(74.8%) were female and the rest were male. The clinical and basic science students had good knowledge about the disease factor, animal-to-human transmission, human-to-human transmission routes, COVID-19 symptoms, the best diagnostic test, treatment, disease prevalence reduction methods, asymptomatic positive individual care, disease transmission in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, and disease transmission in children and young adults. The students expressed concerns about their own and their family members' susceptibility to the disease. Conclusion: The students showed a high level of knowledge, positive attitude, and good actions towards COVID-19 prevention. However, they were concerned about their own and their family members' susceptibility to the disease.

The evolving field of translation requires professionals to adapt to new technologies and standards to remain competitive. This paper explores the importance of computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, international standards such as ISO 17100, and ICT knowledge for modern translators. Research highlights the necessity of clear and unambiguous source texts for effective localization and the increasing value employers place on CAT tool proficiency. The paper emphasizes the essential role of ICT tools in improving productivity and maintaining quality, noting that translators without these skills risk exclusion from the job market. It also discusses the need for translation training programs to integrate practical ICT tool usage, preparing students for the demands of the industry. The ISO 17100 standard, along with others like ISO 9004 and ISO 19011, is crucial for continuous professional improvement and ensuring high-quality translation services. The study underscores the importance of ongoing knowledge acquisition, experience exchange, and participation in professional events to foster skill development and innovation. Furthermore, the paper stresses the need for careful project evaluation and planning, adapting to the specific requirements of each translation task. In conclusion, a professional degree, expertise in project management, proficiency in CAT tools, and specialization in widely used languages such as English are essential for success in the translation industry. The ability to stay updated with industry trends and tools is imperative for translators to meet the market's current and future demands effectively.

Background and Objective: Empathy between dentists and patients increases patient satisfaction and the effectiveness of dental treatments. With more empathy, dentists find more competence in taking history, performing clinical examinations and need assessment and treatment plans and giving instructions after treatment, and getting the cooperation of their patients. Research has shown that students' empathy decreases during their studies. Methods: 60 students completed the Jefferson Clinical Empathy Questionnaire. Students were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups of 30 people. The workshop was held for the group. After one month, the clinical empathy questionnaire was completed again by both groups. The questionnaire information of both groups before and after the workshop was entered into SPSS version 21 software and analyzed. Findings: There was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding demographic and educational variables. Also, the average score of Jefferson's empathy in the two groups before the intervention was not statistically significant (P=0.76). However, after holding the training program for the case group, a statistically significant difference was found in the clinical empathy score of the case group and the control group (P=0.03). Also, the difference in the mean empathy score of the case group before and after the intervention was significant (P=0.05). Except for the ethnicity variable (P=0.03), none of the demographic variables had a significant relationship with the empathy score after the intervention. Conclusion: By teaching communication skills, the level of clinical empathy of dental students can be improved.