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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This Chapter presents some foreign and local

literatures and studies which the researchers deem relevant

with the present study. Such literatures and studies cited

paved the way in determining the extent of how far

researchers have gone through along the area under

investigation.

Related Literature

Foreign Literature

Waste Management

According to Schidmit (2012) in his book entitled

Zero Waste Management cited that the present rubbish

includes synthetic materials that keep piling up unlike

natural ones that degrade and eventually return to earth.

Thus, disposal becomes a problem. Aside from this, garbage

is also a health hazard- being a melting pot of all sorts

of disease. As todays throwaway society consumes more and

more products, we also generate more and more waste. Much

of this waste gets burned in incinerators or buried in

landfills, causing a series of environmental problems

including water pollution and loss of open space,

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According to Duran (2012) in his book entitled Waste

Management Disposal cited that waste is a visible face of

inefficiency in terms of material utilization. Waste

handling is a major concern, especially since improper

waste treatment causes increased environmental

deterioration. The last few decades have seen the emergence

of new measures to handle waste effectively, but most of

them are not flawless. Zero waste, an innovation of the

1990s in waste handling, emphasizes planning for the

elimination of waste rather than managing waste.

According to Allen (2012), the Zero Waste

International Alliance, means that zero waste is the

designing and managing products and processes to reduce the

volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and

recover all resources, and not burn or bury them. The

simple technology and methods required to achieve Zero

Waste exist in every community around the world.

Zero Waste Management Group (2012), Environmental

sustainability and waste management are the most important

issues of our time. An important step towards achieving

environmental sustainability and responsible waste

management involves reducing our impact on the environment.

It is through the successful implementation of our waste

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management and diversion programs that we commit ourselves

to continually satisfy our client's needs. The main

principals that are employed by Zero Waste Management Group

involve resource preservation and waste reduction. These

are the core fundamental components of the 'Zero Waste

Philosophy'. This is done by means of recycling all

potential waste and reusing those materials in different

ways, creating a circular system of use and re-use.

Implementing this philosophy, bring solutions to all

segments of society. This is demonstrated by our commitment

to work with and provide efficient solutions to

individuals, groups and municipalities.

According to Serbanto (2012) in his book entitled

Waste Management Disposal said that Zero Waste is a

critical stepping-stone to other necessary steps in the

efforts to protect health, improve equity and reach

sustainability. Zero Waste can be linked to sustainable

agriculture, architecture, energy, industrial, economic and

community development. Every single person in the world

makes waste and as such is part of a non-sustainable

society. However, with good political leadership, everyone

could be engaged in the necessary shift towards a

sustainable society. Good political leadership in this

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matter involves treating citizens as key allies to protect

human health and the environment and in making the

transition to a sustainable future. Governments need to

govern rather than attempt to manage this change to

sustainable resource conservation practices. This includes

a significant investment in public outreach and education

so that citizens can help communities make the most

informed choices.

According to Dantes (2013) cited that the dumping and

burning of garbage generated in cities, towns and villages

in wetlands and water bodies, have resulted in serious air,

soil and water pollution. Zero Waste Management is a new

system of managing solid waste, which strives for maximum

waste recovery through recycling and reuse, aiming at

zero waste to be disposed onto dump yards and landfills.

All over the world, Zero Waste Management has been accepted

(and is being practiced) as the best solution to the

problem of waste, for the following reasons. Waste is

segregated and resources are recovered through composting

of organic waste and recycling of inorganic waste. Compost

generated through Zero Waste Management is used to promote

organic farming, bringing down the use of chemicals in

agriculture. Zero Waste Management helps reduce the rate of

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virgin raw material extraction and resource depletion. Zero

Waste Management minimizes waste disposal at dumpsites and

reduces pollution of air, ground water and soil that result

from dumping.

In the book of Calonzo (2014) entitled Eco Waste

Management cited that waste disposal directly contributes

to climate change with the discharge of GHGs such as

methane from dumps and landfills and carbon dioxide and

nitrous oxide from incinerators. Waste disposal also

indirectly drives climate change by depriving the economy

of reused, recycled and composted materials. By adopting

Zero Waste, we cut greenhouse gas emissions from waste

disposal sites as well as from the energy-intensive

extraction, processing and transportation of virgin

materials to replace the buried or burned discards, Manny

Calonzo, Co-Coordinator of the Global Alliance for

Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA), another member of the Eco

Waste Coalition.

In the book of Obrero (2015) entitled Waste

Management cited that waste management that aims to reduce

total amount of waste to zero by redesigning resource-use

systems. Rather than maintaining a linear waste system

you throw something away, it ends up in a landfill zero

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waste initiatives work toward extending current practices

of recycling and reuse into a circular waste system. This

strategy maximizes recycling, minimizes waste, reduces

consumption and ensures that products are made to be

reused, repaired or recycled back into nature or the

marketplace.

Knowledge on Waste Management

Ivan (2012) in his book Zero Waste cited that zero

waste management groups will initiate programs that will

raise awareness of recycling and environmental issues that

families can implement together. One such method will be

the distributions recycling guides with tips on recycling

and composting to households, schools and business in local

communities. These easy-to-guides will increase awareness

about the importance of being environmentally friendly

highlight the importance of reducing, reusing, and

recycling the resources without compromising daily routine.

Smith (2012) in his book Environmental Management

cited that Environmental education is an essential tool for

achieving effective resource management and sustainable

development. Environmental education in its broadcast sense

encompasses awareness raising, acquiring new perspectives,

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values, knowledge and skills and both the formal and

informal process that lead to changed behavior in support

of sustainable environment.

James (2013) cited that environmental information has

been described as central to the issues of solid waste

management and disposal. This study investigated the

availability and accessibility of environmental information

to the solid waste policy formulators and implementors with

regard to the media/channels used for disseminating

environmental information to the public. A descriptive

survey design was adopted for the study. A purposive

sampling technique was used to select the sample and the

method produced 205 respondents that consisted of 185

Policy Implementors and 20 Policy Formulators. A total of

147 cases were finally analyzed, which included 16 Policy

Formulators (80% of total sample) and 131 Policy

Implementors (71% of total sample). Data collected were

analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages

and frequency counts. Findings show that the Policy

Implementors preferred the use of personal contact as the

channel for disseminating environmental information,

whereas the Policy Formulators relied on the use of

posters, radio/TV talks, and professional meetings. Some

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barriers to disseminating information to the public

included: lack of access to information sources, lack of

standards for acquisition of information, and lack of funds

to publish information materials.

Conor (2013) cited that the individual achievement

would remain individual had it not been shared with the

community. As soon as the use of fire was shared, the scope

for its future use and development was widened. Throughout

time, other members of the community would discover or come

up with new practical application for it, like cooking and

production of tools and items. These associate innovations

reinforced the initial idea, contributed to its use and

were at least as significant as the primary innovation. But

the question remaining is what could have prompted all

other communities to adopt the use of fire too? One can

only speculate, but it may be that fire with all its

derivative uses gave communities that used it a competitive

advantage. Better fed, better equipped, as these

communities prospered over time and migrated they simply

either spread the knowledge of fire to others or triggered

their extinction. Perhaps some neighboring villages even

stole fire, in an attempt to even the odds.

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Kate (2012) argued that information collection and

storage involve the day-to-day processes of gathering and

storing data from organizational programs, partners, and

stakeholders. More sensitive information being managed is

usually personal information subject to the various state

and international privacy laws or information that is

proprietary to a corporation or other organization. The

various state and international privacy laws Information

provisional impact levels are documented in the Personal

Identity and Authentication information type. Such

information will often be assigned a moderate

confidentiality impact level. Where any of the information

to be managed can be expected to have a high

confidentiality, impact level, then the information

management information must be assigned a high

confidentiality impact level. When the data being managed

belongs to one of the information types described in this

guideline, the confidentiality impact assigned to the

system is that of the highest impact information type

processed by the system. Depending on the organization and

the mission being supported, the sensitivity of the

information can range from none (public information) to

high.
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Solid Waste Management

The advent of Republic Act 9003 (2000, various local

governments have adopted and integrated the law into local

laws and ordinances. RA 9003 provided the framework as to

the Solid Waste Management Plans in various LGUs in the

country. In line with the implementation of the RA 9003,

various researches and reports are published regarding the

assessment of the implementation of the Republic Act in the

local governments. These studies range from the assessment

of the local governments in their implementation of the RA

9003, to the challenges and mechanisms of solid waste

management in the Philippines.

Richie Grace Lago (2012) of Liceo de Cagayan

University studied on the Solid Waste Management system in

Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City. Her study entitled Solid

Waste Management Needs of a Suburban Community

studied the terms of handling, storage, collection,

transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid

waste in the said community. In the abstract of her

study, she indicated baranggay officials, barangay

workers and baranggay residents as the respondents of the

study. She measured on the respondents awareness of the

Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management

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Act of 2000 and the initiation of the LGU in the

implementation of the said Republic Act. The researcher

concluded that the respondents have moderate awareness of

the RA 9003 and that this level of awareness led to the low

cooperation in the LGUs in terms of the implementation of

the Republic Act. She also concluded that this moderate

level of awareness discloses a community interest in

adopting the introduced solid waste management system.

Moreover, the assessment of the respondents on the Republic

Act 9003 depended on their level of awareness of the

Republic Act and the perceived importance of the

Materials Recovery Facility. Lastly, the

researcher concluded that the baranggay should take the

lead on the implementation and support of the Republic

Act 9003, which will in return affect the

receptiveness of the respondents to the said Act.

Francis Paulo M. Quinas (2011) study on Wasting

Away: The challenges of solid waste management in the

Philippines, a study posted on the UP Forum, tackled on

the situation of solid waste management in the country. The

researcher presented the current deplorable state of the

Philippines in terms of waste, especially on landfills and

dumpsites. The researcher talked on the current law

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managing the solid waste management in the country and the

urban planning and renewal. The study imparts on the poor

urban planning that led to the current solid waste

management problem, especially in Manila. The study

stated, to begin with, poor urban planning and its

inadequate implementation in Metro Manila have contributed

significantly to the solid waste problem. It also

presented the current situation of the LGUs which

acknowledges the sector of tourism, thus reducing the

impacts of the community on the environment, mainly caused

by the wastes generated in the households and industries.

The study assessed on the role of the Filipino individuals

to the segregation of waste, saying that most Filipino

households dont even bother to segregate their solid

waste. Because of this, there is a pressing need for

Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in communities across

the country. These facilities process solid waste to

recover recyclable and reusable materials, not only greatly

reducing the volume of solid waste, but also generating

revenue for the LGUs.

William H. O. Streegan (2013) assessed on the

compliance of Bacolod City to the RA 9003. The researcher

presented facts on the current situation of Bacolod City,

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including the fact that waste management problems as a

major pillar in the flooding of Bacolod City. The

researcher also presented the current situation of

Baranggay Felisa as the citys illegal open dump, where a

sanitary landfill is proposed to be situated. The

researcher assessed Bacolod City into five conclusions.

First, the Bacolod City Government did not comply

with the guidelines and deadlines of RA 9003 and

therefore the National Solid Waste Management

Commission. Second, the City Government failed to address

the DENRs request to establish a sanitary landfill. Third,

the City Government did not heed the call to close illegal

open dumpsite in Baranggay Felisa. Fourth, that the City

Government could be subjected to criminal sanctions as a

result of non-compliance to RA 9003. Lastly, the City

Government continued to operate the illegal dumpsite in

Brgy. Felisa. As a whole, the researcher stated that it is

imperative that the City should be more serious about the

implementation of RA 9003 and should fast track its

information drive on this law so that the citizenry could

become more aware of its provisions. It is equally

imperative that the citizenry, either in their homes or in

their workplaces should implement proper waste segregation,

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so that the City could comply with its agreement with the

DENR.

Another related study is Jessie Todocs Decentralized

Solid Waste Management In The Philippines, which sought to

analyze the framework of Solid Waste Management in the

Philippines. The study also aimed to formulate strategies

for its replication in the country and among local

government members of the Kitakyushu Initiative Network.

The study tackled on four baranggays and villages in

the country, which assessed the compliance of Local

Government Units to the Republic Act 9003. It further

scrutinized on the budget allotment, disposal facilities,

and sanitary landfills of the LGUs.

The book entitled The Garbage Book: Opportunities for

Change assessed the implementation of the RA 9003 at the

baranggay level. It states that, while the extent of

formal recycling through local government initiatives has

been limited, informal and private sector recycling is

extensive, at all points from waste generation through to

final disposal. Scavenging forms a significant element of

this activity. It is found out that an insignificant

amount of 10% of waste is only recycled. More so, it

assessed that community-based initiatives involve waste

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segregation at source, recycling, and composting. Programs

have been attempted in many barangays throughout Metro

Manilasome have succeeded, others have failed for one

reason or another. Leadership is the key factor in

successful programs. In most cases, the initiative is led

by the Barangay Captain or nongovernment organization

aligned with the zero waste movement.

With the signing of RA 9003 into law, a challenge is

posed for the local governments to implement the provisions

of the republic act into local laws and ordinances. Various

local governments have adopted and have implemented the RA

9003 into local ordinances, but the challenge comes with

putting right sanctions to the violators of the

law. The assessment provided for by the different

researchers suggests that despite the presence of local

ordinances, there is still much to be done.

Synthesis

The related literature and studies, foreign and local

herein discussed are both related in a way that it deals on

solid waste management.

The above-cited foreign literatures were cited because

of its bearing to the present study because of its

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similarities and dissimilarities. Lago (2012) of Liceo de

Cagayan University studied on the Solid Waste Management

system in Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City. Her study

entitled Solid Waste Management Needs of a Suburban

Community studied the terms of handling, storage of

waste materials. Though the present study also aims to

assess the waste management however, it varied on the

setting and locale of the study.