Refinery Processes

Principles of Pre-reforming Technology
Pre-reforming
Flow-schemes
Feed-stocks
Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
Case studies
Effects upon primary reformer
Data analysis
Reactor temperature profiles
Catalyst management
Summary

Amines
Stereochemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, Catalysis, Production Processes and Applications
Contents
Historical perspective
Background
(MMA, DMA and TMA)
Stereochemistry and Structure
Reaction Mechanisms and Thermodynamics
CATALYSTS FOR AMINATION
Non-Zeolitic Catalysts for Amination
Mordinite (MOR) Catalysts for Amination
Zeolite Catalysts for Amination
Amines Production
Amines: Markets and Applications
Gas Separation
Conventional Amines Treating System
Amine System for Gas Sweetening
APPENDIX
Structures
Ethyleneamines Production

The oil industry has undoubtedly brought economic benefits to many of our people, but it has left in its trail a complex mix of environmental pollution problems. For instance, the refineries discharge phenol into the atmosphere during every production day and it is inhaled by all persons living in neighbouring communities. Inhaling phenol and other gaseous products have repercussions on people’s health, congestion and complications of the upper respiratory system and medical bills that accrue to the family. There are also economic costs resulting from the reduced yield and catch in the fisheries. The most frequent pollution indicators associated with the refineries production process are oil and greases, cyanide, sulphide, chromium and phenol.

Le pétrole est un liquide d'origine naturelle, une huile minérale composée d'une multitude de composés organiques, essentiellement des hydrocarbures, piégé dans des formations géologiques particulières. L'exploitation de cette source d'énergie fossile et d'hydrocarbures est l’un des piliers de l’économie industrielle contemporaine, car le pétrole fournit la quasi totalité des carburants liquides. Le pétrole dans son gisement est fréquemment associé à des fractions légères qui se séparent spontanément du liquide à la pression atmosphérique, ainsi que diverses impuretés comme le dioxyde de carbone, sulfure d'hydrogène, l'eau de formation et des traces métalliques.

Après la préparation des graines et l’extraction, le raffinage constitue la dernière étape pour l’obtention d’huile alimentaire comestible et détermine son niveau de qualité. HITA figure parmi les grandes industries œuvrant dans le domaine de la raffinerie à Madagascar. Se prévalant de cette renommée, elle a intérêt à produire de l'huile alimentaire de bonne qualité, donc  à mettre en place un système de gestion de la qualité où le  HACCP se trouve  le plus adéquat; son rôle étant d’identifier les dangers liés à la production de l’amont à l’aval. Néanmoins sa mise en œuvre nécessite des dispositions préalables telles que la maîtrise des anomalies et de la non-conformité durant le raffinage, ainsi que la minimisation des pertes.

This report was produced by the European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau (EIPPCB) at the European
Commission's Joint Research Centre – Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) under the supervision of Serge
Roudier (Head of the EIPPCB) and Luis Delgado Sancho (Head of the Sustainable Production and Consumption Unit).
The authors of this BREF were Pascal Barthe and Michel Chaugny.
This project report was drawn up in the framework of the implementation of the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU) and
is the result of the exchange of information provided for in Article 13 of the Directive

Metode yang digunakan dalam pembahasan adalah analisa penggunanaan mechanical seal pada pompa industri yang meliputi analisa getaran pompa, dan evaluasi desain pompa tersebut. Mechanical seal yang dibahas yaitu tipe Seal yang dipakai pada pompa-pompa kelas industri, agitator, mixer, chiller dan semua rotating equipment (mesin-mesin yang berputar). Keutamaan dalam analisa ini yaitu agar peralatan yang digunakan dalam dunia industri yang meliputi mesin yang berputar dapat berjalan lancar dan peralatan dapat terjaga kondisinya

Hydrotreating  of  crude  oil  fractions  has  been  an  important  process  in  refinery  operations  for several  decades.  However,  hydrotreating  of  whole  crude  oil  is  a  relatively  new  process  which  has not  been  fully  exploited  in  the  petroleum  industry.  Modelling  and  simulation  of  catalytic hydrotreating  of  whole  crude  oil  in  a  trickle  bed  reactor  was  carried  out  and  the  effects  of  various operating  parameters  on  hydrotreating  reaction  is  presented  in  this  work.  Operating  parameters i.e.  temperature,  pressure,  liquid  hourly  space  velocity  (LHSV)  and  hydrogen/oil  ratio  are  very important  in  any  catalytic  hydrotreating  reaction.  Hence,  it  was  imperative  to  investigate  the effects  of  these  operating  conditions  on  hydrotreating  activities  with  a  focus  on hydrodesulphurization  (HDS) and  hydrodenitrogenation  (HDN) reactions.  The effects  of  each  of  these  parameters  on  hydrotreating  of  crude  oil  was  studied.  This  was  done by  modelling  and  simulating  a  trickle  bed  reactor  for  catalytic  hydrodesulphurization  and hydrodenitrogenation  of  crude  oil  in  gPROMS.  The  study  was  carried  out  with  a  temperature range  of  335℃  to  400℃,  pressure  range  of  4MPa  to  10Mpa,  liquid  hourly  space  velocity  (LHSV) ranging  from  0.5hr-1  to  1.5hr-1,  hydrogen  to  oil  ratio  (H2/Oil)  of  260L/L.  The  effect  of  these parameters  on  sulphur  conversion  and  nitrogen  conversion  was  studied.  Also,  the  effect  of  these operating  parameters  on  impurities  removal  and  amount  of  impurities  in  the  hydrotreated  crude oil  was  also  studied  and  presented.  The  simulation  study  was  done  by  using  a  trickle  bed  reactor  model  developed  in  gPROMS  model builder  for  catalytic  hydrotreating  of  crude  oil.  The  main  reactions  investigated  in  this  project  are hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) and  hydrodesulphurization  (HDS).

EXERGY ANALYSIS OF FURNACE 101-H-2 PASCA TURN AROUND 2017 PERTAMINA REFINERY UNIT II SEI. PAKNING

Dian Putra Satria
Energy Conversion Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering University of Riau

ABSTRACT

Furnace is a heating equipment for petroleum processing, which requires the largest operational costs in the processing business. During the first quarter of 2019 at  Pertamina II,  the total raw materials used amounted to 10.16% for processing energy needs of which 75% of the energy consumed by the furnace.  Furnaces that are operated with optimal conditions will result in savings in operational costs. Analysis of furnaces has been carried out by analyzing energy efficiency pasca Turn Around and comparing it with data before Turn Around in order to know the wasting energy in furnace 101-H-2. As a result, efficiency was obtained after Turn Around in 2019 by 95% and before Turn Around in 2017 at 75%.. Furthermore, the exergy efficiency analysis was carried out which found  increasing until 70% pasca the TA and compare with the value before TA about 61%.  The exergetic rate had increased post-TA by 70.31% (17.70 MW) where  before TA about 59.59% (13.26 MW). The total exergy loss post-TA and before TA decreased to 7.47 MW (29.69%) from 8.99 MW (40.41%). The exergy rate destruction of crude oil by heat transfer is greater than the combustor exergy rate.
Keywords: energy, exergy rate, turn arround, furnace, exergetic

Nowadays, the world is dealing with a crisis between the limits of nature and the ambitions of mankind. The climate change issue that been mentioned globally is caused by uncontrollable greenhouse gases emissions from anthropogenic activities. This life cycle assessment study on the gasoline production is important to measure the impacts from refinery’s activities to the environment because one of the major contributors of climate change is the use fossil fuels. Petroleum refineries industry is producing fossil fuels as their main product. Gasoline is a part of their major product that has a very high demand in transportation locally and internationally. During the process of gasoline production, a lot of energy (electricity, heat, steam), raw materials and water been used to get a complete product. So, these inputs will contribute to the global warming potential or known as greenhouse gases emissions, such as carbon dioxide and methane. Then, a life cycle assessment is required to perform an impact assessment for this process. This study is to achieve a comprehensive life cycle assessment of gasoline produced in a Malaysian refinery (Petronas Second Refinery, Melaka) and used in a local automobile. The functional unit is production of 1 kg gasoline. In this study using GaBi Software from PE International to develop the LCA model. The LCI database is from site database collection and GaBi databases system. The LCIA is extracted from ILCD Recommendation, LCIA TRACI and CML 2001. From the study found that the total CO2 emissions are 390.855 kg CO2-eq with highest contributor is Crude Oil Extraction process. The total CO2 emissions from gasoline production in this petroleum refinery are 6.104 Mt CO2 eq. The projection study shows the CO2 emission will increase gradually for the midterm period from 2015 to 2020 and plateau for long term period from 2020 to 2050. This projection may reduce on 2050 onwards if there is mitigation action will take to reduce the CO2 emissions. As a conclusion, the major environmental impact from the life cycle of gasoline is global warming potential.

This paper presents a novel Bottleneck Tree Analysis (BOTA) to cope with the increasing capacities within industrial refineries. BOTA is a clear and concise heuristic graphical debottlenecking method that can accurately pinpoint the process capacity bottlenecks. Coupled with BOTA, four multiple criteria decision-making methods are used for an ensemble with Spearman's correlation to assess the Green and Lean Index (GLI) of industrial processes. The decision-making tool is formulated to improve operational performance with the consideration for environmental conditions. Empirically, BOTA demonstrated a debottleneck stopping mechanism which can be theoretically explained with the reversed onion model. An additional advantage is that retrofit projects can be guided by BOTA with effective scheduling. From an industrial case study, BOTA improved normalized Global Warming Potential by 94.43 %, normalized energy consumption by 93.09 % and return on investment by 58.36 %. Project implementation by scheduling also reduced payback period from 85 to 66 months.

This seminar focuses on the core building blocks of the relieving and flaring process systems, equipment and economics. This program will emphasize the process unit operation fundamentals, safe utilization of these fundamentals by operations, engineering, maintenance and support personnel.

Abstract: This paper evaluates the accuracy of the newly introduced ultra-portable olfactometer,
Scentroid SM100 developed by IDES Canada Inc, with two techniques traditionally used for
assessing ambient odours: Nasal Ranger instrument and a lung technique with the dynamic
olfactometry laboratory analysis of collected samples. A similar study was presented at the recent
NOSE 2012 odour conference [1], where the results indicated good correlation between Scentroid
SM100 and other techniques used for assessing odours: a) collection of the samples at the sources
and dispersion modeling analysis to predict off site odour concentrations and b) ambient sampling
using lung technique and odour panel evaluation by dynamic olfactometry. However, the study
was based on the data when the odour was in the range 90 ou to 3000 ou. At that time the low
ranges of the Scentroid SM100 was not studied; therefore this paper is to present data based on an
extensive study of the Scentroid SM100 when the odour concentration of ambient odour is in the
range of 2 ou to 100 ou. This time the results are compared with Nasal Ranger instrument and lung
technique used for collection of ambient samples and odour panel evaluation.

his study assessed the effects of surveillance operation on oil (petroleum products) pipeline vandalism in the downstream sector of Nigeria. The study was a survey design and adopted stratified and simple random sampling techniques. One hypothesis and a research question guided the study. The target population was 1468 involving 1258 major and independent oil marketers (Category A), 110 policy makers (Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC and Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Agency, PPPRA: Category B) and 100 senior staff of Pipeline and Products Marketing Company, PPMC (Category C). The sample size was 314.The sample size for each category of the respondents was determined. Primary and secondary sources of data were accessed. In-depth interviews were held. The structuring of the questionnaire was based on the five point Likert scale format. Opinions of marketing experts were used in the questionnaire validation. The scores derived from the pilot study were processed with Cronbach Alpha technique. A reliability coefficient of the research instrument, 0.971 was estimated. Using one way ANOVA technique and Minitab software package, the hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance and 9 degrees of freedom. The study revealed that the extent of surveillance operation at 28.84 percent had nonsignificant positive effects on the oil (petroleum products) pipeline vandalism in the downstream sector of Nigeria. Recommendations were made.

This seminar focuses on the core building blocks of hydrogen sulfide treating
process systems, equipment and economics. This program will emphasize the
process unit operation fundamentals, safe utilization of these fundamentals by
operations, engineering, maintenance and support personnel.

FCC Catalyst Design: Morphology, Physiology, Reaction Chemistry and Manufacturing
Introduction
FCC Catalyst Components
  - the Zeolite
  - the Matrix
  - Additives ( ZSM-5, other )
Catalyst Manufacturing
Reaction Chemistry
  - b scission (cracking)
  - hydrogen transfer
  - heat balance considerations
Selecting the Right Combination

The generation of the refinery operation plan requires the capability to monitor and determine the quality and the composition of crude oil tanks to be processed into the Crude Unit as well as of the related availability date.
The batches fed to the CDUs must both fit quality constraints set by the operative department (for safe, smooth and long-lasting operation) and simultaneously maximise the content of “Opportunity” crude oils (providing high processing margins).
Poor scheduling can erode up to 5% of the theoretical monthly result predicted by LP planning models; can result in a higher ship demurrage cost; thus crude oil logistics optimisation is fundamental, especially when the available crude inventories are limited and it is difficult to segregate crude quality.
Prometheus has developed a tool (PRORAF™) that offers an innovative algorithm that manages concurrently crude oil logistic events (reception, transfer, and processing) and predicts the hourly evolution of the status of all the tanks.
Crude data, simulation, and optimisation techniques are appropriately integrated by an algorithm that is also able to work "high-level" transfer instructions where the sequences of tank loading/unloading operations are not detailed.
The calculation engine manages the service requests associated with material transfers (according to specified priorities and selection criteria) to bring each event to completion as fast as possible.
This simulation highlights the real bottlenecks to manage to prevent operational problems.
The software is innovative because it can solve autonomously the big part of the scheduling problem, requiring the user’s intervention only to manage the significant issues requiring appropriate actions.
Furthermore, the proper integration of “economically driven” optimisation methods generates operation plans maximising the processing of opportunity crudes still respecting CDU feedstock quality requirements.
The dramatic saving of time resulting from its application permits to explore more alternative options resulting in a more effective and optimised scheduling plan:
This tool correctly supports in the same environment and with the same model the development of both Long and Short term scheduling tasks:
• Long term scheduling models can calculate and update in a few minutes the evolution of the status of all the tanks and pipelines of the logistic network. It is a perfect tool to define cargo arrival dates and to identify solutions in case of unforeseen operative changes.
• Short term scheduling models enable issuing detailed instruction reports as well to store validated operation results (that is, the actually executed operations) into a centralised historical database which can provide the information to reproduce details of the past activity.
The paper describes this technology and reports a case study illustrating its implementation for the scheduling of crude supply operations of an Indian Petrochemical Refining complex.
This operator receives into its maritime deposit a considerable variety of crude oils of extremely variable quality (in terms of sulphur content, acidity, and API degrees). The number of available tanks does not enable the proper quality segregation, therefore each tank’s evolving composition must be tracked.
Concurrently to cargo reception some other tanks are unloaded and fed in parallel (three to five pumping channels) to a pipeline. The blend resulting from parallel pumping must respect the quality constraints required by CDU processing at the other side of the Pipeline. The batches exiting the Pipeline can either be fed directly to the crude unit or go to the Refinery deposit.

This seminar focuses on the core building blocks of refinery catalyst process
systems, equipment and economics. This program will emphasize the process
unit operation fundamentals, safe utilization of these fundamentals by operations,
engineering, maintenance and support personnel.

VULCAN VGP CRT Chloride Guard Technology
A number of fixed-bed adsorbents / absorbents have been proposed by various suppliers:
Activated Aluminas
Promoted Activated Aluminas
Calcium Oxide,  SodaLime, Molecular sieves
PURASPEC TM
Vulcan Series Chloride Guards

Petroleum refining process produces a large amount of atmospheric pollutants including greenhouse gases which are attributed to global warming. The international community inevitably addressed the global warming issue by introducing a market-based mechanism known as Emission Trading Systems (ETS) under the Kyoto Protocol which imposes binding limits to developed nations using three flexibility mechanisms, including the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

Gold parting enabled the production of very pure gold for various purposes from the sixth century BC onwards, but analytical proof of this pyrotechnical process is difficult. We describe a new analytical approach for the identification of purified gold combining silver and copper isotopic with trace element analyses. Parting experiments were performed with gold-silver-copper alloys using the classical salt cementation process to investigate potential silver and copper isotope fractionation and changes in trace element concentrations. In addition, we provide the first comprehensive dataset of silver isotope ratios of archaeological gold objects from the Mediterranean and Central Europe to test whether or not gold refining can be identified on the basis of isotope systematics. The results show that very heavy silver and copper isotopic compositions are clear evidence for parted gold, but that the application of copper isotopes might be limited.

The supply of environmentally friendly petroleum products has extreme importance in ensuring a reliable healthy climate globally. The elimination of obstinate sulfur complexes is an enormous task in the current challenging legislative situation for fuel refining companies. The conversion of these obstinate sulfur complexes is challenging in the progression of deeper photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization. As an eco-friendly, inexpensive and non-lethal oxidant with bountiful accessibility, oxygen prevailing in the air is utilized in the deep photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization process as a reliable substitute for hydroperoxide and other expensive hydroperoxide derivatives. However, the superlative activation of oxygen under light irradiations is hitherto a challenge. This potential review critically analyzes the recent strategies employed for the development of efficient materials for the progression of deep aerobic photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization system for the removal of obstinate sulfur complexes. Furthermore, the associated technologies influencing the deep photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization performances have been identified and significant parameters for the process optimization are evaluated to address the forthcoming challenges.

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we have do in house job like basic/detail engineering and manufacturing and fabrication of various process equipment. please visit our home page for more info.

VULCAN PROCESSES for Alky Plant Feed Pre-Treatment
The aim of the alkylation unit is to produce high RON alkylates
Alkylates are important in the refinery gasoline pool. They are richer in branched chain high octane blending components than either reformate or isomerate.

Modular refineries are designed and fabricated in a manufacturing environment based on the detailed requirements of the owner. As the name implies, the equipment is constructed in modules that are designed to be transported quickly and easily anywhere in the world. and comes in a variety of sizes and capacities. Depending on the refining capacity, Modular refineries can be designed and constructed with the major part of the work accomplished in a factory controlled atmosphere. This paper explores the development of small-scale modular private refineries and large-scale conventional private refineries. For the largest Modular Refineries, some of their components (such as distillation columns) are too heavy that they are normally shipped separately. Before shipping and while still in the factory where it is manufactured, the components are pre-assembled directly to the modularized process systems, so as to make the field assembly short and efficient. Modular refining solutions provide single-source project management, quick construction in challenging environments and superior quality control for reliable and cost-effective operations. This paper provides analyses of the current state of the refining sector in Nigeria and the refining revolution that will take place within the next 3-5 years. Modular refining solutions are best suited for projects with: strict product specifications, short project timelines requiring fast track delivery, limited, critical onsite resources and remote locations