Migrant Women

This paper draws on qualitative research in Basel, Switzerland with highly skilled migrant women from various European nationalities employed in a number of professional sectors. It seeks to contribute to the literatures on the sociologies of migration and the sociologies of everyday life by intersecting a conceptual link of ‘affective habitus’ to the phenomenology of material culture in unpacking how emotions triggered by objects shape settling practices in host societies. The analysis centres on pathways of cultural production as they unfold through memories, objects and experiential return visits. We find sociological depth in applying ‘affective habitus’ as the conceptual framing to examine how mediations of memory and emotions can extend understandings of how women migrants create agentic ways to settle in new host societies while making cultural accommodations. We theorise the conceptual terrain of ‘affective habitus’ through a phenomenological approach to gendered migrancy and cultural materiality in everyday life.

Using Avtar Brah's concept of 'diaspora space', this paper argues that black women in the UK have organised in diaspora space to challenge inequities in health and develop strategies to improve health outcomes for black communities. The paper explores the post-war contribution of black women nurses in the UK to public health, both as activists for change and as organisers of change. The paper concludes by exploring the confluences and synergies between the concept of ‘diaspora space’ and that of ‘(post) diaspora’ as espoused by Scafe (2018). The paper argues that both concepts are useful for understanding the ways in which Black women have used their agency to challenge health inequities.

Este  libro  reúne  las  ponencias  presentadas  en  las Jornadas Familias, niños, niñas y jóvenes migrantes: rompiendo  estereotipos, celebradas  en  La  Casa Encendida de Obra Social Caja Madrid los días 19, 20  y  21  de  noviembre  de  2008.  Tanto  esta  obra como aquellas jornadas fueron concebidas y coordinadas    por    el    Grupo    Interdisciplinario    de Investigador@s  Migrantes.

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A partir de las historias de un centenar de mujeres migrantes detenidas en la estación migratoria del DF durante 2005, se realizó una investigación que reconstruye las estrategias de viaje de las mujeres en su tránsito por México, los riesgos que enfrentan y los impactos negativos que la política migratoria tiene sobre sus derechos. Finalmente, propone una serie de recomendaciones para incorporar la movilidad humana en las estrategias de integración económica y social de la región conformada por Centroamérica, México y Estados Unidos. La información presentada en el libro permite entender la migración de las familias centroamericanas de hoy en día y sus necesidades de protección.

Nowadays the interplay between gender-based violence (GBV) perpetrated by men against women, women’s vulnerability and women’s exploitation has been largely demonstrated both by scholars (Degani and Della Rocca, 2014) and by field practitioners such as International Organisations and NGOs (ICMPD, 2015; Healy, 2013; U.N. General Assembly, 2018). Indeed, the power dynamic observed in the behaviour of both perpetrators of violence against women and exploiters to dominate their victims are largely equivalent. Furthermore, there have been studies regarding the role of the family in the decision to leave, also linked to some form of gender-based violence experienced in the country of origin, for example among Nigerian young girls (BeFree and Act!onaid, 2019; Women’s Link Worldwide, 2011; EASO, 2015). However, the majority of the literature fails to cover the responses through which protection mechanisms deal with these intersected vulnerabilities to address the personal needs of the women and to empower each survivor. Moreover, professionals and operators in the field of human trafficking and international protection often do not recognize the severity of GBV in favouring exploitation, thus reproducing dynamics and forms of subjugation, in which the distance between public and private spheres of violence disappear. The paper analyses the mechanisms that are put in place when working with women victims of GBV, exploring possible explanations of why the systems of protection of women’s human rights have failed to work together so far and why there is a need for a strong collaboration—in terms of referral mechanisms—to benefit the victims and improve the systems themselves.

El ACNUR estima que para el 30 de junio de 2016 había 137 mil 600 refugiados y solicitantes de asilo de los países del Triángulo Norte de Centroamérica (TNC) en la región (Estados Unidos, México y Centroamérica). Este artículo centra su atención tanto en el papel que desempeñan las familias centroamericanas en los  flujos recientes de personas que huyen de la violencia y la dilución del Estado en los países del TNC, como en sus necesidades de protección en México. A partir del análisis de las estadísticas migratorias mexicanas y estadounidenses, se muestra su incremento en los  flujos migratorios y se recomiendan cambios necesarios en la generación de información cuantitativa que permitan el diseño de políticas de protección a esta población. A su vez, sugiere que políticas específicas para estas familias podrían ser una oportunidad para aumentar las alternativas a la detención, así como para promover su protección, integración y contribución al desarrollo de México.

Esta investigación explora la realidad de tres mujeres migrantes que trabajan en las plataformas de entrega a domicilio o delivery con las aplicaciones de Rappi y Glovo en dos ciudades de Ecuador: Quito y Guayaquil. Estas mujeres sostienen/negocian/ejercen sus maternidades mientras se enfrentan a la precarización laboral constante de estas plataformas. Entre la Economía Feminista y los feminismos decoloniales se entretejen los marcos teóricos, metodológicos y éticos de este estudio. Es así que, este texto sitúa a las mujeres entrevistadas como sujetas productoras de conocimiento con experiencias de resistencia. A través de sus historias de vida, hacen visibles las vulneraciones específicas que las mujeres embarazadas y madres de niñes pequeñes enfrentan a diario en estos modelos de negocio. Además, entendiendo la matriz de dominación como un entretramado de sistemas de opresión donde el género, la clase y la nacionalidad se articulan para producir experiencias complejas, este análisis apuesta a generar lecturas interseccionales. Como resultado, este texto, en diálogo constante con las tres protagonistas, busca contribuir a la lucha por mejores condiciones de vida para las mujeres repartidoras y posicionar la maternidad como un asunto público en los debates en torno a las economías de plataformas.

This article provides a theoretically informed examination of migrant women’s responses to domestic abuse in the host country. It departs from an analysis of research on South Asian women in England, on Portuguese women in England and on Portuguese women in Canada to suggest that women’s apparent lack of mobilisation of law (primarily by eschewing contact with the justice system of the host country and preferring informality), both perpetuates hegemonic discourses and presents a possibility for change. The theoretical approach undertaken combines literature on legal consciousness, power and resistance, and on socio-cultural structures and barriers that affect migrant women. The article ultimately suggests that, rather than an acceptance of hegemonic discourses, women’s behaviour is best understood as a form of resistance to, and from within, socio-cultural pressures encountered in everyday life; as a form of “entrenched” resistance.

La identidad tiene un claro componente de unidad y continuidad en donde interactúan las definiciones internas y externas del sí mismo y en el que se incorporan los distintos puntos de vista sobre el individuo. En el proceso de integración a la sociedad de acogida, la mujer migrante descubre estos distintos puntos de vista en forma de categorizaciones
simbólicas, positivas y negativas, que la sociedad de recepción atribuye a su grupo. Las mujeres migrantes van tomando conciencia de sus diferencias étnicas, culturales y personales al vivir los límites que se les imponen en el nuevo entorno con los que se las demarca y diferencia. En la sociedad chilena, la
inserción social de las mujeres migrantes se produce dentro de desigualdades estructurales basadas en la clase social, el género, la etnia, la categoría social ‘migrante-económica’ y la ciudadanía: ser mujer, de clase trabajadora y de origen  migrante o de una nacionalidad determinada, supone experimentar diversas formas de diferencia que actúan simultáneamente, y que deben ser analizadas conjuntamente como parte de una red compleja de relaciones mutuas.
Del mismo modo, las mujeres migrantes enfrentan atribuciones sociales provenientes de la sociedad de origen; se trata de otros puntos de vista que las coloca bajo determinadas categorías y altera también la visión que ellas tienen de sí mismas.
Así, las mujeres migrantes se van enfrentando a una  ultiplicidad de atribuciones, frente a las cuales ellas no son un ser pasivo a merced de las prescripciones que en origen o destino se les atribuyen, sino que responden de modo activo, desarrollando una serie de estrategias identitarias, para incorporarlas o contradecirlas. Estas respuestas desafiantes de las mujeres migrantes ante las representaciones que se les asigna, tanto desde el país de instalación como desde el país de origen, son analizadas en el presente trabajo. En este sentido, el capítulo pretende aportar algunas líneas de reflexión sobre el significado, impacto e implicaciones de las diferentes representaciones atribuidas y sobre el papel de las estrategias identitarias como respuestas de afrontamiento a las mismas.

Between September and December 2020, UFPR’s Human Rights Observatory has undertaken a survey of Paraná institutions and organizations that provide aid to Brazilian and migrant women who were victims of domestic and gender violence. The results show that multiple specialized organs and police stations present outdated contact information, are not in contact with each other due to unawareness of similar work being developed by other organs, face lack of adequate structure to attending services provision, and are shutting down their work due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the outcome of the preliminary results, this research project proposes the creation of an integration network among all public and private violence victims aid organs in Paraná State. These and other data highlight the importance of this research project, once difficulties in accessing social protection public policies directed to vulnerable groups constitute serious human rights violations by the State. Thus, it is up to researchers and students to develop a support network in an easy access virtual platform with updated information integration in order to assist domestic and gender violence women victims and all of Paraná society.

O Observatório de Direitos Humanos da UFPR, entre setembro a dezembro de 2020, realizou um levantamento prévio das instituições e organizações no Estado do Paraná que prestam assistência às mulheres brasileiras e migrantes vítimas de violência doméstica e violência de gênero. O resultado mostrou que vários órgãos e delegacias especializadas contêm informações para contato desatualizadas, estão desconectados porque desconhecem a existência do trabalho uns dos outros, enfrentam a falta de estrutura adequada à prestação dos atendimentos, além de cessarem seus trabalhos em razão da pandemia de Covid-19. A partir do resultado deste trabalho preliminar propôs-se a criação de uma rede de integração de todos os órgãos púbicos e privados de atendimento as vitimas de violência no Estado no Paraná. Estes e outros dados mostram a importância deste projeto de pesquisa, uma vez que a dificuldade de acesso às políticas públicas de proteção social aos grupos vulneráveis constitui grave violação de direitos humanos por parte do ente estatal e, assim, resta aos pesquisadores e estudantes elaborar uma rede de apoio em plataforma virtual de fácil acesso e integração de informações atualizadas para auxiliar às mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica e de gênero e a toda sociedade paranaense.

Participation in the labor market is one of the most important components of integration in the host country. This study is situated on two broad topics: female migration and labour mobility within the European Union. Throughout the research I will explore the nexus between both of them from a gender perspective. Therefore, the legal and political context of Romanians in Spain at the EU level is going to be drawn. The purpose is to understand and examine how institutional processes shape the migratory paths and labour trajectories of qualified Romanian women in Madrid, Spain. This research delves into the specificities and circumstances of the participants in order to understand their labour (im)mobilities as EU citizens and the influences of the institutional shifts and restrictions. Thus to analyze the further consequences on this collective. This dissertation questions at the same time the feminization and disqualification of „care labours‟. The research and conclusions will be built according to the central focus of this research, the life stories of nine Romanian women. Therefore, a qualitative research with an ethnographic approach has been conducted. Their narratives are supported by secondary nature interpretation of policies and literature.
Key words: EU citizenship, mobility, reproductive labours, labour mobility, Romanian, migrant women.

Migration is a state of life where a person or groups of persons travel from one place to another in search of livelihood. Broadly, two categories of people migrate, (1) The well offs, in search of better education, employment, favourable living conditions which suit their livelihoods; (2) The poor, who are often forced to migrate due to extreme conditions such as hunger and starvation due to poverty, lack of resources etc... The migration undertaken by the second category of people is the hardest. People are forced to migrate due to various compelling factors.

Migrant women are often stereotyped. Some scholars associate feminization of migration with domestic work and criticize the “care drain” as a new form of imperialism that First World imposes on Third World. However, migrant women employed as domestic workers in Northern America and Europe represent 2% of the migrant women worldwide and cannot characterize the “feminization of migration”. Why are migrant domestic workers overestimated?
This paper explores two possible sources of bias. The first is sampling: conclusions about “care drain” are often generalized from small samples of domestic workers. The second source is the use of affect heuristic: imagining children left behind by migrant mothers provokes deep feelings of global injustice which trump numerical considerations. The paper argues that neither source of bias was unavoidable and finds evidence of gender stereotypes in the “care drain” construal.

This article revisits the migration-care nexus through the lens of subjective well-being, building on a case study of immigrant women employed as live-in care workers in Italy. Based on their constructions, practices and displacements of well-being, care work migration is appreciated as an inherent source of paradoxes and dilemmas. While a search for “better days” does underpin migrant women's life trajectories, its accomplishments are typically limited and embedded in thick networks of family-based expectations and obligations. Ironically, migrants' search for well-being may result in its indefinite displacement or postponement, or at most in its “externalization” in favour of left-behind kin. Subjective well-being should then be reconceptualized as a relational state of being which conflates distinct, even opposite needs, interests and stances, ego- and other-oriented. It can be shifted over time and space, as much as (or even more than) being experienced at present in migrants' everyday lives.

Este informe recoge las conclusiones de una investigación coordinada por AIETI y la Red de Mujeres Latinoamericanas y del Caribe, sobre la situación de las mujeres migrantes víctimas de violencia de género en España, a partir de 19 historias de vida. Investigación cualitativa.

Female and LGBTI+ asylum seekers’ experiences are invisible and under-researched within Turkey’s asylum regime. Based on in-depth interviews with asylum seekers, this chapter shows that although women and LGBTI+s have often escaped from gender-related persecution, they are exposed to serious gendered risks throughout the asylum application and reception process in Turkey. This is especially visible in the cases when applicants are sent, without any social or economic support, to small and conservative cities which are unsafe for single women and LGBTI+s. This chapter shows that there is no gender sensitivity in asylum reception and protection processes in Turkey and the processes may put women and LGBTI+s in more vulnerable positions exposed to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).

Home and home There is Home with a big, capital 'H' which is where I come from. And there is home … small 'h' … where I am living here in Johannesburg. The two are different; they are both my homes, but one is more of my 'Home' than the other ... Does that make sense?-Migrant woman from Uganda Map showing where the migrant women in this study come from.

Chez les femmes migrantes, les problèmes touchant la santé sexuelle sont importants en raison des barrières d’ordre culturel, religieux, linguistique, économique, social, géographique et politique qui compliquent l’accès aux soins sexuels pour ces femmes (Lebrun, 2010). En effet, leur vulnérabilité face aux IST est déterminée par leurs expériences de vie, leur statut migratoire, par les éventuels abus sexuels qu’elles ont pu vivre pendant leur trajectoire migratoire, les barrières linguistiques et l’absence d’un réseau de soutien stable une fois sur le
territoire canadien (Ochoa et Sampalis, 2014).
En raison de ces barrières, les femmes migrantes au Canada connaissent de moins bons résultats de santé sexuelle que les femmes nées au Canada, notamment en ce qui concerne les infections sexuellement transmissibles comme le VIH/SIDA. C’est pour cette raison que l’étude de la santé sexuelle des femmes migrantes au Canada a semblé pertinente pour cette recherche car la population étant diversifiée du point de vue culturel, le système de santé canadien doit
s’adapter à une multitude de besoins en termes de santé sexuelle, pour prendre en charge les
nouvelles arrivantes de manière adaptée et pour maintenir leur bon état de santé à l’arrivée.

Les résultats de la méta-analyse ainsi que l’étude des enquêtes qualitatives me permettront de
répondre à la problématique suivante : Dans quelle mesure la migration peut-elle être un
déterminant majeur de la santé sexuelle des femmes migrantes ? Qu’est-ce qui influence la
santé sexuelle des femmes migrantes : la situation dans le pays d’origine ou les conditions dans
le pays d’accueil ? Quelle est la place de la trajectoire migratoire dans leur santé sexuelle ?

¿Cómo se analiza la racialización que las mujeres latinoamericanas viven en Suecia? ¿Cómo se escribe dicha racialización desde la experiencia personal y colectiva? ¿Cómo se habla de migración desde un lenguaje poético, y encarnado para contrarrestar la alienación colonial que enfrentan las mujeres migrantes? Para responder estas preguntas y continuar interrogando(me/nos), dialogo con propuestas teóricas y metodológicas de los feminismos chicanos, negros y decoloniales, que proponen investigaciones ‘encarnadas’. Investigaciones donde se problematice y politice nuestra experiencia personal y sus implicaciones en nuestros cuerpos. Así, me centraré en prácticas políticas y estéticas de una escritura decolonial que instan a sobrepasar las barreras entre el lenguaje académico y creativo. Reflexionaré sobre el cambio de códigos entre idiomas (inglés-español-sueco) como un recurso retórico de resistencia lingüística. Además, exploraré el uso de la poética en las experiencias de racialización desde una escritura del cuerpo, de la piel, en primera persona. Por último, presentaré las contribuciones teórico-políticas de las entrevistadas de un mestizaje subversivo y disidente del idioma sueco. De esta manera, estableceré conexiones entre propuestas decoloniales del uso del lenguaje y mi propia propuesta de escritura (otra) donde las lenguas se tornan mestizas, salvajes, impuras e irrumpen el texto con una sonoridad propia.

Women from the English-speaking Caribbean have rarely fit into traditional theories of migration and Westernized ideal of the trailing and passive wife accompanying the male breadwinner and migrant. Caribbean migration from the 1960s onwards, has shown that women, motivated by a complex range of factors, migrate independent of men, and play a critical role in facilitating the movement of other family and kin, as well as in the circular flows of goods, services, knowledge and technology. Drawing on the theory of love power migration by Baldwin and Mortley (2016) this paper demonstrates how Caribbean female migrants from the English Caribbean exercise love and care within the family, and use migration as a strategy for survival, rebuilding and empowerment. The paper argues that because Caribbean women’s migration is based on a complex decision-making process incubated and determined by love power migration, there are even more reasons to maintain strong ties with multiple households and communities in the country of origin. These ties, nurtured by women’s caring role, foster the creation of a transnational space linking multiple households, networks and diaspora communities.
The paper thus explores an under researched area in Caribbean migration scholarship, situating female migrants within the global policy agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals, as well as the national policy agenda of Caribbean governments that seek to engage and harness remittances and skills of persons within diaspora communities. It provides examples of women's achievements and challenges as they navigate their host countries, as well as the creative ways through which they reconstruct, maintain and connect networks and communities.
Based on the analysis of secondary data and primary case data with Caribbean nurse migrants, the paper argues that if Caribbean development planners want to better leverage their diaspora they need to first look beyond remittances. Further, employing a gender lens, they need to develop a comprehensive understanding of who makes up the diaspora. Migrant women by virtue of their triple roles, represent a valuable resource in the migration process and within diaspora communities, and their voices and experiences must be central to advocacy and policy processes for development.

Based on Catholic and Confucian social ethics, this book develops an ethic of solidarity and reciprocity with the migrants in Asia who are marginalized. Mary Mee-Yin Yuen draws off her own pastoral experiences in the Church, the situation of the wider Christian community, and the personal experiences of migrant women from various Asian countries in Hong Kong, to describe the features and practices of an ethical approach that emphasizes solidarity and reciprocity. Interdisciplinary in nature, this book integrates Catholic social ethics, moral philosophy, Chinese Confucian ethics, social sciences, and cultural studies to investigate the phenomenon of international and intra-national migration in Asia, particularly with regard to women migrants moving from South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Mainland China to Hong Kong.

Throughout the Western world, governments have increasingly viewed migration through the lens of economic efficiency. In the era of globalisation, they argue, migrants should be selected on the basis of their skills and qualifications. Australian governments have been strongly committed to this policy direction, and over the last two decades, have reoriented the country's migration program from the recruitment of unskilled labour to targeting educated professionals. The current Liberal-National Coalition government claims that this policy redirection has paid off, with migrants more skilled than ever, and successfully contributing to the economy. The government bases these claims on research conducted by scholars of migrant employment, who equate high levels of human capital with successful employment outcomes. Using the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA), these researchers show that migrants with qualifications and English language ability have higher rates of labour force participation, lower unemployment, and higher occupational attainment and incomes, compared to their less skilled counterparts.

Este artigo trata de resultados parciais de um estudo sobre publicações em periódicos brasileiros acerca dos fluxos migratórios internacionais e gênero, considerando os impactos destes nas pesquisas e publicações em periódicos brasileiros. Com o aumento do fluxo de mobilidade humana, as migrações constituem um dos campos de interesse e de pesquisas científicas brasileiras, resultando em uma temática não só da Demografia, mas também da Sociologia, da Antropologia, da Ciência Política, do Direito, da Psicologia, do Serviço Social dentre outras áreas do conhecimento que trazem suas contribuições teóricas ou empíricas desse fenômeno. Portanto, este estudo problematiza de onde partem as produções que estão conseguindo inserir-se em periódicos considerados de impacto relevante em suas áreas de adesão, no Brasil. A construção desse mapa cognitivo apontará grupos de pesquisas, universidades, estados e regiões do país, o que ajudará a pensarmos em uma possível hipótese de seletividade region...

This book chapter presents a case study in the recent volume Art and Migration edited by Bénédicte Miyamoto and Marie Ruiz, for Manchester University Press’s Rethinking Art Histories series. This book aims to challenge the geographical dividing lines conventionally imposed on art history and to bring to the fore various trajectories of transnational artworks and artists’ careers. The chapter that I have contributed to this volume examines the work of Australian art writer and curator Edith May Fry in supporting Australian artists in the London art scene who often felt ostracised in Britain as well as Australia.

My chapter examines the costly trade-off between emotional and economic considerations incurred by Peruvian and Paraguayan women doing domestic/care work in Argentina in the backdrop of evolving geo-political, socio-economic and legal scenarios. Drawing on recent fieldwork research conducted in urban, peripheral and rural areas of La Plata district, the chapter analyzes the extent to which migrant women’s right to family life is constrained by the labor regimes imposed upon them along with the local and transnational strategies that women deploy to surmount the emotional, social and financial challenges faced in Argentina. The chapter challenges four core generalizations advanced by the literature on migrant women’s participation in the transnationalization of social reproduction while contributing to decenter this scholarship’s predominant Euro-Atlantic focus.

A distinct Europe-wide problem of migrant homelessness has
become increasingly apparent. However, the available evidence base on migrant homelessness remains relatively weak and there is a particular dearth of research on the homeless experiences of migrant women. Internationally, research has established an association between gender-based violence and homelessness among women, including migrant women. However, the dynamics of this association, as well as the range of issues that surround it,
remain largely unexplored. This paper presents findings from biographical interviews with seventeen migrant women who are part of a larger study of homelessness among women in Ireland. It specifically aims to explore the relationship between the experience of gender-based violence and homelessness, including migrant women’s responses to their abusive home situations,
their interactions with services, and their perspectives on their situations. The
findings highlight the structural underpinnings of the relationship between
gender-based violence and homelessness. These span economic, social, legal
and cultural domains, and impact women’s responses to violence/abuse and
to the systems of intervention designed to meet their needs. The consequences
for migrant women are multi-faceted, affecting their ability to leave
abusive home situations, access appropriate services, and exit homelessness.
The implications for structures and services, particularly those with responsibility
for meeting the needs of migrant women, are discussed.

Need for local and spatial knowledge is vital to develop policy discourses on urban regeneration. However, this knowledge can be used as a key for future strategy and policy making, only if it is acquiered comparatively scrutinizing the past and present conditions of the local urban space. Migration plays a remarkable role in the shaping of a place´s dynamics via the change of demographic structure. Analyzing the migration flows to Istanbul, it can be seen that there are a lot of significant patterns about the changes in the city’s macro form, transportation networks, residential typologies, regeneration waves, and the capital movement. One important indicator is the adaptation dynamics of the early wave migrants are different than those of later migrants . Women are one of the most significant actors in ensuring the social and economic integration and development of the place attachment feelings to the place of migration. However, the role of women in the migration process is usually a neglected phenomenon.
The limits of Istanbul’s developed areas have reached beyond the conservation areas as well as water basin areas starting with 1950’s migration flows until today. Migrants have settled neighborhoods, where fellow townsmen were consentrated and this closed networks allowed early migrants, both men and women, to adapt quickly to the city. As the urban populations increased dramatically, sociopolitic and socioeconomic segregation progressively became more visible and has increased the problems later migrants had to cope with.
Recent studies have revealed that the migrant women are exposed to face social exclusion, language barriers, cultural conflicts, scarceness and isolation of individualistic support systems ; thus women have become invisible within the urban public space and limited in urban mobility. As Arendt  states, the public sphere represents the “world itself.” Public is everything that appears before the community as a whole and is visible and audible to everyone. The valuation Arendt makes is clear: the polis is the dominant space of a community. In such a public space, equals can meet among themselves and in complete freedom exchange arguments and conduct debates based on reason, meaning intellect . However, moving from rural areas to urban centers, it has been statistically proven that there is a drop in the percentage of female labor force participation . In order to be able to explain the reason for the scantiness of the female workers, the phenomenon of rural-urban migration in Turkey, especially in Istanbul has to be understood. Women who have difficulties in adaptation and who cannot benefit any means of help, are constituting the group experiencing the traumatic effects of migration at its deepest . Yet, it is important to stress that migration cannot be seen only as a flow of people from one country/place to another, but as a complex process of place-making .
It is very often stressed that rural-urban migrants are expected to become “urbanized” in time . Urban mobility and urban public space use constitute a significant part of this process of becoming “urbanized”. Thus, in this study, the aim is to analyze the changes in urban mobility and public space use of migrant women comparatively between different migration generations. Our point is that the varying factors facilitating or hindering the urban mobility and the use of urban public spaces of the early and later migrants can be used as significant inputs for future planning policies.
The analysis will be based on the key findings of the field study to be conducted between December 2012 and January 2013 in Hürriyet and Cumhuriyet Neighborhoods, a.k.a. Kurfali. The analytical field study constitutes the first phase of the case study, a part of Kadin.Net (Eng. Woman.Net) Project, which is financially supported by Istanbul Technical University Scientific Research Project funds. Answers to the questions such as “What are the adaptation strategies of migrant women to the place of migration?”, “Do previous adaptation processes repeat in recent adaptation strategies?”, and “How is the urban public space use and urban mobility changing according to different waves of migration and generations?”. While trying to find answers for these questions, the aim is to define the inequalities in public space use and urban mobility based on gender and the social, economic, and physical indicators of these inequalities.

In a global economy where capital moves freely, border and legal restrictions are imposed on human bodies, giving rise to illegal and undocumented migration. The so called feminisation of migration looks at females as a dominant category in migration and denotes the surge in women migration which is also subject to restriction on mobility across borders. In a global economy with high tendency for securitisation and border control, migrating women, akin to other migrant groups, are also prone to be undocumented or illegal migrants in their host countries.

The highly gendered and radicalized global job market has left many migrant women working in fields that have traditionally been ought to be “female jobs”. In light of the classical invisibility of the work of women in the domestic field, the work of migrant female domestic workers, despite the benefits to the economies of their countries, is also invisiblized. However, the exploitation and abuse that many migrant domestic workers experience has put to tension their invisibility.

Intrigued by the technologies in which migrant domestic workers are rendered visible– often only within the category of being victims or battered- this paper will look at Lebanon as a case.

This research paper aims to critically engage with migrant domestic workers in Lebanon by probing the relationship between domestic work and governmentality. It examines the relationship between, on the one hand, the legal, social and spatial barriers related to the sector, and on the other the (in)visibility of migrant domestic workers. Moreover, the paper further examines the politics and power of representation and the production of objects of knowledge, as well as the impact of such a discourse on the (in)visibility these migrant domestic workers. The paper  highlights the implications of this on eliding the resistance and agency of these migrant domestic workers as well as eliding the gendered response to globalization.