Neoclassical Theory

The objective of this undergraduate thesis is to study in historical perspective, through a theoretical analysis, how the neoclassical synthesis was formed by investigating the hypothesis that there would have been a macroeconomic consensus. Macroeconomics has always been characterized as a field in intense ideological dispute, however it is possible that a consensus was brought about in the 1950s-1960s in respect to some core propositions characteristics of a research program that emerged after the Keynesian Revolution, but conserved influences of the classical microeconomic framework. This study also conducted a survey, using articles of the time, on the definition of neoclassical synthesis, aiming to determine whether it was given only a posteriori, which would allow to state that the leading economists of the period of the so-called "neoclassical synthesis" shared a theoretical core, nevertheless they did not invariably worked with the same issues and with the same goals.

La produzione architettonica del primo Neoclassicismo “funzionalista”, introdotta negli Stati romani dal genio del Vanvitelli, con le sue opere giovanili nelle Marche aveva definito un nuovo linguaggio compositivo ed un particolare gusto semplificato del decoro architettonico giocato sull’uso del laterizio arricchito da essenziali sottolineature lapidee, che influenzerà la produzione edilizia delle Marche fi n oltre il XVIII secolo. L’invasione napoleonica (1797) scuoterà le arretratezze dello Stato papalino introducendo nuovi moderni criteri di gestione del territorio e dell’urbanistica, nuovi strumenti cartografi ci e catastali, nuove tipologie architettoniche legate ai servizi, nuovi ruoli assegnati agli ingegneri ed architetti pubblici. Linearità, proporzione e buon gusto furono i suoi presupposti teorici; correttezza costruttiva e rispondenza razionale tra funzioni e planimetrie il metro di giudizio; una serena semplificazione delle forme costantemente collegata al programma economico si sposava col recupero dei modelli classici e vitruviani riletti attraverso la mediazione trattatistica del Vignola e soprattutto del Palladio. Tutte novità in buona parte recepite dopo la Restaurazione dello Stato Pontificio, dove la figura professionale di Antonio Mollari, dopo il suo exploit della Borsa a Trieste, si inserisce nel filone del Purismo architettonico. Si trattava di “un superamento più che una elusione dell’esperienza neoclassica”, della declinazione finale del più ampio movimento culturale europeo neoclassico, oramai esausto, collocato in pochi decenni, sino al papato di Pio IX, e prima del successivo eclettico florilegio sperimentalistico dei revival storici.

Let us define entrepreneurship as creativity and the evolution of novelty. Let us suppose, the main thesis of the chapter, that entrepreneurship is an action that does not differ from everyday action such as walking, driving, or chewing gum. If the definition and supposition are granted we can conclude that the theory of everyday action, such as walking or chewing gum, is one and the same as the theory of evolution. The conclusion is definitely strange if not extraordinary. It is based on a subtle but subversive thesis: There is no difference between everyday action and creativity or evolution. This conclusion is extraordinary only because it goes against the dominant dogmas in economics (i.e., neoclassical theory) and evolutionary biology (i.e., neo-Darwinian theory). Both dogmas draw a radical divide between action and evolution. For neo-Darwinian theory, action is phenotype ultimately determined by genotype—while the genotype evolves according to another mechanism. For neoclassic...

In this reply to Paola Potestio, it is argued that there are cases in which both the ''supply'' of and the ''demand'' for ''capital'' can be conceptualised in an economically meaningful way and used in the conventional long-period neoclassical manner to determine an equilibrium or to investigate the adjustment process towards it. This conceptualisation is based on strict assumptions. If, for the sake of the argument, we concede these assumptions, the critique of the theory that tries to generalise the determination of distribution in a simple one-good model, or ''corn-economy'', to multi-good models can be safely founded on the possibility of reswitching and capital reversing, contrary to Potestio's critique.

This paper explores the relationship between economic theory and public relations, in order to explain how public relations management contributes to companies’ overall economic gains. It uses a “blend” of economic theories to explain the role and contribution of public relations from the economic point of view. The paper sees a link between the strategic management of public relations as

The present paper compares the role of innovations for the environmental
sustainability from two conflicting approaches: the neoclassical versus the
evolutionary perspective. Following the neoclassical view, innovations play a keyrole
to achieve the goal of environmental sustainability, through their contribution
to the technological progress that can offset the effects of pollution. However,
sustainable innovations necessarily need to be driven by a well‐designed
environmental regulatory framework because of their double externality problem.
On the opposite, the evolutionary approach addresses the analysis of innovations
for the environmental sustainability in their multi‐dimensional nature, by
considering sustainable innovations as dependent upon the interactions between
technical, sociological, and economic systems. The two approaches are
complementary insofar as the deterministic neoclassical perspective investigates
incremental sustainable innovations, whereas the evolutionary theories analyse
radical sustainable innovations by avoiding any ‘technology bias’ since they stress
the need for a consideration of socio‐institutional aspects in the analysis of
innovations.

Neoclassical economics is the official scientific underpinning of capitalism as well as its main ideological defence, and according to Keen, it fails in both tasks. Contrary to received opinion, neoclassicism cannot explain capitalism – either in detail or in the aggregate – and the policies it prescribes do not support but undermine the very system it defends. It must be scrapped, says Keen, and the purpose of his book is to explain why and outline what should come in its stead.

Ana Šverko’s paper expands the study of Adam’s reading of place, focusing on the context of the monuments and the phenomenon of direct experience of place. The objective of her discussion is an examination of the phenomenon of immediate experience, which was at the heart of the Grand Tour. Adam’s experiential approach to architectural tourism produced a new familiarity with both the monument and its surroundings. By focusing on descriptions and depictions of the physical context of the Palace – not just of the isolated ancient monument – Adam’s book represents the Palace as one stratum of a complex urban historical landscape. Through a careful study of Adam’s methodological approach, her aim is to draw attention to the importance of the environment of the monument as an important transmitter of the spirit of place. In order to adduce the significance of context in architecture and urbanism – within the neoclassical period in particular, and within both disciplines more generally – this paper begins with an exploration of the importance of immediate personal perception in Adam’s notion of the truthful experience of a space. Behind Adam’s journey was his desire to study antique architectural models directly ; he wanted to know and experience these buildings fully, and in order to be able to employ them as models in his work. Šverko's reading of Adam is rooted in the architectural philosophy of the period, in which the interpretation of the language of Antiquity occupied a key position. Yet Adam was not a rigid disciple of ancient and Renaissance models (among whom Vitruvius and Palladio were the dominant exponents). For this reason he was able to document Diocletian’s Palace (which did not fit perfectly into the Vitruvian scheme) so well, and later to develop a specific architectural idiom which drew on Antiquity, which became known as the Adam Style. The structure of Adam’s book is revealing in this connection: although it is called the Ruins of the Palace Diocletian…, the ruins themselves occupy only a part. The complexity of the Spalatro’ depiction of Diocletian’s Palace indicates Adam’s intention to develop a theoretical reconstruction of the original appearance of the ancient monument, but also to record its condition and environment at the time of his visit. In the closing sections of this discussion Šverko concentrate on the significance that Adam ascribed to the real-time context of the Palace as he found it, for – as the Spalatro suggest – it is only through experience of space in a concrete context that we can know it as a whole.

One day in 1790, the German artist J. H. W. Tischbein observed a beautiful girl running in fear through the woods of King Ferdinand's estate near Naples. He recounted in his memoirs the incident, which occurred at the conclusion of a hunt. There was a crush of horses and carriages when the noble guests scrambled to fall into the departing procession behind the king:

The impact that management theory and how the basic functions and practice of management as well as the role of the manager and approaches to management have contributed to the practice of emergency management. Current views of management theory stress the changing nature of the external environment and the need to understand and address these external forces for change.  The contribution and role of systems theory and contingency theory to the emergency management process are stressed.

La grande scuola di Anton Maria Maragliano " [...] pel vezzo universato di ascrivere ogni imagine di quello stile al proprio scalpello del Maragliano" (1864). Già Federigo Alizeri, storiografo ed erudito ottocentesco, aveva intuito la complessità dell'approccio critico alla produzione di statuaria in legno avviata da Anton Maria Maragliano (1664-1739) e proseguita da una serie di allievi ed epigoni. Lo straordinario successo goduto in vita dallo scultore non venne interrotto con la sua morte per la richiesta costante di un codice gradito che, grazie ai suoi eredi, protrasse l'immaginario tardo barocco -nel campo della statuaria sacra e processionale -ben oltre i limiti temporali concessi dalla naturale evoluzione stilistica, sopravvivendo in piena età neoclassica. Il 'maraglianismo' è dunque un fenomeno tipicamente genovese che si riscontra con un alto tasso di densità sul territorio dell'antica Repubblica di Genova (comprensiva dell'attuale Oltregiogo e della Corsica), con episodi di consistente esportazione nella penisola iberica. Dopo lo studio monografico dedicato a Maragliano (2012), questo nuovo volume, reso possibile grazie alla doppia attenzione riservata all'argomento dalla Compagnia di San Paolo -con il progetto di ricerca La grande scuola di Anton Maria Maragliano: allievi, seguaci ed epigoni e con il bando (2015-2016) per iniziative di restauro all'interno di un percorso di conoscenza e valorizzazione della scultura maraglianesca -, affronta, con l'apporto di specialisti e di giovani studiosi, il tema della 'grande scuola' tentando un affondo negli accadimenti successivi al 1739. Le linee di indagine hanno seguito un doppio binario: da un lato l'approccio alle varie generazioni di allievi di Maragliano, con una serie di approfondimenti sulla diffusione e persistenza dei modelli, sulle scelte iconografiche e sulle tipologie produttive, dall'altro la distribuzione sul territorio, per mappare la fortuna delle iconografie ma soprattutto per constatare il monopolio esercitato dagli eredi diretti della bottega del maestro, i cugini Agostino Storace e Giovanni Maragliano, con 'isole' di predilezione per l'uno o per l'altro. La quantità della loro produzione, e di quella dei loro allievi, è consistente fino alla fine del secolo non tanto sulla piazza genovese, per certi versi satura, ma soprattutto nelle due Riviere, alle estremità dei confini e in ogni più profonda vallata. Un esito nuovo, dunque, che apre inattesi campi di indagine e che ribalta, in questo caso, il giudizio di Alizeri per il quale "vediamo de' seguaci scarse produzioni".

The central aim of this dissertation is to make an unambiguous international trade policy recommendation for developing countries grounded on rigorous economic theory. As is generally known, trade models featuring increasing returns to scale and imperfect competition have challenged the mainstream case for free trade which is built upon unrealistic assumptions like constant return to scale and perfect competition. In this context, the core contribution of this dissertation is the restatement of the original free- trade case made by the classical political economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo. This restatement is based on the accurate interpretation of Ricardo’s famous numerical example in chapter 7 of the Principles. The classical case for free trade formulated by Smith and Ricardo neither relies on unrealistic assumptions nor the laissez-faire doctrine. On the contrary, it stipulates that free trade should always be accompanied by public policies that expand the provision of public education, job training, health care and infrastructure. Moreover, a widespread policy change towards free trade should always be implemented gradually, in order to take care of those groups who might be affected in the short run by the increased level of international competition and technological progress. The main conclusion of the dissertation is that free trade – as conceived by classical political economy – is the most suitable international trade policy for developed as well developing countries for achieving sustainable economic growth and development.

e s t r a t t o PROPRIETÀ LETTERARIA RISERVATA Studi sul Settecento Romano Rivista annuale, anvur classe A In copertina: Anton von Maron, Ritratto di Johann Joachim Winckelmann, 1767. Weimar, Schlossmuseum (da "Archeo", 297, marzo 2018, p. 75). La rivista adotta il sistema del blind review: gli articoli presentati sono sottoposti al duplice vaglio prima del Comitato Scientifico, e poi dei revisori anonimi designati dal Comitato Scientifico stesso. È inoltre aperta a studiosi di qualsiasi livello di carriera, che possono inviare i loro contributi, anche in lingua inglese, francese, spagnolo, tedesco, non superiori alle dodici cartelle di massima, a Edizioni Quasar, via Ajaccio 41-43, 00198 Roma (redazione@edizioniquasar.it). Studi sui Settecento Romano (Autoriz. Tribunale di Roma n. 403/86 del 18 agosto 1986) Direttore responsabile: Stefano Marconi © Roma 2018 by Sapienza Università di Roma e Edizioni Quasar Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon srl via Ajaccio 41-43 -I-00198 Roma, tel. (39)0685358444, fax (39)0685833591 per informazioni e ordini: www.edizioniquasar.it Finito di stampare nel mese di novembre 2018 presso Centro Stampa di Meucci R. -Città di Castello (PG) e s t r a t t o

Nous espérons ne plus jamais devoir démontrer que la théorie néoclassique est intrinsèquement incapable de s’occuper du développement durable , voire qu’en tant qu’utopie, elle mène au contraire du développement durable.

Les instruments dits «économiques» deviennent dès lors suspects. Ils sont seulement utiles dans le cadre d’une société de marché elle-même non durable. Ils permettent de s’illusionner sur les possibilités de maintenir un niveau de vie basé sur le gaspillage des ressources, et le pillage systématique des laissés pour compte ou de leur environnement.

La théorie néoclassique résiste tellement peu aux évidences, aux raisonnements et à l’éthique que l’on peut se demander si sa popularité dans le monde «moderne » ne résulte pas d’une forme d’aliénation des esprits, encouragé sans doute par le mirage de la société de consommation, ses publicités et ses médias, voire, par la propagande cynique de ceux à qui elle profite le plus.

Sur le plan théorique, comme le néoclassicisme est démoli de l’intérieur comme de l’extérieur, des «théories économiques alternatives» voient timidement le jour. Certaines d’entre elles (Sen) oublient le caractère social de l’être humain, d’autres (Chine ) oublient son caractère égoïste.

Nous nous sommes inscrits dans un mouvement de critique de la science elle-même, de son ethnocentrisme dès lors qu’il s’agit de définir un projet, le «développement durable », pour l’ensemble de l’humanité. Refuser d’entendre Maudo, ce petit paysan fier de ses valeurs au fin fonds de la brousse bissau-guinéenne, ne serait-ce pas oublier une part importante du savoir?

Poussés par de simples chasseurs-cueilleurs «pauvres et déconnectés», des anthropologues, malgré leur étiquette de conservateurs «culturalistes», pointent le bout du nez pour proposer une théorie de la réciprocité , et voilà que des psychologues y trouvent un fondement essentiel des comportements de l’homo economicus en personne.

A partir d’une théorie des externalités, nous avons pu suggérer que la prise en compte d’un horizon lointain, autrement dit la prise en compte du «plus que soi», de l’autre au sens large, avait un coût très important: le coût que les hommes sont prêts à payer pour vivre en société. Le coût de la réciprocité . Le coût que nous payons chaque jour et qui a mené notre espèce à passer les mailles de l’évolution , et qui nous donne, ensemble, une satisfaction certaine.

Une fois modélisées, les externalités ne prennent-elles pas, comme la réciprocité , la forme des relations tant recherchées dans les théories du développement durable , mais sur lesquelles peu de gens ont réussi jusqu’à présent à travailler? On lit en effet souvent «qu’il manque le lien» entre les différentes dimensions du développement durable, mais en pratique, tout le monde continue à travailler sur chaque dimension séparément, comme dans le cadre de la recherche d’indicateurs. Or, ce lien ne serait-il pas l’essence principale du développement durable, tout comme la relation est l’essence principale (avec l’ego), du comportement humain?


Les indicateurs sont aux modèles de développement durable ce que la parole est à la réciprocité : c’est là que réside en partie le lien. C’est notamment autour des indicateurs que les hommes (et les ordinateurs) se rassemblent également pour penser, décider, échanger, s’harmoniser, définir un chemin commun pour l’humanité, avec le support de réseaux de plus en plus étendus, mondialisés ou presque (il y manque encore nos paysans pauvres et déconnectés). Chaque groupe de travail a ainsi, dans son coin, défini qui des jeux d’indicateurs, qui des indices synthétiques plus ou moins pondérés.


Il est possible de concevoir un modèle qui mette en évidence les relations entre entités a priori fort différentes. L’exemple vient d’une part des «comptables nationaux» eux-mêmes, d’autre part des écologues. Ces tentatives ne couvrent pas encore toutes les dimensions, mais l’approche qu’ils proposent est potentiellement généralisable.

A ce point du travail, il reste de nombreuses voies à creuser.

L’analyse multicritère (Faucheux, Vincke) pourrait s’appliquer aux comptes satellites développés dans la comptabilité nationale et apporter un support sous forme de «lien politique » entre dimensions «inconciliables». Des indices implicites résultats de sorte «d’arbres de décision » (Faucheux et Noël) pourraient peut-être prendre la place de pondérations figées utilisées actuellement? Ce sont des facteurs limitants qui donneraient alors le verdict de durabilité pour chaque pays (par exemple, dépasser une norme environnementale entraîne la non durabilité). On peut imaginer des indicateurs se concentrant non plus sur les relations, mais sur les «victimes» (quels sont les «sacrifiés» de chaque système), la limitation des dégâts étant une contrainte de durabilité, le développement étant ensuite libre sous ces contraintes (c’est implicitement le modèle de libéralisme bridé utilisé dans la gestion des affaires publiques en Belgique ou en Chine , sauf que les normes seraient beaucoup plus axées sur la durabilité globale). La diminution de «l’empreinte sociale» serait alors une priorité non seulement politique mais également une voie «rationnelle»: un développement basé sur l’exploitation (de l’homme ou de l’environnement) ne peut pas être «durable». On peut aussi se demander quels éléments de cultures sont porteuses ou non de durabilité. Enfin, au delà des indicateurs «statiques» eux-mêmes, il faudrait retomber sur les étapes à accomplir pour tendre vers le développement durable : que faire en pratique? quel est le chemin du développement durable suivant l’état initial de chaque pays?

In 1960 Theodore Schultz expounded a human capital theory of economic growth that includes three elements: 1) Countries without much human capital cannot manage physical capital effectively, 2) Economic growth can only proceed if physical capital and human capital rise together, and 3) Human capital is the factor most likely to limit growth. I specify Schultz’s theory mathematically and test it in periods when global financial capital was highly mobile. I find that in 1870, 1910, and 2000, the average schooling attainment of the adult population largely determined the stock of physical capital/capita and GDP/capita in 42 market economies.

The purpose of this paper is to offer a new theoretical framework in the field of development economics. This new theoretical framework has not yet been explored in development economics. Most economic theories seek to predict an outcome. The particularity of this theory that is being proposed in this paper, is not to predict a specific outcome about an economy. It is rather a methodology to explain an economic outcome. This new theory being introduced in the field of development economics is called the Public Choice Growth Model (PCGM), which is an economic theory that combines the principles of public choice theory and that of the Solow Growth Model. The goal of this theory though is to demonstrate that our model is the adequate model to be used in a developing country in order to determine long-term economic growth.

In the last three decades or more, labour share has fallen and income inequality has risen substantially across the globe (Onaran and Galanis, 2012; Stockhammer, 2013). Wage share or labour share is the total wage income of all the workers as the ratio of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This does not mean that real wages are falling, rather that real wages have increased at a slower pace than productivity, which is the output per labour. Of course there have been cases where real wages have fallen, particularly during the global financial crisis 2007-2009.

Since the 1980s, the world has been reshaped by the transformation in globalisation, financialisation, technological change, welfare state retrenchment and labour market institutions. So what determines income inequality in OECD countries? To answer this question, this study will be referring to the cross-section dataset of 19 advanced OECD countries from 1990 to 2007.

This interview was commissioned in October 2019 for a special issue on ‘Accumulation and Politics: Approaches and Concepts’ to be published by the Revue de la régulation. We submitted the text in March 2020, only to learn two months later that it won’t be published.

The problem, we were informed, wasn’t the content, which everyone agreed was ‘highly interesting and stimulating’. It was the format. To begin with, the text was suddenly deemed ‘too long’. Although the length was agreed on beforehand, the special-issue editors – or maybe it was their bosses on the Editorial Board – now insisted that we cut it by no less than two-thirds. They also instructed us to make our answers more ‘interview-like’ and ‘personal’. Finally and perhaps most tellingly, they demanded that we change our ‘tone’, which they found ‘unfair’ and ‘one-sided’. Translation: we should take a hike.

This encounter with two-minded editors wasn’t our first. The added epilogue at the end of this interview, titled ‘Manuscripts Don’t Burn’, sketches our history with Jekyll & Hyde editors who have often used ‘length’ and ‘tone’ to reject articles they’ve invited but can’t stomach.

But first, the original interview, in full.

This study deals with convergence analysis. Based on economic growth theories,
the differences between regions were examined. With this study convergence process has
been examined and analyzed between 12 regions which are placed on NUTS 1 in Turkey.
In the empirical part of the study, it was focused on beta and sigma convergence analysis
between NUTS 1 regions buy considering 2004-2017 years in Turkey. Beta convergence
was analyzed using panel data models formulated in two variations based on the
mathematical concept of convergence. These models have investigated interregional
effect whether there is absolute and conditional convergence between the regions or not
in Turkey. In order to test conditional convergence, public investment indicator is
included in the model to reveal interregional structural differences. As a result of the
analysis, it was concluded that there was no absolute convergence between the regions of
NUTS 1, but there was conditional convergence between 2004-2017. After the
convergence analysis, assumptions that economic relations have changed from region to
region, the effect of public investments and research and development expenditures on
per capita income were estimated by using random coefficient panel data model. In line
with these results, it is concluded that R & D expenditures and public investments have a
positive effect on per capita income in each region.

تركز هذه الدراسة على أبحاث ميشيل فوكو السياسية التي درست تحولات السلطة من العصر الكلاسيكي وعبر عصر الحداثة وحتى عصر ما بعد الحداثة، تلك الأبحاث المتمثلة في الدروس الثلاثة التي ألقاها فوكو في الكوليج دو فرانس أواخر السبعينيات: "يجب الدفاع عن المجتمع" (1976)، و"الأمن والإقليم والسكان" (1978)، و"مولد السلطة الحيوية" (1979)؛ وتتناول الدراسة ذلك التحول الذي رصده فوكو في ممارسات السلطة من آليات الضبط والرقابة إلى ميكانزمات إدارة البيئة الحيوية للسكان داخل إقليم الدولة. هذه الدروس الثلاثة هي التي وضع فيها فوكو كل أفكاره وتحليلاته السياسية لطبيعة السلطة في الدولة الحديثة، ووضع نظريته الخاصة في الليبرالية الجديدة، التي لم ينظر إليها على أنها مجرد أيديولوجيا تبريرية لإجراءات اقتصادية أو مجرد سياسات اقتصادية واجتماعية جديدة تعيد إحياء شكل قديم لليبرالية، بل على أنها الإطار العام لممارسة السياسة الحيوية Bio-politics، وهو نوع جديد من السياسة نشأ بعد السياسة الانضباطية والعقابية في العصر الكلاسيكي. هذه السياسة الحيوية تشتغل على الخاضعين لها باعتبارهم كائنات بيولوجية في الأساس، وتتحول السلطة بذلك إلى أن تكون إدارة لأدق تفاصيل الحياة البشرية من خلال الحاجة والرغبة والمصلحة.

This research applies a neoclassical realist framework to explore the causes and consequences of Russia's recent “reorientation to Asia.” Based on an analysis of publications and fieldwork conducted in Russia, the paper examines both the international systemic and the Russian domestic factors that have contributed to this important change in Russia's foreign policy. At the system level, Russia's turn to Asia can be understood as a part of its longer campaign of balancing against American unipolar domination. At the unit level, economic demands to develop Russia's eastern territories, together with the complex socio-political processes of post-Soviet identity formation, generated a political environment that was conducive to Asia-oriented policies. Russia's reorientation to Asia implies not only comprehensive strategic cooperation with specific Asian powers, such as China, South Korea, or Japan, but also a “reinvention” of Russia as a Eurasian power. Given Russia's cross-continental spread and economic and military capabilities, its reorientation to Asia may have significant implications for the balance of power in the current world system.

A literature review suggests no assumption of neoclassical theory conforms to reality. If no hypothesis is true, a theory is not valid. Theoretically, its indicators of "weak sustainability" should not show the path for sustainable development. Market and “market tools” (emissions trading, taxes, and subsidies) are theoretically not able to guaranty an optimal management of the commons.

The attention of the studies to the portrait production of Wilhelm Tischbein is still very lacking today. Even more neglected is the subgenre of the self-portrait in its various forms, representing for Tischbein a field of experimentation that deserves to be read and examined in its entirety, starting with the six pictorial examples known so far, of which an interpretation relating to the role that each of them plays in marking a specific period of the artist’s life is here offered.

pp. 1-16 of the volume:
Francesca Lui, L'Antichità tra scienza e invenzione. Studi su Winckelmann e Clérisseau, prefazione di Giorgio Cusatelli, Bologna, Minerva, 2006.
ISBN: 8873811442    9788873811442
OCLC: 962511807

https://www.worldcat.org/title/lantichit-tra-scienza-e-invenzione-studi-su-winckelmann-e-clrisseau/oclc/962511807

The growing role of institutions and their influence on the labour market outcomes, i.e. wage rates and labour allocation, has been among the most significant characteristic features of labour markets in recent decades. Labour market economics built its paradigm on the principles of marginalism, which brought suitable instruments for analysis of market agentsíndividual decisions capable of achieving effective solutions. Smith´s " invisible hand " has gradually been limited by institutional interventions – by governments, corporations and trade unions with government legislation, corporate personnel policies and collective bargaining. The expanding regulatory interventions into the labour market and the effort to explain the reality leads inevitably to the fact that modern labour market economics incorporates more and more institutional theories. The contribution outlines the gradual invasion of neoinstitutional topics and theories into the neoclassical labour market paradigm and it analyses the differences in the neoclassical and neoinstitutional interpretation of labour markets' functioning. The recent discussion on the consequences for labour market economics theory is presented. A conclusion about the gradual direction towards a changed paradigm of labour market economics is presented.

Since the founding of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1535, the Greco-Roman culture was present through books and works of art that contributed to form a classicist substrate that fostered interest in pre-Columbian antiquities by local scholars.
But it was not until 1783 with the founding of the Royal Academy of the Three Noble Arts of San Carlos in Mexico City, when Neoclassicism was institutionalized as a model for artistic creation, that the study of classical statuary was fostered through of the study of plaster models, as well as the development of a new architecture influenced by the books of Winckelmann, Milizia, Vignola, Mengs and Piranesi.
This article analyzes the influence that these models had in the first years after the establishment of the Academy, as well as the ideas of two prominent characters: the Prussian Baron Alexander von Humboldt and the Mexican Jesuit Pedro José Márquez, who from Europe made interesting Proposals for the study of Mexican antiquities from the perspective of Neoclassicism from suggestive analogies where the masterpieces of classical art, both sculptures and architecture, established an intercultural dialogue with their American counterparts.

La competencia es el mecanismo central que regula las relaciones entre los diferentes capitales que operan en los mercados. Sin embargo, existen diversas maneras de entender el modo en el que la misma funciona así como un importante e intenso debate en relación a las implicancias que este proceso impone a los capitales. En este contexto, los objetivos centrales del presente trabajo son por un lado, analizar las diferentes nociones de competencia para las teorías Neoclásica, Keynesiana, Postkeynesiana, Schumpeteriana y Marxista con el fin de dar cuenta del modo específico en el que cada enfoque la entiende y las virtudes y limitaciones que presentan estos abordajes; y por el otro, estudiar los elementos principales presentes en el debate entre las dos corrientes de la teoría marxista (una de ellas con muchos puntos en común con la rama postkeynesiana) con el fin de dirimir cuales son los puntos en conflicto y determinar que corriente permite más cabalmente dar cuenta de las complejidades del proceso de competencia en el capitalismo actual.
Abstract
Competition is the central mechanism that regulates the relations among different operating capital in all markets. However, there are several ways to understand the way in which competition operates as well as an important and intense debate regarding the implications of its process. In this context, the main objectives of this paper are first, to analyze the different notions of competition for the neoclassical, Keynesian, Post Keynesian, Schumpeterian and Marxian theories in order to account for the specific way in which competition works, and also to examine the advantages and limitations that some approaches have; and second, to evaluate the central elements in the current debate between the two main schools of the Marxian tradition (which one of them has a very similar conception as the Postkeynesian tradition) with the goal of determine which are the conflicting topics and determine branch is able to represent more fully the current dynamics of competition in capitalism

Carlo Fea, Antonio Canova e la Lettera a Leone X di Raffaello e Baldassarre Castiglione – This paper highlights Carlo Fea’s belated reception of Raphael’s Letter to Leo X, which he mentions for the first time in 1802, when he lists it and partly reprints it amidst other documents in the Appendix to his Relazione di un viaggio ad Ostia e alla villa di Plinio detta Laurentino (Rome, 1802). There he refers to the Letter’s earlier, printed editions of 1769 and 1799. In fact, this acknowledgment (matching the one in the coeval Chirografo by Pius VII, inspired by him) is likely due to his close work relationship with Antonio Canova, General Inspector of the Fine Arts in the Church State, after Fea’s appointment as Commissario alle Antichità di Roma in April 1801. Canova was a fellow national of Daniele Francesconi’s, the Letter’s editor of 1799 and the first scholar ever to acknowledge Raphael’s authorial role in it, for it was originally given
to Baldassarre Castiglione alone. This change of attribution was pivotal in the Letter’s subsequent reputation and reception, as is proven by Fea’s own case.