Conventions

Philosophers in the Lockean tradition have argued that taxation is an - perhaps sometimes permissible - infringement of moral property entitlements. The article discusses whether, or in what form, this charge is defensible. In doing so, it will explore the truth in and the limits of Murphy and Nagel's conventionalist reply to Lockean challenges to taxation. It argues that there is a moral rationale for property conventions that is independent from the question whether and how one can acquire natural, pre-conventional property rights in the state of nature, that this rationale sets a moral standard for how good property conventions are and whether they are justifiable at all, and that once property conventions are in place, people’s moral property entitlements are at least partly determined by these conventions, sometimes even by unjustifiable ones that ought to be reformed. The upshot is that taxation cannot be understood as theft, and that taxation is not as such an infringement of moral property entitlements, but that some taxation does infringe upon moral property entitlements, even though these entitlements are only in part non-conventional, and even though it is to some extent indeterminate at what rate taxation starts to infringe upon such entitlements.

A web application is one that is invoked due to a web browser over internet. In just a decade, the web has grown from a repository of static web pages to a powerful platform of choice for developing dynamic applications using large number of web technologies and languages. This survey covers five web technologies from different phases of internet development showing their features for web development.

「九年一貫課程」首度將「表演藝術」納入台灣國民教育的一環。在劇場界試圖將劇場語彙轉譯為教育語言的同時，教師摸索著表演藝術教育內涵與方法。本文藉由檢視英國教育戲劇(DiE)的發展脈絡，激發表演藝術教育參與者的思考向度。
Thanks to the Nine-Year Integrated Curriculum, Performance was added to Taiwan's national curriculum. While the theatre practitioners are attempting to translate theatre praxis into educational vocabulary, the teachers are wondering about the content and the methodology of performance education. By contextualizing the British praxis of Drama in Education, the intention of this thesis is to open up the perspectives of those who are involved in this movement.

While Aristotle’s and St. Thomas’s teachings about economics are often ridiculed today, this article argues that actually what they had to say about this issue, especially about the nature of sound currency, backed up by force of law, is quite profound. According to both of them, sound money plays an essential role in the preserving commutative justice within States. By so doing, it preserves communication between talented people who make qualitatively unequal contributions to a State’s continued existence and welfare.

My dissertation, entitled "The P&I Letters of Undertaking as a modern form of security for the release of arrested ships" touched on a number of areas of the law and was a comparative examination and analysis of the civil procedures pertaining to the interim measure of ship arrest in common law and civil law countries, namely England, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, South Africa, New Zealand and the USA. The dissertation examined the legal extent of bank guarantees and the mechanism of judicial guarantees in many jurisdictions and researched the business and financial implications of ship arrest in terms of money, time and satisfaction for both shipowners and claimants. The topic was particularly interesting and challenging as there is no single universal approach and the bibliography is limited. I was therefore able to adopt an original line of argument on the basis of all the available sources and suggest amendments in the standard maritime contracts in order to promote the use and acceptance of P&I LOU.

The boundaries of the crime genre are fluid, dynamic and flexible. It explains the number of subgenres that have emerged out of the broader umbrella. There are multiple strong intertextual links between texts. Many crimes fiction texts have combined with other genres such as drama, action, romance and science to produce generic hybrids and because of the abundance of crime fiction, there is extreme variety within the genre. This includes texts that stay well within the conventions of the genre and those that push and blur the boundaries of the genre. With the rise in the content produced by streaming services and the digital boom that is being witnessed in India, the kind of content produced makes for an interesting study. Recently released Indian mafia and gangster-based shows Sacred Games and Mirzapur particularly become subjects for the study because while they evidently follow the codes and conventions of the crime genre, they open the debate about the limitations of the taxonomies of genres, the world of hybrid genres.  A discourse analysis was conducted to observe how media texts may involve multiple combination of genres to form a sub-genre. These shows fit most aptly in the crime genre but also overlap with the conventions of the drama and action genre. It was observed  that television texts remain important elements in the cultural practices of genres, and traditional narrative genres remain central for television and eventually form conventions that define the pieces that constitute the genre.

Beauty provokes harassment, the law says, but it looks through men's eyes while deciding what provokes it 1. Rape is one of the most brutal forms of violation of women's privacy and integrity which is not only a physical offence against the individual but also causes psychological trauma to the victim, their family and in toto the society. This offence is criminalised as per section 375 of IPC. So here the question arises when such an act against a woman is a crime only for unmarried women while it's yet to be treated as a crime for married woman, is this classification of not criminalising such a grave crime for the married women alone justifiable? This paper begins by studying rape and extensively discusses about the controversies surrounding marital rape where the literature on rape is reviewed to draw a nexus between rape and marital rape to prove beyond doubt that all types of rapes are of the same category and is a heinous crime, thus the offenders irrespective of him being a stranger or husband or friend must meet the same ends of justice. The author gives an insight of the life of women who are physically an psychologically affected due to marital rape unable to face justice at the hands of an outmoded society. The author briefs through the legal status of the offence in various constituencies across the world and the commitment of India in International Con The present paper highlights upon the need for criminalisation of marital rape where two of the independent pillars of our democracy has surpassed to the extent of holding that the exception carved out in Section 375(2) of the IPC to be an artifi and discriminatory distinction. The extensive research on rape and marital rape has prompted the author to attract the attention that, "a rapist remains a rapist regardless of his relationship with the victim". The main cerebration of the authors by the referring to 1 Naomi Wolf, The Beauty Myth.

“Ticaret hukuku tek bir ülkenin hukuku değildir, tüm ulusların hukukudur.”1 Bu cümle bir İngiliz Mahkemesi kararında Lord Mansfield tarafından ifade edilmiştir. Satım sözleşmelerinin tarihi, insanların ihtiyaçlarını birbirlerinden karşılıklı iradelerine uygun olarak para ve benzeri değişim araçları karşılığı temin ettikleri zamana kadar geri gitmektedir2 ve bu durum sözleşmelerin yalnızca iç hukuk sınırları içinde kalmasını engellemiş, global ve milletlerarası bir düzlemde tahakkuk etmesini sağlamıştır. Satım sözleşmelerinin temelinde yatan menfaat tarih boyu ve neredeyse tüm milletler arasında aynı olmakla birlikte sözleşmelerin formatı ve sözleşmelerden kaynaklanan uyuşmazlıkların çözümü için başvurulan hukuki sistem tüm ülkelerin iç hukuklarında çeşitli şekillerde belirlenmiştir. Milletlerarası hukukun yeknesaklaştırılması ve tek bir hukuki düzleme oturtulması isteği ülkeler arasında 20. yüzyıl başlarından beri üzerinde çalışılan bir konu olmuştur. Hukukun yeknesaklaştırılması sürecinde milletlerarası mal satımına ilişkin sözleşmelere (Contracts for the International Sale of Goods) uygulanması için bir hukuki düzlem oluşturma çabası uluslarası ticareti ve hukuki işlem yapma yetisini genişletmektir. Satım sözleşmelerinin uluslararası hukuk alanında düzenlenmesine, bu alanda çalışmalara 1920’lerde başlanmıştır. Özel Hukukun Birleştirilmesi Hakkında Milletlerarası Enstitü’nün (Institut International Pour l’Unification de Droit Privé- UNIDROIT-) Ernst Rabel’ın teklifi ile grup olarak toplanıp tek bir hukukun oluşturulması amacıyla hazırlık çalışmalarına başlaması bu alanda atılan ilk adımlardan biri olmuştur.

There are prima facie ethical reasons and prudential reasons for people to avoid or withdraw from social media platforms. But in response to pushes for people to quit social media, a number of authors have argued that there is something ethically questionable about quitting social media: that it involves — typically, if not necessarily — an objectionable expression of privilege on the part of the quitter. In this paper I contextualise privilege-based objections to quitting social media and explain the underlying principles and assumptions that feed into these objections. I show how they misrepresent the kind of act people are performing in quitting, in part by downplaying its role in promoting reforms in communication systems and technologies. And I suggest that this misrepresentation is related to a more widespread, and ultimately insidious, tendency to think of recently-established technological states of affairs as permanent fixtures of our society.

Prawo szwajcarskie nie wywiera bezpośredniego wpływu na system wspólnotowy. Nie chodzi ani o prawo państwa członkowskiego UE, ani o prawo członka Europejskiego Obszara Gospodarczego. Prawo szwajcarskie, dzięki swojemu mieszanemu podejściu do rozwiązywania tradycyjnych materialnoprawnych, kolizyjnych a również niektórych procesowych zagadnień, nie pełni już dzisiaj w tak dużym stopniu funkcji prawa neutralnego, jaką pełniło jeszcze trzydzieści lat temu. W pierwszej połowie minionego stulecia, prawo szwajcarskie wraz z prawem francuskim były podstawowymi wyznacznikami w praktyce umownej krajów europejskich, a zarazem jeżeli chodzi o prawo Szwajcarii to było ono prawdopodobnie najczęściej wybieranym neutralnym prawem właściwym. Aktualnie Szwajcaria zachowała znaczenie bardziej jako miejsce rozstrzygania sporów, zwłaszcza zaś jako miejsce, w którym odbywają się postępowania arbitrażowe. Z tych powodów znaczenie szwajcarskiego prawa materialnego jak również  kolizyjnego nie jest już tak duże jak w przeszłości, a nawet często w zakresie europejskiej wymiany handlowej i stosunków prawnych  uważa się, że jest ono raczej bardzo ograniczone. Do pewnego stopnia zachowuje ono jednak swoje znaczenie jako stosunkowo często wybierane prawo właściwe w ramach stosunków w handlu światowym. W tym przypadku jednak nie zawsze istotną rolę odgrywa rzeczywiście dane prawo, ale na przykład czynniki językowe, gdyż w niektórych krajach nadal, wbrew rosnącemu znaczeniu języka angielskiego, komunikacja w języku francuskim jest istotna a wielojęzyczność środowiska (a zarazem fakt, że język francuski jest językiem wielu systemów prawa krajowego) jest przez niektóre z nich uważana za atut. W każdym przypadku Szwajcarii i jej prawo krajowe odgrywa istotną rolę w europejskim środowisku prawnym. Również kultura prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego jest właśnie w Szwajcarii na bardzo wysokim poziomie. Podczas gdy odwołanie się do standardów szwajcarskiego prawa materialnego jest w praktyce umownej rzadkie, to szwajcarska ustawa o prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym [IPRG] nadal pozostaje znaczącym i interesującym wzorcem, który jest nieodzowną częścią europejskiej, chociaż nie wspólnotowej kultury prawnej.

Wreszcie prawo Szwajcarii jest jednym z praw krajowych, które implementowało do swojej regulacji normatywnej zasadę świadczenia charakterystycznego jako łącznik, dzięki czemu art. 117 IPRG stanowi pewnego rodzaju nowoczesną próbę połączenia czynników obiektywnych i subiektywnych przy określeniu kolizyjnego (łącznika). Szwejcaria i jej prawo ze względu na położenie geograficzne, miejsce rozstrzygania sporów, stosunki finansowe i świadczenie usług bankowych jest dodatkowo jednym z najbardziej znaczących państw (praw krajowych)  na kontynencie europejskim, które nie są nawet członkami EOG. Nie jest także bez znaczenia rola Szwajcarii w handlu i stosunkach prawnych z państwami spoza Wspólnoty, przede wszystkim zaś w pozaeuropejskich stosunkach handlowych i finansowych. Nie chodzi wprawdzie o prawo, które byłoby na poziomie wspólnotowym formalnie uwzględniane, to jednak pro futuro ma ono doniosłe znaczenie dla środowiska wspólnotowego. Co więcej, szwajcarskie prawo prywatne międzynarodowe naturalnie nadal zachowuje charakter kompleksowej i uniwersalnej kodyfikacji kolizyjnej oraz kodeksu międzynarodowego postępowania  cywilnego, gdyż ich zakres nie jest dotknięty żadnymi normami wspólnotowymi i na ich stosowanie nie ma wpływu żadna uniwersalna regulacja międzynarodowa z zakresu prawa kolizyjnego.  Szwejcaria nie była bowiem i nawet nie może być umawiającym się państwem konwencji rzymskei. Kolizyjny system europejskiego prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego, w odróżnieniu od dziedziny procesowej w postaci konwencji lugańskie, w chwili obecnej nie oferuje żadnego odpowiednika dla krajów nieczłonkowskich. Niewątpliwie szwajcarskie prawo prywatne międzynarodowe może więc w przyszłości odegrać interesującą rolę, co najmniej jako tło prawnoporównawcze dla autonomicznego wspólnotowego systemu prawnego. Struktura krajowego prawa kolizyjnego naruszona wskutek wpływów europejskiego (wspólnotowego) prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego, takiej roli z oczywistych względów pełnić już nie może. Szwajcarskie prawo prywatne międzynarodowe może więc w przyszłości - z punktu widzenia praktycznego (stosowanie kolizyjnej legis fori w przypadku sporów rozwiązywanych w Szwajcarii), podobnie jak na płaszczyźnie prawa porównawczego i nauki prawa - odegrać może nie zasadniczą, ale i tak stosunkowo istotną rolę.

Issues relating to repatriation have a long and complicated history. This thesis assesses the role that the UNESCO 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Expor t and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property has played in bringing repatriation to international attention. Historical and post UNESCO Conventions are assessed. Disputed instances over the ownership of cultural heritage that have caused controversy in the past are presented. By comparing two case studies – the Parthenon Marbles and the Benin Bronzes – housed mainly in the British Museum, London, a comparison is made as to how ‘market-nations’ and ‘source-nations’ interact in regards to repatriation. An appraisal of the overall influence of the UNESCO 1970 Convention is presented.

This volume contains essays that explore explicit and implicit communication through linguistic research. Taking as a framework Paul Grice's theories on “what is said,” the contributors explore a number of areas, including: the boundary between semantics and pragmatics; the concept of implicit communication; the idea of the logical form of our assertions; the notion of conventional meaning; the phenomenon of deixis, which refers to when an utterance require context in order to be understood fully; the treatment of definite descriptions; and the different kinds of pragmatic processes.
REVIEW on DIsputatio: http://www.disputatio.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Grindrod_What-is-said-by-Penco-and-Domaneschi.pdf

“Water resources economy: from internalisation of externalities towards integrated water management. The example of the Audomarois water basin”.
Evidence relating to the scarcity of water, in terms of both quantity and quality, has made this resource an increasingly interesting object of study amongst economic scientists. Water has become a precious resource desired by a variety of interdependent users. This interdependence, coupled with water’s multi-functionality and the diverse socio-economic organisation of users, results in a variety of conflicting situations.
This is the starting point of our research, which aims to develop a detailed insight into water resource management through a dual perspective that is at once analytical and prescriptive. The analytical aim of this research concerns water use conflicts. Having identified the limitations of standard theoretical approaches in dealing with water specificities and with water conflicts dimensions (collective dynamics, mental representations, territorial issues…) the aim is to build a theoretical framework which allows the examination of these conflicting relations in all their dimensions – and primarily of those factors which act as triggers. Moreover, we question, in a more normative perspective, about the notion of integrated water resource management.
Thus, we assert that the definition of an integrated water resources management involves: an integrated institutional water regime (high coherence between public policy and property/use rights and high scope), a recognition and understanding of water use conflicts and their resolution and a transverse implementation of public policies influencing water resources, especially space management policies.
We use four complementary theoretical approaches: the “cities” model proposed by Boltanski and Thévenot (1991), the patrimony approach, proximity economics and the institutional resource regime. The combination of these theoretical tools allows us to construct a relevant analytical framework in which to consider the emergence, the setting and the management of water use conflicts. This framework also contributes to a more normative definition of integrated water management. Our study of the Audomarois water basin (Nord – Pas-de-Calais) will form the empirical basis of our testing of this analytical framework. We examine water management in practice on a local spatial scale, since water basin is considered as the relevant territorial unit for water management.

James M. Barrie’s fantasy work Peter and Wendy seems to reflect the complicated philosophical background of the age, caused by scientific reorganization of worldview, just before the announcement of Einstein’s relativity theory.  It is corroborated that various attempts were being made to replace Newtonian dynamics that presupposed the existence of matter,  functioning as gravity center forming a set of cause and effect chain to construct a phenomenon.　　Several descriptions in the fantasy work on Neverland suggest precursors of field theory and the mind function that determines the actual situation of reality.

Please refer to the pages below.  May be, you can translate the text into your own language easier.
http://www.linkclub.or.jp/~mac-kuro/anti/3_never.htm
http://www.linkclub.or.jp/~mac-kuro/anti/4_make.htm

Few outstanding questions in the human behavioral sciences are timelier or more urgently debated than the evolutionary source of religious behaviors and beliefs. Byproduct theorists locate the origins of religion in evolved cognitive defaults and transmission biases. Others have argued that cultural evolutionary processes integrated non-adaptive cognitive byproducts into coherent networks of supernatural beliefs and ritual that encouraged in-group cooperativeness, while adaptationist models assert that the cognitive and behavioral foundations of religion have been selected for at more basic levels. Here, we survey these differing approaches, noting their respective strengths and weaknesses. We then advance a novel model that centers on the ability of language to generate alternative worlds independent of immediate empirical facts, and thus highlight the similarities between religious belief and the modes of cognition that underlie institutions in general. The institutional cognition model of religion accounts for some of the shortcomings of extant approaches and draws attention to the human ability to create non-empirical worlds; that is, worlds that are imaginary. Both religious beliefs and institutional facts—such as jurisdictional borders—are non-empirical assertions, yet they are socially accepted as truths and reified through ritual and behavior. One type of non-empirical, linguistically generated belief—supernatural agent belief—is particularly effective for stabilizing systems of arbitrary norms by rooting them in deontic rather than utilitarian reasoning. The evolutionary roots and continued persistence of religion are thus functions of the capacity for humans to generate cognitive alternatives to empirical reality, and the need to stably coordinate those alternative conceptions.

United Nations is an organization, formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security through enacting numerous treaties and conventions. In the last century the term “Convention” was employed for bilateral agreements, now it is used for formal multilateral treaties with a variety of parties. Environments is the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things. Development is a process of growing, developing and progressing, where the process of environment development is related to sustainable development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, in 1992, provided the fundamental principles for achieving sustainable development. Bangladesh is endowed with rich and diverse genetic resources of flora and fauna and we strongly reaffirm our commitment to the Rio principles by providing article 18 (A) in The Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Implementation of United Nations conventions on environment and development in Bangladesh may fail due to financial crisis, bindings of development partners, lack of appropriate policies, and lack of expertness. The study will be undertaken to identify the barriers responsible for poor implementation of UN Conventions and to recommend policy options to speed up national and international action in terms of funding and adopting environment and development mechanisms. The report will be presented in a descriptive pattern with some statistical analysis. This paper will introduce the importance of the implementation of the United Nations Conventions on Environment and Development in Bangladesh by referring institutional and procedural setbacks.
KEY WORDS: UN Conventions, Environment, Development, Sustainable Development, Climate Change Impact, implementation, Consequences, Bangladesh

1936 yılında imzalanan Montrö Sözleşmesi ile belirlenen ve 'Türk Boğazları' olarak bilinen İstanbul Boğazı, 1 Çanakkale Boğazı ve Marmara Denizi, geçiş (seyir ve sefer) serbestîsinin uygulandığı deniz alanıdır. Montrö Sözleşmesi gereğince tarafların yani, Boğazlardan yararlanacak olan gemiler ile Boğazların sahibi olarak Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin birbirlerine karşı hak ve yükümlülükleri vardır. Türk Boğazları'ndan geçen gemilerin Montrö ile belirlenmiş özlük hakkı geçiş ve seyir serbestisi iken, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin de gemilerin fener, tahlisiye ve patente ücretini ödemelerini sıkı bir denetime tutmak ve yaptırtmak, ödeme yapmayan gemilerle ilgili işlemler yapmak, gerektiğinde ödeme yapılana kadar gemiyi Boğazlar'dan geçirmemek gibi hakları olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Montrö Sözleşmesi'nin 1. Lahikası, ticaret gemilerinin geçişi sırasında alınacak ücretleri netton başına ve hizmet türü itibariyle Altın Frank üzerinden belirlemiştir. Bu çalışmada Boğazlar'daki mevcut yoğun tanker trafiği, hâlihazırdaki ücret uygulaması, Türk Boğazları'ndan uğraksız geçiş yapan ancak ücret ödemeyen yabancı gemilere uygulanabilecek yaptırımlar incelenmiş olup, Montrö Sözleşmesi'ndeki Altın Frank uygulaması ile mevcut uygulama arasında karşılıklı mukayese yapılarak Türkiye'nin Montrö Sözleşmesi hükümlerine uygun bir ücretlendirmeye geçmesinin sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir.

This course book has been developed with the support of the University of London International Programmes under the Development Grant Funding for institutions announced by the Undergraduate Laws programme in the academic year 2017-18. Please, note that this course book, under no circumstances, is intended to substitute the subject guide and the material available at VLE. Constitutional Sources Yannis Sygkelos How to use this course book Reflection point: reflect on to examine your views and stance (prior knowledge is not necessary). Keywords: read this course book and identify the definitions of the given indicative key terms and try to explain them. Activities: use the suggested core source to familiarise yourself with a very specific aspect of the materials covered in this course book.

For many years, various associations in France have been working on a new way to practice their historical martial hobbies with swords. Free sparring and competition have been and always will be good tools, but from a technical and tactical standpoint they are maybe quite distant from the original sources and historical documents. Some techniques and other material from martial arts manuals and treatises are often neglected or considered to be too academic. In fact, if the idea of martial opposition is present, we cannot say that today's practices are a rebuilding of any historical practices, whether playful or serious. Based on this observation, my doctoral work, in collaboration with the REGHT association 1 , has led us to propose a new school of practices based on a new reading of martial arts manuals. The project is aimed at anybody who uses a bladed weapon as part of their studies of historical fencing, principally in the form of sparring and friendly competitions. Its name: the Convention of the Sword Players.

Many philosophers think that games like chess, languages like English, and speech acts like assertion are constituted by rules. Lots of others disagree. To argue over this productively, it would be first useful to know what it would be for these things to be rule-constituted. Searle famously claimed in Speech Acts that rules constitute things in the sense that they make possible the performance of actions related to those things (Searle 1969). On this view, rules constitute games, languages, and speech acts in the sense that they make possible playing them, speaking them and performing them. This raises the question what it is to perform rule-constituted actions (e. g. play, speak, assert) and the question what makes constitutive rules distinctive such that only they make possible the performance of new actions (e. g. playing). In this paper I will criticize Searle's answers to these questions. However, my main aim is to develop a better view, explain how it works in the case of each of games, language, and assertion and illustrate its appeal by showing how it enables rule-based views of these things to respond to various objections.

Two of the most fundamental questions about language are these: what are languages?; and, what is it to know a given language? Many philosophers who have reflected on these questions have presented answers that attribute a central role to conventions. In one of its boldest forms such a view runs as follows. Languages are either social entities constituted by networks of social conventions or abstract objects where when a particular community speaks a given language they do so in virtue of the conventions operative within that community. Consequently, for an individual to know a given language is for them to be party to the relevant conventions. Call this view conventionalism. In this article my aim is to evaluate conventionalism. I will argue that although there are linguistic conventions and that they do play an important role in language development and communication conventionalism should be rejected in favour of a more psychologistically orientated position. the conventions operative within that community. Consequently, for an individual to know a given language is for them to be party to the relevant conventions. For the purposes of this article I will call this view conventionalism. Conventionalism has had many prominent advocates including David Lewis, Paul Grice, Michael Dummett, Ruth Garrett Millikan and Michael Devitt. Yet despite this popularity not all theorists of language wish to endorse the conventionalist position. One prominent line of opposition has come from Noam Chomsky and his followers and another from Donald Davidson.

Abstract: In the Natural History of Religion, Hume attempts to understand the origin of our folk belief in gods and spirits.  These investigations are not, however, purely descriptive.  Hume demonstrates that ontological commitment to supernatural agents depends on motivated reasoning and illusions of control.  These beliefs cannot, then, be reflectively endorsed.  This proposal must be taken seriously because it receives support from recent work on our psychological responses to uncertainty.  It also compares quite favorably with its main competitors in the cognitive science of religion.

This squib provides a theoretical discussion on the use of the terms semantics and pragmatics in Construction Grammar. In the literature, the difference between semantics and pragmatics is often conceptualized either in terms of conventionality or in terms of truth-conditionality (Huang 2014, 299). It will be shown that, even though constructionists claim that there is no semantics-pragmatics distinction, both these underlying concepts are central to the study of constructions. Therefore, the aim is twofold. First, in keeping with Cappelle (2017), it will be argued that constructionists should make more explicit the distinction between the two types of (encoded) meaning. Second, it will be shown that constructionists need to be more terminologically consistent and agree on how to use the terms semantics and pragmatics. Following Depraetere (2019), I will argue that the terms semantics and pragmatics are most explanatory when defined in truth-conditional terms. In this way, finer-grained understanding of the meaning of constructions can be achieved.

The paper sets out the theoretical basis for the management of cultural heritage in general and archaeological heritage in particular. It came into being in the context of the cross--border project “Claustra – The Stone Ramparts of the Roman Empire” and therefore takes into account conditions in heritage management in both Slovenia and Croatia. On the basis of an analysis of the situation, the key weaknesses of the present method of management are set out, and a modern systemic approach to the issue is formulated, taking into account the standards of cultural heritage management adopted by two key international organisations in the conservation field, namely the Council of Europe and UNESCO.

Malaysia intends to become a popular destination for international MICE event. Thus, it is crucial to determine the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in organizing the MICE event. This study is to identify the CSFs of MICE events. This study adopted a two-round of Delphi technique questionnaire survey. In Delphi survey, 15 MICE event managers in Kuala Lumpur took part in the survey. The first-round of the survey was to determine the factors' level of significance while the second-round was to confirm the result of the first-round survey. This study found six CSFs responsible for making MICE event a success. Those factors are Clear Objectives, Location of Venue, Financial Resources, Code of Conduct, Marketing and Promotion and lastly, Sponsorship of Event. It is expected that with this findings the MICE event managers can improve and making organizing their event more efficient.

We sometimes violate social norms in order to express our views and to trigger public debates. Many extant accounts of social norms don’t give us any insight into this phenomenon. Drawing on Cristina Bicchieri’s work, I am putting forward an empirical hypothesis that helps us to understand such norm violations. The hypothesis says, roughly, that we often adhere to norms because we are systematically blind to norm-violating options. I argue that this hypothesis is independently plausible and has interesting consequences. It implies, e.g., that some experimental paradigms for investigating social norms have hitherto unnoticed shortcomings.

The COVID-19 outbreak has changed rapidly the business operation and travel behavior of global communities and calls for research on resilience. This study aims to identify the changing destination image of Thailand as a MICE destination during crises and examine the resilience of Thai MICE stakeholders. A mixed method of qualitative and quantitative design was employed using interviews, observations and questionnaire surveys. A longitudinal study of Thai MICE stakeholders during 14 years revealed that the Buddhist concepts of resilience and Thainess contribute to psychological resilience. Buddhism and Thainess cultivate the concept of crisis concierge. Surveys showed unchanged image of exhibition facilities during the political instability. Thailand's incentive travel benefits from the availability of bleisure (a combination of business and leisure) attractions. Good value for money, Thai hospitality, bleisure attractions, and international standard venues are key resilient factors.

The metamorphose of contemporary economies rests on a deep transformation of modes of coordination. The rationale behind this change is usually presented as the substitution. Horizontal democratic coordination of informed and responsible individuals would replace former authoritarian and paternalist politics. For their information, regulative procedures or instruments play an unprecedented role in this new political economy. This paper is dedicated to recent research on the relations between law, economies and economics, benefiting from Economies des conventions (EC) and its new developments. A first section recalls why EC is adjusted for the analysis of law in action, and made possible a long-standing cooperation with law scholars. A second section introduces new analytical developments that help to situate legal regulations among a variety of guarantees and engagements which take place in economic and social life. They contributes to the critical clarification of new normative and evaluative devices which are involved in contemporary policies, in EU in particular.

This article argues for the importance of attending to the unwritten elements of constitutionalism for both constitutional theory and constitutional design. In particular, the concern is with the structural elements of constitutions - the way in which power is distributed and institutions are structured in constitutions - not on the interpretation or substance of constitutional rights. The article looks carefully at the two North American constitutional orders that emerged out of or in reaction to the unwritten tradition of the UK, analyzing contemporary jurisprudential debates in Canada and excavating a somewhat more buried but no less robust tradition of thinking about the unwritten constitution in the US. Close examination of the practices and theory of constitutionalism in both countries suggests that it is the unwritten constitutional conventions, norms, and ethos that ultimately prove essential to sustaining a stable democracy governed by the rule of law. Furthermore, looking at moments of constitutional tension in both countries - debates about Quebec's place in Canada and times of war and terror, both historical and modern, in the US - indicates that these unwritten elements of the constitutional order become particularly important at times of extremity, constitutional stress, and national crisis. The article closes with reflections on how taking unwritten constitutionalism seriously might inflect contemporary constitutional theory and what it might mean for projects of constitutional design.

In this paper, it is argued that the issue of the virtues of argumentation becomes controversial when we consider the actual argumentation skills (as opposed to normative ideals of discussions). This claim is illustrated with a comparison between two approaches to the technique of dissociation of notions: the rhetorical and the normative one. It is then argued that the rhetorical approach offers a more realistic view of the virtues an arguer should have to successfully perform dissociation of notions. It is finally argued that dissoï logoï (twofold arguments), as an exercise used by the Sophists, might offer a relevant training to those virtues.

James Crosswhite's commentary on my paper is available here: http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2017&context=ossaarchive

I suggest an account of desuetudo in game-theoretic terms. I argue that there is an asymmetry with consuetudo, because consuetudo cannot be fully captured by a game-theoretic analysis, while desuetudo, properly understood as a dynamic, diachronic process , can. A norm (not necessarily a consuetudo) ceases to exist because there's no need anymore, in an interactive situation, to foster certain equilibria, even though the same norm which is going in desuetudo might not have emerged as a consuetudo. While this kind of norm dynamics cannot explain all kinds of consuetudines, it can explain desue-tudo, understood as a dynamic process ending with normative indiiference, from a state which was normatively relevant. In this game-theoretic account the dynamicity is captured by the repeated occurence of the game, while desuetudo is the opposite process, in terms of normativity, with which a norm emerges (regardless of the fact whether the initial norm was a consuetudo or posited etc.).

1. Although 20% of Brazilian territory is covered by wetlands, wetland inventories are still incomplete. In 1993, Brazil signed the Ramsar Convention but a coherent national policy for the sustainable management and protection of wetlands has yet to be established. 2. Major gaps in the definition of a specific wetland policy are twofold: (1) the lack of standardized criteria by which wetlands are defined and delineated that reflects the specific ecological conditions of the country and (2) the lack of a national classification of wetlands that takes into account specific hydrological conditions and respective plant communities.
3. In recent years, efforts have been made at a regional level to improve public awareness of the ecology of
Brazilian wetlands, their benefits to society, and the major threats endangering them. Studies have shown that
wetlands play a crucial role in the regional hydrological cycle and provide multiple benefits for local populations. Furthermore, Brazilian wetlands contribute significantly to South American biodiversity. Therefore, wetland conservation and sustainable management should be given high legislative priority. 4. This article provides a synthesis of the current body of knowledge on the distribution, hydrology, and vegetation cover of Brazilian wetlands. Their definition, delineation, and classification at the national level are proposed in order to establish a scientific basis for discussions on a national wetland policy that mandates the sustainable management of Brazil’s extremely diverse and complex wetlands. This goal is particularly urgent in the face of the continuing and dramatic deterioration of wetlands resulting from large-scale agro-industrial expansion, and hydroelectric projects as well as the projected impact of global climate change on hydrological cycles.

Notwithstanding human rights is a concept which sinks its roots in the western political and philosophical tradition, the values which underlies human rights may be traceable in different cultures. This article seeks to probe the potential global acceptance of the concept of human rights providing a sketch on the level of compatibility of human rights with the Asian values, the African tradition and the Islamic culture. Therefore, the article makes use of a comparative approach to analysis non-western philosophical cum political standing on human rights vis-à-vis the consolidated conception of human rights. The findings underline that, even though relevant reasons of conflict between non-western values and human rights persist, there are also margins of compatibility between them which would partially disprove the widespread presumption that human rights cannot definitely be compatible with the values of non-western cultures.

People give surprising weight to others' expectations about their behaviour. I argue the practice of conforming to others' expectations is ethically well-grounded. A special class of 'reasonable expectations' can create prima facie obligations even in cases where the expectations arise from contingent pre-existing practices, and the duty-bearer has not created them, or directly benefited from them. The obligation arises because of the substantial goods that follow from such conformity-goods capable of being endorsed from many different ethical perspectives and implicating key moral factors such as consent, fairness, respect, autonomy, and reciprocity. Given the innumerable situations where such expectations can arise, their ethical significance is critical both practically and philosophically.

В България има Закон за закрила на детето, Закон за защита от домашното насилие и Конституцията на България осигурява правата на всички граждани, независимо от тяхния пол и възраст. Не са ни необходими мерките, предвидени в предлаганата за ратификация конвенция. Не трябва да влизаме в мрежата на Паяка, която е отричане и удар срещу социалния и културен
модел на нашето общество и традиционното семейство между мъж и жена.