Ancient Turk and Uighur

The current paper covers education and the constructed lifestyles around it in the Pre-Islamic Turks. Specializing on the first Turk states, despite the shortage of resources about the interested topic, the Hun Empire, Göktürks and Uighur’s will be taken into consideration.

Telif ve tercüme çok sayıda eserle temsil edilen Eski Uygurca, Eski Türkçe döneminin ikinci büyük halkasıdır. Uygurların dil ve kültürünün günümüze taşıyıcıları olan bu dönem eserleri üzerinde Türkiye’de ve özellikle Türkiye dışında çeşitli araştırmalar yayımlanmıştır. “Eski Uygurcada Bağlaçlar” adlı bu çalışma da bunlardan biridir.
Bağlaçlar, bir metnin oluşumunda rol oynayan bağlantı ögelerinin en önemlisidir. Cümleler arasında anlam ilişkisini sağlayan ve ilişkiyi yönlendiren bağlaçlar, Eski Uygurca metinlerde de bu işlevleriyle yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır. Eski Uygurca dönemi metinlerindeki bağlaç varlığının, bağlaçların yapı ve kullanım özelliklerinin, işlevlerinin araştırıldığı bu çalışmayla, Eski Uygurca alanının dil bilgisi ve metin incelemelerine katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır.

Known as the "The Golden Light " by the Uighur name, it promotes the ideas of Buddhism. This text is so important for research of literary language of ancient uighur. The Golden Light was translated from Sanskrit to Uighur in XI century by Sinki Seli Tutun. In this article attention has been paid to situational verbs, their origin and current situation.

This is the second edition of the book originally published in 2005, by the 'Gutenberg" Publ. House, Sofia. It deals with the so-called 'Inside' and 'Outside' Others in the histories of Bulgars, Khazars, Ancient Turk, and Uighurs and covers the period between the 6th and the 9/10th centuries.

Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın siyasî tarihini ele alan bazı araştırmacılar, bu devletin Doğu ve Batı Kağanlıkları olarak ikiye ayrılmasının 581'de yaşandığını, Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın bu yılda Tardu Ḳaġan tarafından kurulduğunu, devletin temellerinin ise onun babası İştemi Yabġu Ḳaġan tarafından atıldığını kabul etmişlerdir. Ancak araştırmacıların bir kısmı, bazı yeni bulgulara dayanarak Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Tardu Ḳaġan tarafından değil, onun desteğini alan ve *Buḳan Ḳaġan'ın oğlu olan Apa Ḳaġan (Daluobian) tarafından 583'te kurulduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Konuyla ilgili Çin kaynaklarını kullandığımız çalışmamızda vardığımız sonuca göre, Göktürk Kağanlığı 583'te ikiye bölünmüşse de yaşanan iç mücadele, hanedanın Yixiji Ḳaġan'ın soyu ile *Buḳan Ḳaġan'ın soyu arasında Büyük Kağanlık konumunu elde etmek amacıyla verilmiş ve ilk başta bağımsız bir Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın kurulması amaçlanmamıştır. Bir "Hükümdar-Yapıcı" olarak hareket ettiği düşünülebilecek olan Tardu Ḳaġan, bu mücadelede uzun bir süre boyunca Yixiji Ḳaġan'ın soyuna karşı *Buḳan Ḳaġan'ın soyunu desteklemiş ve ancak 600 yılında Büyük Kağan olma iddiasında bulunabilmiştir. *Buḳan Ḳaġan'ın soyu hep doğuyu ele geçirmeye çalışmış, ancak bunda başarısız olmuştur. Tardu Ḳaġan'ın soyundan gelen Shegui Ḳaġan'ın 611'de Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın tahtına oturmasıyla birlikte ise Büyük Kağanlık konumu için verilen mücadele sona ermiş ve Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı, amacı yalnızca batıya doğru yayılmak olan bağımsız bir devlete dönüşmüştür.

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Some of the researchers who studied the political history of the Türk (Gokturk) Qaġanate have concluded that the division of this empire occurred in 581, the Western Türk Qaġanate was founded by Tardu Qaġan in this year and the foundations of this state were established by his father Ištämi Yabġu Qaġan. However, relying on some new discoveries, several researchers have pointed out that the Western Türk Qaġanate was not founded by Tardu Qaġan, but it was founded in 583 by Apa Qaġan (Daluobian), *Buqan Qaġan's son, who received Tardu Qaġan's support. According to the conclusion we reached in our study, in which we used the Chinese sources related with the topic, even though the Türk Qaġanate was divided into two halves in 583, the civil war was fought between two different branches of the dynasty, one of them descending from Yixiji Qaġan and the other descending from *Buqan Qaġan. This civil war was fought with the aim of acquiring the position of Great Qaġan and the foundation of an independent Western Türk Qaġanate was not aimed in the beginning. Tardu Qaġan, who can be thought of acting as a "Kingmaker", supported the lineage of *Buqan Qaġan against the lineage of Yixiji Qaġan for a long time in this struggle and he could claim to become the Great Qaġan only in the year 600. The lineage of *Buqan Qaġan always attempted to conquer the east, but they always failed in this. With the ascend of Tardu Qaġan’s descendent Shegui Qaġan to the throne of the Western Türk Qaġanate in 611, the struggle for the position of Great Qaġan came to an end and the Western Türk Qaġanate transformed into an independent state with the sole aim of expanding towards the west.

Abstract: For the first time, the Epitaph of Qarï Čor provides bilingual materials from earlier ages to determine the specific meaning of the word atï, which means either “nephew” or “grandson” in ancient turkic kinship terms. Based on the bilingual epitaph and Chinese historical materials, the Qarï Čor is presumed to be the grandnephew of Kül Bilgä Qaγan, the son of Čabïš Tegin, the nephew of Qan Totoq and the cousin of Bögü Qaγan. Qan Totoq may refer to Tian-qin (天亲) Qaγan Ton Baγa Tarqan. “Zhu-sun (诸孙) ” in the Chinese part of the epitaph corresponds to atï in the ancient turkic runic part which includes multiple meanings such as “cong-sun (从孙)” and “cong-zhi (从侄)”, i.e. grandson or son of cousins. Bayan Čor and Ton Baγa may be brothers, both of them are the sons of Kül Bilgä Qaγan. The contradictions in the records of the Ozmïš Qaγan lineage at the end of the Second Türk Khanate can be explained by Chinese translation errors. The high similarity of the position in the Qaγan family lineage of both tegins indicates that Qarï Čor had a high status in the Yaγlaqar clan.
Key Words: Turkic; Uighur; Kinship Term; Qarï Čor; Ozmïš
《葛啜墓志》首次提供了年代较早的双语材料来确定古突厥亲属称谓中兼指“侄”和“孙”的atï一词的具体含义，通过对墓志双语记载和传世汉文史料的综合比较考证，回鹘王子葛啜的家世被初步推定为：骨力裴罗的侄孙、车毗尸特勤的儿子、汗都督的堂侄和牟羽可汗的再从兄弟，汗都督有可能指天亲可汗顿莫贺达干；墓志汉文部分的“诸孙”与卢尼文部分的atï相对应，后者涵盖了“从孙”、“从侄”等多种亲属关系；磨延啜与顿莫贺可能是亲兄弟，两人同为骨力裴罗之子。突厥第二汗国末期可汗乌苏米施家世记载中的矛盾可以通过atï汉译的疏误来解释；葛啜与乌苏米施两者在可汗家族世系中的位置存在高度相似，表明葛啜在药罗葛宗室中具有较高的地位。
关键词  突厥; 回鹘; 亲属称谓; 葛啜; 乌苏米施

This situation is a sign of a transitional stage. These words which were found in Karakhanid texts were echoed in historical Turkish written languages. It has been observed that some of these words continued to exist for a while in historical Turkic written languages.

The article continues a series of research works on the ethnic composition of the Buryat population using a case study of the Steppe Dumas, national jurisdictions of the Russian empire in 19th century. This article studies the ethnic composition and settlement of Ida Buryats in the Ida Steppe Duma. The creation of the first Buryat territorial and administrative entities – Mirskaya Izba and Steppe Bureau and their further development to Steppe Dumas led to the formation of ethno-territorial groups of Buryat people, whose identity remains relevant in modern conditions. The ethnic composition and resettlement of the ethnoterritorial group of the Ida Buryats is of great interest in connection with the study of Buryats ethnogenesis and the ethnic history of the Baikal region. This study continues the discussion about the origins and connections of Buryat tribes with the Mongolian, Turkic and Tungus
tribes of Central Asia and Southern Siberia. One of the key ethnic groups of the Ida Buryats is the tribal union Obogoni Olon. Turkic medieval tribes of Southern Siberia and Central Asia took part in its formation. Medieval archaeological monuments in the valleys of rivers Angara,
Osa, Obusa, Ulei, Unga are connected with this tribal union. In turn, this ethnic group took part in the formation of the Yakut (Sakha) ethnos. The presence among the Ida Buryats of ethnonyms of the late Mongolian tribes reflects the constant contacts of the Baikal region with the Central Asian region, and the Oirat ethnonyms indicate the existence of a medieval Oirat layer of the Yenisei-Baikal region. The author's version of the origin of ethnic groups that formed the ethno-territorial group of the Ida Buryats was proposed on the basis of the historical and linguistic analysis of macro-ethnonyms. The reconstruction of the network of settlement of Buryat ethnic groups in the investigated territory in the 19th century allowed to present the most complete picture of the settlement of the Ida Buryats with the maximum number of uluses
and villages, existing at the end of the 19th century. Also, author's maps indicate the status of the territories, the ratio and density of settlement of the Buryat tribes.

Статья посвящена вводу в научный оборот материалов неопубликованного ранее женского древнетюркского погребения с территории Юго-Восточного Алтая. В ней рассматриваются и всесторонне характеризуются предметы погребального инвентаря и, в том числе, хорошо сохранившееся деревянное седло. На основе особенностей погребального обряда автор приходит к выводу о существовании его локального варианта у группы древнетюркского населения, компактно проживавшего в верховьях рек Юстыд и Барбургазы.

The article is introduced the new materials of previously unpublished female Ancient Turkic burial which was excavated on the territory of South-Eastern Altai. It considers and exhaustively characterized all burial artifacts, including inter alia well-preserved wooden saddle. Based on the features of burial rituals the author come to the conclusion about the existence of local variant of burial rituals among the group of Turkic population, which were lived compactly in the upper river Yustyd.

An era rich in artistic creations and political ruptures, the Mongol period across Eurasia produced visual vernaculars in relationship to a lingua franca of styles and motifs that circulated through thirteenth-century artistic exchange.  The materiality of artistic creativity, primarily access to pigments, techniques and textiles, provides a path through the interconnected commercial and intellectual byways of the long thirteenth century. Imagery carried emotional tones that moved beliefs about the social and natural frames of human activity, producing shifts in historical consciousness during a uniquely transformative passage in world history. Tabriz of the Ilkhanate with its proximity to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean worlds and relations to the Yuan imperial center provides a geographic and organizational hub for this study of eight interconnected cities nested in their regional domains.  An artistic prologue launches each chapter with discussion of a piece of art that stylistically and topically connects to work at other sites. The body of each chapter builds the social and cultural layers that made artistic exchange possible and meaningful. A comparative segue concludes each chapter with references to other works in the volume reinforcing the study’s comparative and integrative methodology.  Each work of art considered is a local product seeking relationship to a larger changing world.

The article discusses the widespread point of view about the existence among the Early Turkic peoples of a system of titles, characterized by a clear structural hierarchy. However, the opinion which has become a priori deserves a more cautious attitude, since in reality it is difficult to reliably establish the existence of a single scale of titles from sources. Those titles known from the written sources characterize, in their abundance, a certain set of names assigned to persons based on various criteria. To identify the fact of the existence of some system requires a detailed examination of the specific historical material relating to particular political formations in a short period of time.

Popular dragon mot f that has been used  n many cultures  s appl ed on d fferent ma- ter als over a w de area, from the lands of As a to the geography of Anatol a for hundreds of years.
Dep ct on of the dragon  s  mportant  n the art of U ghur as  t  s  n Turk sh mythology, symbol sm and art of an mal f gures.
One of the very well known examples of the dragon mot f on the f n als of monumen- tal stone wh ch was constructed on behalf of the U ghur Alp B lge Kagan and dated as 9th century AD. The dragons are located  n the cap stone part of th s stone. They are tw ned w th the r heads fac ng downwards  n a symmetr cal compos t on.
The Dragon f gure has a s gn f cant role  n As an cultures. The advanced des gn on the obel sk, techn cal perfect on of the  mplementat on of compos t on also g ves a clue about early procedure.
The dep ct on of dragon on the monument of U ghur  n Karabalsagun occurs as the p oneer of the Ahlat gravestones. The s m lar t es of stones can be found as stel  n the temple gardens of Ch nese culture wh ch reflects Bud st  conography, full w th symbol c mean ngs of Bud st thoughts.
In our “commun qué” we w ll cons der the the pre U ghur compos t on we trace regar- d ng the sample of construct on wh ch was erected  n the name of B lge Khagan 9th cen- tury AD, wh le cons der ng the relat on of the  llum nat ons  n Ahlat gravestones wh ch  s thought as dragon f gures. Also we w ll exam ne the relat on of th s des gn style w th early Ch nese stel.

The article is a review of the book “Ancient Turks of Mongolia (Reconstruction of Anthropological Composition According to Sculptural Figures)” (Ulan-Ude, 2016) by of A.I. Buraev. The main attention is drawn to the attempts of author of the book basing on a data of a physical anthropology to reveal the ethnicity of prototypes of sculptural figures. According to the author of the review, this method is not correct using in relation to nomadic peoples as a whole because of the specifics of the ethnic processes of nomadic societies.

« L'ancien bouddhisme turco-mongol, en tant que tradition pérenne propre à ces peuples, est absent de nos ouvrages de référence. Le bouddhisme mongol est par ailleurs réputé être abruptement apparu au XIII e siècle et avoir trouvé sa source au Tibet – quand son histoire ne se trouve pas encore plus tronquée, puisque selon certains auteurs le bouddhisme n'aurait été introduit dans la société mongole qu'au XVI e siècle. Ces phénomènes sont liés et résultent du même problème, à savoir de notre conception discontinue et désarticulée de l'histoire des peuples turco-mongols. » Profondément faussée par les anciens préjugés et les stéréotypes évolutionnistes qui conditionnent la conception occidentale du monde du « pastoralisme nomade » ainsi que par des erreurs d'interprétation du matériel historique et historiographique, l'histoire du bouddhisme des Mongols et de leurs ancêtres est encore très mal connue. Afin de proposer une plus juste approche de leur univers politique et religieux, cette étude analyse l'impact des notions systématisées dans notre tradition évolutionniste sur le discours scientifique et confronte ce discours au matériel historique. Associée à une réinterprétation des sources, cette démarche permet une meilleure compréhension des modes de fonctionnement de la société turco-mongole et une vision plus réaliste et cohérente de l'histoire de sa tradition bouddhique.

隨著近年來新文物的出土、古籍圖書的整理出版、以及跨學科思潮的激蕩，中古中國的視覺文化研究正在蓬勃發展中。本次演講擬介紹一類目前尚未為學界充分運用的視覺材料：十至十五世紀期間製作、爲數可觀的佛教木刻版畫，其中包括西北及北方中國考古發掘的西夏、遼、金、元佛經，佛臟及佛塔内發現的宋、金、明佛經，以及歷代官方及民間刊刻的數版《大藏經》等。這批材料，不論從印刷出版史、科技史、書籍史、宗教史、中外關係史、物質文化史、藝術史的角度檢驗，都是極爲珍貴的知識及文化載體，值得對之進行系統性整理、納入跨學科研究的視覺資料庫。這些曾被大量刊刻流傳的佛教版畫，保留了與古代中國其它視覺媒材（如繪畫、石刻、印章、畫像磚）相關的信息。木刻版畫易于複製，便于攜帶，因此隨著政治、宗教網絡的擴散及交錯，成爲影響深遠的跨國圖源，不僅流傳至日韓諸國，促進周邊文化、區域間的交流，而且藉由黨項人、蒙古人、回鶻人等草原民族，跨越了漢字文化圈，影響遠達與中國不直接相連的文化圈（如伊斯蘭文化圈）。本次報告大綱，就以「木刻與其它視覺媒材之異同」、「木刻的標準化製作」、「木刻在中國與周邊之流傳」等議題爲主，檢討佛教木刻如何為吾人探索文化流變開創新的視野。

Abstract: The early residence of the Uighur tribe should not have been located in the upper and middle reaches of the Selenga River, but mainly in the river's lower reaches, south of Lake Baikal. The title of the Hanhai Dudufu instituted in the habitat of the Uighur tribe in the Mobei region by the Tang Dynasty was derived from the ancient name of Lake Baikal, i.e., Hanhai. The Haraa-Gol site found on the middle reaches of the Haraa River was not only the location of the Lushan Dudufu established in the habitat of the Sijie tribe in the Mobei region by the Tang Dynasty, namely the Sijie Orda, but also the location of the earliest Orda of the Xueyantuo tribe after it moved east to the Mobei region. Based on the location of that archaeological site, and in combination with the distances recorded in historical records, the exact location of the Uighur Orda by the Selenga River can be inferred as having been near Selenginsk in the Republic of Buryatia of the Russian Federation.
Key Words:  Uighur  Residence  Orda  Selenga  Hanhai
迴紇早期的居地不應位於色楞格河上中游流域，而是主要分布在貝加爾湖以南的色楞格河下游一帶；唐朝在漠北迴紇部落設置的瀚海都督府的命名即來自貝加爾湖的古稱——瀚海。哈拉河中游發現的哈喇郭勒遺址既是唐朝在漠北思結部落設置的盧山都督府的治所暨思結牙帳所在地，也是薛延陀東遷漠北後最早建立牙帳的地點，以該地爲基點，結合史料中相關里程記載，可以推考出色楞格河迴紇牙帳的具體位置大致位於今俄羅斯聯邦外貝加爾地區布里亞特共和國的色楞格斯克附近。
關鍵詞  迴紇 居地 牙帳 色楞格河 瀚海

This article is about the result of the archaeological survey and registration carried out in May 2018, around the Shoroon Bumbagar site at the territory of Bayannuur and Zaamar soums of Bulgan province or central Mongolia.
As a result of this archaeological survey, the registration, measurement and aerial photography has done for total 270 archaeological sites newly and repeatedly, and 240 of these sites were or 88% newly discovered. The geographical coordinates (GPS information), measurement, brief research description done to every site besides with documentation by hand drawing, photograph and imprinting.

Abstract: It was usually considered that during the period of rule of Tang Dynasty's Jimi ruling of the north of Gobi Desert (Mo-bei/漠北), the Uighur (回纥) Orda (牙帐) was at the east foothill of Hanggay mountain and upstream of Orkhon river, or was at the Selenga river basin. The author concluded that during that period the Uighur Orda was located at the downstream of Tola river, and its specific location was the east bank of confluence of the Orkhon and Tola rivers, and this place was also the stationary place of Tang governing body Han-hai Du-du-fu (瀚海都督府) and Han-hai-An-bei Du-hu-fu (瀚海－安北都护府). Besides, based on position of Pugu (仆固) tribe Orda, the author also discusses the locations of Ordas of Duolange (多滥葛) and Sijie (思结) tribes, as well as the change of residence of several Tiele (铁勒) tribes.
Key Words: Mo-bei Uighur Orda Tiele Residence

摘要：传统看法认为，在唐朝羁縻统治漠北时期，回纥牙帐在杭爱山脉东麓、鄂尔浑河上游，或者在色楞格河流域，这两种看法都缺乏根据，且与诸多史料相悖，本文详细分析经典史料，并结合最新考古材料，推测出该时期的回纥牙帐位于土拉河下游，并可具体定位在今天蒙古国内土拉河与鄂尔浑河交汇处的土拉河东岸一带，该处也是唐朝羁縻统治漠北所设置的瀚海－安北都护府的驻地；此外基于仆固部落牙帐位置及居地范围的确定，还推论出同时期多滥葛与思结部落的牙帐位置及居地范围，并探讨了若干铁勒部落居地的演变情况。
关键词： 漠北 回纥 牙帐 铁勒 居地

The article presents preliminary results o f the research on ancient and medieval forts o f Central Asia. On the basis o f field research the authors compiled data on the number and location o f more than hundred ancient forts and settlements in Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and Transbaikalia.

The article is devoted to the research of the Khakas language vocabulary on animal-drawn wheeled transport within the frameworks of a historical research. A list of names of the wheeled vehicles and their parts was compiled in the article. Identification with the historical types of transport used in the Minusinsk basin was made. In diachronic aspect three main historical levels were distinguished in the article: 1) an ancient layer dated back to the Old Turkic epoch; 2) a late layer connected with the influence of the Turkic peoples of Western Siberia in the late Middle Ages; 3) new layer formed in the course of interaction with the Russian culture and language in the XVIII — the beginning of the XXth century.

In the Middle Ages, ethnic processes occur on the territory of the Baikal region, which gave irapetus to the formation of Buryats and Yakuts. Among the Yakut legends there is a mention of one of the ancestors of the Yakuts - Omogoi Baai, as a Buryat from the Angara river. In this article, parallels are drawn between the Yakut eponym Omogoi and Buryat eponym Obogon. The ethnic composition of the tribal group of Obogoni olon, which was ancestral for the Yakuts, descendants of Omogoy is determined.

Complex geophysical research was carried out to examine the safety of the Por Bajin Fortress archaeological monument that is located at a height of 1300 m on an island in the middle of Lake Tere-Khol in the south eastern area of Tuva. It was established that the monument is constructed on permafrost rocks that are subjected to the warming effect of the lake. The electrical soundings in the area of the lake showed that previously the island was a part of the land adjoining the southern shore of the lake together with other sections. Using deep electrical soundings, it was established that the depth of the Tere-Khol depression exceeds 400 m and the lower boundary of the permafrost lies at the depth of about 170 m.

The Ethnic Situations in the Turkic Regions of Central Asia in the Pre-Mongol Epoch: According to the Muslim Sources of the 9th – 13th Centuries, edited by Professor Bori Ahmedov. – Bishkek, 1995. – 208 p., ill., map. (in Russian).
The monograph by Prof. Tyntchtykbek Chorotegin (Tchoroev), a Kyrgyz historian and orientalist (born 1959), is devoted to study history of the migrations of the Eastern Turkic groups (including the Kyrgyz and Uighur) and their ethnic situations in Central and Inner Asia and Siberia in the 9th – 13th centuries according to the medieval written Muslim (Arabic and other) sources of that time (the monograph was published in Russian language in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan). The title in Russian: Etnicheskiye situatsii v tyurkskikh regionakh Tsentral'noi Azii domongol'skogo vremeni: Po musul'manskim istochnikam IX-XIII vv. / Nauchnyi red. Professor Bori Ahmedov. - Bishkek, 1995. – 208 s., ill., karty.

Mental verbs make up one of the groups in the verb classifications of a language. Mental verbs are important in terms of expressing emotions, thoughts and perceptions of those who speak a language. Accordingly, mental verbs are classified into three categories: cognitive verbs, psych verbs and perception verbs. Perception verbs are the third category of mental verbs. Perception verbs refer to actions which we can perceive through mind and sensory organs. In this article, firstly mental verbs and perception verbs will be outlined. Then, eye verbs, which are the first group of perception verbs, in Old Uighur will be classified, being examined. In this way, the mind world of Old Uighurs will be tried to illustrate and understand.