Descriptive translation studies

Kehadiran linguistik korpus telah memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap berbagai penelitian yang mengkaji bahasa, tak terkecuali kajian penerjemahan. Dampak dari linguistik korpus terhadap perkembangan kajian penerjemahan antara lain ditandai oleh ketersediaan korpora yang memungkinkan para peneliti untuk mengkaji penerjemahan sebagai fenomena empiris dan kehadiran kajian penerjemahan berbasis korpus (corpus-based translation studies). Makalah ini membahas konsep-konsep pokok dalam kajian penerjemahan berbasis korpus sebagai hasil dari perkawinan antara metodologi linguistik korpus dan kajian penerjemahan deskriptif. Teknik dan metode yang dikembangkan oleh linguistik korpus diyakini mampu memperluas cakupan penelitian tentang kajian penerjemahan dan memperkenalkan sudut pandang baru bagi para peneliti penerjemahan. Pembahasan dalam makalah ini meliputi paparan tentang perubahan paradigma dalam kajian penerjemahan, konsep linguistik korpus, jenis korpus dan teknik analisis korpus yang dapat diaplikasikan dalam kajian penerjemahan, dan perkembangan kajian penerjemahan berbasis korpus. Paparan dalam makalah ini diharapkan dapat menginspirasi para ahli di bidang kajian penerjemahan dan linguistik korpus, khususnya di Indonesia, untuk berkolaborasi mengembangkan potensi penelitian kajian penerjemahan berbasis korpus, yang sampai dengan saat ini tampaknya belum banyak digali. 
Kata kunci: korpus linguistik, kajian penerjemahan, kajian penerjemahan berbasis korpus, kajian penerjemahan deskriptif.

Chen Xi-ying, the first advocator of "three similarities" (similarity of form, of meaning and of spirit), holds an agnostic view about similarity of spirit, which almost results in his denial of it, and leads to his focus's fall down to similarity of meaning. Yet the three-level equal division has been widely accepted by the follow-up translators. This paper first interprets similarity of meaning through the perspective of Social Semiotics, then, from Peirce's Semiotics, proves that Chen's three-level similarity, compared with the two-level division (similarity of form and of spirit), is closer to the nature of translation.

ÖZ
Öncelikli olarak bu çalışmada MEB’in ortaokullara gönderdiği Türkçe kitaplarındaki bütün çeviri metinler tespit edilerek kaynak dil ve metin türü gibi kriterler göz önüne alınarak kaynak dili İngilizce olan üç metin, Robinson Crusoe, Beyaz Diş ve Sevgili Babam adlı eserler seçilmiştir. Söz konusu metinlerden ilk ikisi Robinson Crusoe ve Beyaz Diş bölüm bölüm kaynak metinlerle karşılaştırmalı ve okura söz konusu metinlerin piyasada örnek bir çevirisini sunmak adına paralel bir metinle beraber tablolaştırıldıktan sonra kaynak metin ve ders kitabındaki çeviri örneğinin söylem çözümlemesi yapılmıştır. Daha sonra her tablonun altındaki söylem çözümlemesinin akabinde çeviri etiğinden çıkışla ve Chesterman’ın çeviri normları dikkate alınarak ilgili bölüm betimleyici bir anlayışla kuramsal çerçeveye oturtulmuştur. Sevgili Babam metninin sadece ‘Not’ bölümünde görünürleşen işlem öncesi çeviri kararı araştırmamız kapsamında incelemeye değer görüldüğü için yakın mercek altına alınarak aynı kuramsal çerçevede değerlendirilmiştir. Söz konusu ilk iki eserin ders kitabında yer verilen her tümcesi metin kesiti halinde ve üçüncü metnin söz konusu işlem öncesi alınan çeviri kararı beklenti, sorumluluk, iletişim ve ilişki normları penceresinden betimleyici bir anlayışla ortaya konmuştur. Araştırma metinlerimizin incelemesi neticesinde ortaya çıkan durumun genel bir değerlendirmesi sonuç bölümünde yine söz konusu dört norm bünyesinde ele alınmıştır.

ABSTRACT   
The Study of Source-language-English Translation Texts placed in the textbooks by Turkish Ministry of Education through Chesterman’s Translation Norms in the Frame of Translation Ethics

Formerly, in this thesis all translation texts have been diagnosed in the Turkish textbooks sent by Ministry of Education to the secondary schools in Turkey and then three texts have been chosen based on the criteria of source language and text type: Robinson Crusoe, Beyaz Diş (The White Fang) and Sevgili Babam (Papa My Father).At this issue, first two of them, Robinson Crusoe and Beyaz Diş have been divided into sentence by sentence or part by part and and each one has been exposed to a comparative textual analysis as a source and target text under a table. Latterly, sample translation text of both has been presented not with the concern of scientific research but just at the reader’s disposal. And then a descriptive assessment has been made under the each table and textual analysis in order to position each of them in a theoretical pattern through Chesterman’s norms in terms of translation ethics. As to the third research text, Sevgili Babam, its preliminary translation decision apparent in the PS section has just been worth analyzing in this scope of study and subject to the same theoretical investigation. Each word of the first two texts and just the preliminary translation decision of the so-called third text have been put forth descriptively according to the Chesterman’s norms: expectancy, accountability, communication and relation norms. As a consequence, the data gathered in the light of the theoretical perspective mentioned above has been discussed again on the aspect of each norm in question in the conclusion part

Since the end of the 20th century, some postcolonial literatures written in European languages are recognized as a form of (self-)translation, whose contestatory nature lies not only in its content, but also in its re-appropriation of the former colonial language. Tsitsi Dangarembga's The Book of Not (2006), a novel with a strong anticolonial standpoint, offers a rich example of this kind of process. However, there seems to be an inconsistency between the text's psychological and sociopolitical message and its formal and linguistic characteristics. This article analyses the Anglophone novel's normalizing and foreignizing strategies (Klinger 2018) through the methodological approach of Descriptive Translation Studies, in order to explore this inconsistency via the identification of Dangarembga's initial norm (Toury 1978). It argues that the author resorts to a problematized adequacy of her text to more effectively convey her main character's lack of perspective as a native student in the colonial education system.

This qualitative quantitative descriptive-analytical study aimed to describe the non-obligatory shifts employed in three English Disney animated films dubbed into MSA by applying Toury’s (1995/2012) normative model and shifts introduced in the course of his applied case studies. The researcher described and analyzed preliminary, initial and operational norms (non-obligatory shifts) employed on the level of three textual segments: the lexical-semantic, the stylistic, and the prosodic. The researcher compared those shifts with the original choices in the English versions of three selected Disney animated films. In the light of Toury’s theory (1995/2012), the current study investigated the hypothesis that the accepted socio-cultural, ideological, and linguistic norms of the Arabic culture directed the choices of the non-obligatory shifts chosen by the Arabic dubbers of English Disney animations dubbed into MSA. This investigation was conducted in application to three case studies, namely, Tangled (2010), Frozen (2013) and Big Hero 6 (2014).  In order to decide the most frequently used shifts in the process of dubbing, the frequency rate of each non-obligatory shift was calculated to determine the highest frequently used shift. The study came to the conclusion that there is a direct relationship between the non-obligatory shifts (operational norms) applied during dubbing on the one hand and the socio-cultural, ideological, and linguistic norms imposed by the target culture on the other hand. Those target culture norms governed not only the operational choices but also the preliminary choices of the three selected Disney animated films dubbed into MSA. Affected by the preliminary and operational norms, Arab dubbers’ tendency towards producing acceptable rather than adequate translations decided the initial norms.

The subject of the master’s thesis is Tirkkonen-Condit’s unique items hypothesis, a proposed (universal) feature of translation according to which translations contain lower frequencies of target-language-specific linguistic items than non-translations. The object is to examine the unique items hypothesis from various angles in theory and test it on translations from English into Czech. Unique items are thought to be underrepresented in translations because the default translators’ way of proceeding is, presumably, literal. It could also be a special kind of interference, and it may be caused by missing links in a bilingual’s mental network of related meanings. The notion of a unique item, however, is too vague and fraught with problems related to comparability between two language systems. The selection of the 64 unique items for testing the hypothesis was done with the help of various grammars and dictionaries. The differences in their frequencies in a Czech and an English fiction subcorpora (17 million tokens each) of the Jerome Corpus were submitted to a test of statistical significance, and the Difference Index was used to assess the effect sizes. Of the unique items selected, over 81% were underrepresented in the subcorpus of translations. Although the underrepresentation was not very pronounced, it was statistically significant, and the hypothesis was borne out. It was shown that there can be a wide variety of unique items pertaining to different ranks and different levels of language, and that ‘uniqueness’ is not the only factor responsible for their underrepresentation. The purpose of learning about unique items is not only to better understand the nature of translation, it is useful also with regard to translator training and translation quality. Being aware of them and knowing when to use them could be a good thing if one’s goal is to produce a text unrecognizable from non-translations.

Το παρόν άρθρο επιχειρεί μια εξερεύνηση και κριτική θεώρηση των βασικών παραδοχών του πεδίου της Γλωσσολογίας Σωμάτων Κειμένων στις Μεταφραστικές Σπουδές (CTS). Βασιζόμενοι στο συστημικό λειτουργικό μοντέλο ανάλυσης λόγου και κειμένου, στοχεύουμε να οριοθετήσουμε την πρακτική, αν και περιορισμένη, εφαρμοσιμότητα των σεναρίων «παραλληλισμού» και «συγκρισιμότητας», που αναφέρονται κατά κανόνα στις Μεταφραστικές σπουδές ως η θεωρητική και μεθοδολογική βάση αξιοποίησης των μεταφραστικών σωμάτων κειμένων, τόσο στα παραγωγικά όσο και στα διδακτικά περιβάλλοντα της Μετάφρασης. Αν και δεν απορρίπτουμε τις υποκείμενες αρχές της μείζονος σύγχρονης τάσης στο πεδίο της CTS, προτείνουμε μια προταγματική επανοριοθέτηση του ρόλου της Εφαρμοσμένης Γλωσσολογίας στα προγράμματα κατάρτισης μεταφραστών, με ειδικότερη έμφαση στην ολοκλήρωση του Περιγραφικού Παραδείγματος με την Υπολογιστική Γλωσσολογία Σωμάτων Κειμένων (Computer Corpus Linguistics, σε συνδυασμό με αξιώματα της Συστημικής Λειτουργικής Ανάλυσης.

Ausgehend von einigen theoretischen Überlegungen zur Übersetzung dramatischer Texte geht der Beitrag der Übersetzungstätigkeit des venezianischen Dramatikers Salvatore Fabbrichesi (1772-1827), einer führenden Figur im italienischen Theaterleben des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts, nach. Die Analyse wendet sich insbesondere der 'freien Übersetzung' des Schauspiels "Die Advokaten" (1796) von August Wilhelm Iffland zu, die 1822 unter dem Titel "L’autorità paterna" erschien. Fabbrichesis Version zeigt sich als Umschreibung und Reduktion des deutschen Originals, von dem sie einige zentrale diskursive Elemente bewahrt, wie den Zusammenprall zwischen den naturrechtlichen Positionen der Aufklärung und dem juristischen Positivismus des 19. Jahrhunderts, während sie andere transformiert oder auslässt, wie den für das deutsche bürgerliche Drama typischen Gegensatz zwischen Bürgertum und Aristokratie, zwischen Arbeitsethik und der Korruption des Luxus. Die kontrastive Lektüre der beiden Texte hebt nicht nur die wichtigsten Unstimmigkeiten zwischen dem Original und der italienischen Übersetzung hervor, die sowohl auf die Kreativität des Übersetzers als auch auf die unterschiedlichen Bedürfnisse der Inszenierung und Rezeption in der Zielkultur zurückzuführen sind, sondern erlaubt auch allgemeinere Rückschlüsse auf Fabbrichesis Übersetzungsstrategien und -stil, sowie auf die Besonderheiten einiger wiederkehrender Muster in der Übersetzung theatralischer Texte an der Wende vom 18. zum 19. Jahrhundert.

Öz
Günümüzde çevirinin çok etmenli ve çok boyutlu bir olgu olduğu bilinmektedir ve çeviri kavramının içerdiği bu çeşitlilik nedeniyle de çeviri odaklı araştırmalar bu zamana kadar Dilbilim, Metindilbilim ve Kültür Araştırmaları vb. birçok komşu alanla etkileşim içinde olmuştur. Bu etkileşim sonuç olarak hâlâ hızla genişlemekte olan ve sınırları yeterince belli olmayan devasa bir terminolojinin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu durum da Çeviri Araştırmaları'nın alt alanları arasında koordinasyon eksikliğine sebep olmaktadır. Nitekim 'çeviri' kavramının kendisi dahi iki farklı anlamda kullanılabilmektedir: Çeviri kavramı hem "ürünü", yani "çeviri metni" hem de "süreci", bir başka ifadeyle çeviri metnin üretilmesi sürecini ifade etmektedir. Çeviri Araştırmaları'nın yukarıda değinilen mevcut durumu da göz önünde bulundurularak, bu çalışmada şu sorulara cevap aranmaktadır: "Tümevarıma dayalı akıl yürütme yöntemi çeviri odaklı araştırmada ne derece uygulanabilmektedir? ve "Bu yöntemi izleyen bir çeviri odaklı çalışmanın sonucunda ne tür çıkarımlara ulaşılabilir?". Bu amaç doğrultusunda; bu makalede Çeviri Araştırmaları'nın önde gelen alt alanlarından birisi olan, tümevarıma dayalı akıl yürütmeyi esas alan ve öncelikle ürüne odaklanan Betimleyici Çeviri Araştırmaları'nın varsayımları, (Toury 1995, 2012) özelinde, bilim-kuramsal açıdan tartışılmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çeviribilim, Bilimsel Yöntem, Tümevarım, Betimleyici Çeviri Araştırmaları.

Abstract
It is well known nowadays that 'translation' is a multifactorial and multidimensional phenomenon and because of this diversity of the concept translation, the study of translation has interacted so far with a broad range of neighboring disciplines such as linguistics, textlinguistics and cultural studies etc. Today, as a result, this interaction has led to a huge terminology which is still expanding enormously and whose borders are not certain enough. And this causes a lack of coordination between branches of translation studies. Hence, the concept 'translation' itself can refer firstly to the "product", that is to say, the translated text itself, and secondly to the process, in other words, the process of translating. Taking also the status quo of translation studies mentioned above into consideration, this study aims to answer the following questions: "To what extent can the scientific method of inductive reasoning be used in the translation-oriented research and what kind of inferences can be made as a result of a translation-oriented study following this method?". In accordance with this purpose, this article discusses the assumptions of Descriptive Translation Studies (Toury 1995, 2012), one of the leading branches of translation studies which follows inductive reasoning and focuses primarily on the product.

Der vorliegende Band versammelt eine Reihe von theoretischen Zugriffen und Fallstudien zu Problemfeldern der literarischen Übersetzung. Die Erwartungen an die Übersetzungswissenschaft sind heute hoch, zumal die Translationswissenschaft sich als eine recht heterogene Theorielandschaft darbietet. Der stetig anwachsende Fundus an theoretischen Arbeiten lässt es angeraten erscheinen, den Forschungsstand von Zeit zu Zeit zu hinterfragen und eine (selbst-)kritische Zwischenbilanz zu ziehen. Dies wollen die im Band versammelten Beiträge aus der Perspektive junger TranslationswissenschaftlerInnen versuchen. Sie rücken den Übersetzungsprozess als ein komponentenreiches und aspektreiches Handlungsgefüge in den Blick, der sich damit auch einfacher und eindeutiger Bewertung entziehen muss.

Since the translator is not independent of the religious, political, and socio-cultural norms in his/her society, finding adequate equivalences for taboo words such as slang and swear words in literary texts can put them under pressure. Thus, censorship of these taboo words by institutions, society, or sometimes by translators themselves is a high possibility. In the present work, the translation of taboo words in the Turkish translation of Alice Walker's novel The Color Purple will be evaluated. The translation used is that of Armağan llkin (Renklerden Moru 1984). For the evaluation of the strategies that are chosen while translating the taboo words, the norms that are proposed by Gideon Toury within the framework of descriptive translation studies will be adopted.

Translation English-Galician. Proposal of Comparative Stylistics


This thesis presents a new perspective on the academic study of translation, namely on the empirico-descriptive branch of what Holmes and Toury name as Translation Studies. We aim at accounting for the inclusion of Comparative Stylistics within the set of auxiliary disciplines to which the theoretical component of Translation Studies may resort to for the evaluation of translations. Nevertheless, the incoherences and bad results of stylistic studies in the past due to the lack of a purely translatological basis and to the use of incorrect methodologies, leads us first of all to acknowledge a need to reformulate the aims, methods and tools of the discipline in order to make them meet the requirements of Translation Studies.

Clause complexing has been investigated from a mainly cognitive perspective and with a mainly pedagogical interest. The present dissertation adopts a mainly functional perspective, informed by Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), and its ultimate aim is partly descriptive and partly typological and topological. A small corpus of parallel and comparable Aesop’s fables in English and in Greek has been used as the basis for a series of quantitative measures and qualitative comparisons. Those are proposed as an essential component of further studies aimed at charting and providing a rich account of the semogenic resources of the Greek language, which may serve as a solid empirical ground for a multitude of applications in fields such as translation theory, practice and instruction, and first and second/foreign language teaching and learning.

Au-delà des idées reçues, comment conçoit-on la culture dans le discours des approches fonctionnalistes (fondées sur la théorie du skopos) et des approches descriptives (ou DTS, pour Descriptive Translation Studies) de la traductologie? Afin de répondre à cette question, nous analysons puis comparons des écrits phares d'auteurs et de commentateurs clés de ces deux courants majeurs de la discipline. Nous présentons d'abord une synthèse des courants fonctionnaliste et descriptif en nous penchant sur leur représentation de la culture et sur leur conception de la relation entre culture et traduction. Ensuite, nous traçons des parallèles et mettons en lumière des différences entre ces deux courants relativement à leur discours sur la culture, particulièrement en matière de traduction. Finalement, nous tirons des conclusions à partir de cette comparaison et proposons des pistes de réflexion pour des études similaires. /// Setting aside received ideas, how is culture conceived of in the discourse of functionalist approaches (based on skopos theory) and of descriptive approaches (or DTS, short for Descriptive Translation Studies) of Translation Studies? In order to answer this question, we analyze and then compare key writings of leading authors and commentators of these two major currents of the discipline. We first present an overview of the functionalist and descriptive currents focussing on their portrayal of culture as well as on their conception of the relationship between culture and translation. We then draw parallels and highlight differences between these two currents in terms of their discourse on culture, especially as regards translation. Finally, we draw conclusions from this comparison and suggest avenues for similar research.

L'article présente les premières traductions tchèques de Jules Verne publiées au XIX e siècle, entre 1870 et 1900. L'étude cherche à répondre à certaines questions concernant l'histoire externe de la traduction ou « l'archéologie de la traduction » dans les termes d'Anthony Pym : qui étaient les éditeurs des premiers romans de Jules Verne présentés au public tchèque, quels titres introduisirent-ils, quelle fut la structure des traductions de cette littérature pour la jeu-nesse à l'époque ? La recherche fondée sur la méthode statistique laisse de côté l'analyse détaillée des traducteurs de notre corpus, auxquels sera consacrée une autre recherche plus approfondie. Mots clés. Jules Verne. Traductions et éditeurs tchèques. Archéologie et sociologie de la tra-duction. Abstract. The First Czech Translations of Jules Verne (1870-1900). Archaeology of Translation. The article presents the first Czech translations of Jules Verne published in the nineteenth century, between 1870 and 1900. The study seeks to answer several questions concerning the external history of translation or archaeology of translation in terms of Anthony Pym: who were the publishers of the first novels of Jules Verne presented to the Czech public , which titles did they introduce, what was the structure of translations of this literature for youth at the time ? The study is based on the statistical method and leaves aside the translators of this corpus, a subject that will require another detailed research.

At the intersection of Descriptive Translation Studies and Social Sciences, this interdisciplinary, empirical, experimental and descriptive study addresses the question of ascertaining whether and to what extent translators’ decision-making processes are influenced by what translators believe to be the expectations of other agents, namely revisers and readers. Whereas preferences by translators have previously been described and explained in the literature, it is still unclear what revisers’ and readers’ translational preferences are and what expectations they have about translators and the translated text. In addition, there is still a lack of understanding about how translators translate, how translators think they should translate, and what translators believe to be the expectations of other translators, revisers, and readers. In order to address these issues, this study focuses on the distinction between observed and perceived norms in the translation of biomedical texts from English to European Portuguese in contemporary Portugal. It zooms in on preferences regarding source and target orientation in translation, comparing both the practice and beliefs of sixty agents with different roles and levels of experience: novice translators, experienced translators, revisers, and health professionals (representing the intended audience of the target text). In particular, the specific question which drives this research is: considering English to European Portuguese biomedical translation in the contemporary Portuguese market, are the observed translational norms and perceived translational norms of translators, revisers and readers similar or different regarding source and target orientation?

El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar en qué circunstancias lo que parece una
convención discursiva del español —esto es, destacar frecuentemente la fase inicial de
la situación en las secuencias narrativas— se mantiene en las situaciones de traducción
DE>ES en el caso de las perífrasis verbales empezar / comenzar a + infinitivo. Para ello,
tras revisar brevemente la bibliografía en torno las perífrasis incoativas del español,
analizaremos los datos de dos corpus paralelos de secuencias narrativas de textos
literarios (uno de traducciones profesionales y otro de traducciones estudiantiles). En
los resultados se observa que la operación de destacar la fase ingresiva con ayuda de
empezar / comenzar a + infinitivo tiene lugar sobre todo en partes textuales que
reproducen esquemas narrativos muy concretos. Estos resultados se interpretan luego
a la luz de las hipótesis sobre tendencias generales en la traducción.

Even though substitution and ellipsis contribute to text cohesiveness just like any other cohesive device, the two grammatical cohesive devices are largely understudied. Focusing on the interplay between translation and cohesion, this study delves into the translation of substitution and ellipsis in Swahili healthcare texts. This study, theoretically anchored on Descriptive Translation Studies, set out to unravel the use of substitution and ellipsis and establish if there is any variation in the use of the two grammatical cohesive devices in the translated Swahili healthcare texts. The data used in the study is extracted from Orang'i (2020) doctoral study. Substitution and ellipsis are the basis for the manual comparison of the coupled pairs from the sample texts. The study has established that ellipsis and substitution are used sparingly in the texts. Though the use of substitution is limited, it emerged that clausal and nominal substitutions were prevalent. Equally, the use of ellipsis is almost non-existent in the Swahili healthcare texts though present in the source texts. The foregoing points to an endeavour by translators to make explicit that which is implicit in the source text and this led to the conclusion that explicitation is a norm in the translation of Swahili healthcare texts. The two cohesive devices are largely about one's choice and can, to some extent, be avoided or minimally used. Overall, it was implied that substitution and ellipsis are not preferred cohesive devices in Swahili healthcare texts.

The notion of 'translation norms' was introduced by Gideon Toury in the late 1970s within Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). Toury's endeavor was to describe and explain translations to make generalizations regarding translational behavior. Due to the exhaustive nature of such attempt, analysis of everything is deemed 'untenable' by Toury, and even sampling is limited to the capacity of human effort. This paper 1 argues that exhaustive analysis on 'operational norms' can be facilitated through text mining. Text mining is a term that can be described as automated analysis of text data aided by a software to extract and discover new insights. As part of this study, a custom-made software tool is designed, and the corpus of a master's thesis (Duymaz 2020) is used as a reference point to analyze and compare the findings with a view to testing the effectiveness of the software versus human effort. The tool is designed by a software expert, and then the test data is subjected to a preparation stage to achieve optimal results by the software. After processing the test data, operational norms are extracted to be interpreted. The analysis has provided results that cannot be obtained by sole human effort, enabling researchers to have further insights about translations. This research thus has a potential for making a notable contribution to DTS. Further studies will improve the tool verifying its viability for various text types to ensure such contribution.

The article describes the Warsaw School of Translatorics, which has its origins in Warsaw academic institutions (especially the University of Warsaw). It was shaped by the representatives of these centers, and over time the concepts developed by them formed the basis for the contemporary translatorical paradigm. Their academic output and the related characteristic understanding of this academic discipline, its research subject and the tasks, formed the Warsaw School of Translation Studies. Nowadays, it is called a specific way of looking at translation, not only represented by Warsaw academics and researchers, but also by other researchers who think similarly about the subject of translation studies and its tasks. The author, who is also a representative of this school, describes the history of translation studies at Warsaw academic centers, the institutionalization of this discipline and its best-known representatives.

Translations of popular fiction from English have constituted a considerable portion of translated texts published in Croatia since the second half of the twentieth century, a period marked with radical changes in the political, economic and social framework of the country. If we take into account the sheer volume of this production since the early 1960s, it becomes clear that, though academically neglected, these translations have been an important part of the reading material for generations of Croatian readers. One specific aspect of the source-target text interface is especially interesting here: the ways elements that indicate the embeddedness of the source texts in the culture of their origin, which we call culture-specific items (CSIs), are handled in translation.

本文運用描述性翻譯研究的理論及方法，基於七種主要譯本，對1926—1990年間魯迅小說重要英譯活動進行歷時研究。一方面，嘗試描述譯者所遵循的翻譯規範及採用的基本翻譯策略，另一方面，將譯者及譯本放回到特定歷史語境中，分析影響或決定譯本面貌的各種因素，進而解釋譯者決策及其翻譯行為。總體上，翻譯的魯迅小說篇目逐漸增多，從單篇單行本、選譯本到全譯本；譯文品質逐漸提高，從偏重直譯、自由譯到譯文充分性和可接受性兼備；英語世界讀者對譯本的接受度也逐漸提高，讀者群從“小眾讀者”日益擴大到大眾讀者，顯示出從發端、活躍、穩定發展到成熟及學術性翻譯的清晰發展軌跡，幫助魯迅享有越來越高的國際聲譽。然而，由於種種原因及制約因素，魯迅小說英譯之旅還沒有真正到達目的地，仍需更多譯者和機構付出努力。

Comenzar lruesfo t¡abajo hablando de los autores de la se¡ie fra¡cesa , sl¿/ix o de las propias avenhlras parece a todas luces innecesario. Auüores y original son de sobra conocidos por la extensa dfusión de que han gozado_ Por orro tado, la celebridad que sus ediciones ha¡ alca¡zado er las nás diversas lenguas del mundo üa notivado que. rnoluso, esta serie haya pasado los limites del co¡nplejo murdo edito¡ial y haya sido objeio de estudio al menos parcial por distintos investigadores del campo de la trad ctologia, además de ma¡erial p¡opuesto para la didáctica de loüguas extanjeras o de la propia traducción.'

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In this dissertation, I study indirect translation. Indirect translation is a translation made from a translation, and it may include compilative and/or collaborative practices, that is, many source texts may be used, or the translator may collaborate with someone.

The case study in this dissertation consists of 22 novels translated from Modern Greek into Finnish between 1952 and 2004. Indirect translation is studied from the perspectives of status (what translations are claimed to be), origin (what the genesis of a translation was like), and features (what kind of linguistic features translations have), and the findings are contextualized by examining the culture-bound norms governing the production of translations. The framework, proposed by Delabastita (2008), stems from descriptive translation studies (Toury 1995/2012).

In this study, mixed methods are used. One the one hand, the materials are mixed, comprising paratexts, translator bios, the 22 novels, and a corpus of translated and non-translated Finnish novels. On the other hand, both quantitative and qualitative methods are employed, including paratextual analysis, methods of genetic translation criticism and textual criticism, and corpus research tools.

In one article of this study, the analysis shows that, although bibliographical metadata offers information on the status of translations, this information is not always in line with whether the translations were done directly or indirectly. In another article, the origins of a compilative translation are studied to uncover how translators work when using several source texts. In the third article, the study of features suggests that the linguistic profile of indirect translations is different from those of direct translations and non-translated Finnish texts. In the fourth article, the study of norms shows that, in Finland, attitudes towards indirect translation are negative, and translators may use compilative and collaborative strategies to respond to criticisms.

The mixed-methods approach allows us to gain a holistic picture of indirect translation. In addition, the present study shows that indirect translation challenges the idea of the source text–target text relationship as exclusive, binary, and unidirectional.

The article hereby is an inquiry into a case of translation republishing, where extensive changes in the latter version are present despite the fact that the agents of the process are the same. The case is a fruitful source of discussion for translation studies since it provides constancy of significant variables while the translation products are considerably different. Through a descriptive study of such a case, varying constraints under which the agents operate are attempted to be revealed. Such revelation is also significant insofar as it provides a new perspective on the motives behind retranslation, which has been an amply discussed issue. In addition, the observed change in the constraints leading to non-conformism and a related change of macro-strategy observed in the retranslation seem to provide significant insight into the role of cultural, communicative and contextual factors in translator behaviour, which has important implications for translator training. The analyzed case also provides ground for the reconsideration of some of the common central concepts in translation studies today, as it seems to be buoyed up in the blurry boundaries between these concepts. Such conceptual discussion is increasingly becoming essential for translation studies as the body of research in translation studies calls for more and more precise terminology with each passing day.

This paper focuses on the translation of Manner-of-motion in comics, a genre in which information is conveyed in both verbal and visual language. The study draws on Slobin’s Thinking-for-translating hypothesis, according to which translators tend to distance themselves from the source text in order to conform to the rhetorical style of the target language. Special attention is devoted to the role of visual language within this framework, with the ultimate aim of identifying translation techniques adapted to the issue of translating Manner-of-motion in comics, in both inter- and intratypological translation scenarios. This paper analyses a corpus that includes a selection from the Belgian comic series Les aventures de Tintin and its translation into two satellite-framed languages (English and German) and two verb-framed languages (Spanish and Catalan). Overall, the results highlight the key role of visual language in the translation of Manner-of-motion in comics, since this can compensate for alterations in the verbal code of target texts, by comparison with originals, and thus minimize the consequences of Thinking-for-translating. Moreover, the (limited) space in the balloons and the respective stylistic conventions of comic books in each language are shown to constrain translation to some extent.

SOURCE: https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/lic.19007.mol

L’article se donne pour l’objectif d’affiner une méthode d’analyse descriptive, pouvant servir dans le cadre épistémologique des Études descriptives de la traduction et de la théorie du polysysteme. L’enjeu consiste essentiellement a établir un rapport entre la stylistique comparée, ses procédés de traduction traditionnels (emprunt, calque, traduction littérale, transposition, modulation, équivalence, adaptation), définis en 1958 par Jean-Paul Vinay et Jean Darbelnet, et les hypotheses polysystémiques des chercheurs israéliens Itamar Even-Zohar et Gideon Toury. Ce lien pourrait etre profitable dans l’élaboration d’une méthode d’analyse qualitative et quantitative sur corpus de texte sources et cibles, qui soit applicable aux études dans le domaine de l’histoire de la traduction (dans la phase de la « critique historique » selon la taxonomie de la discipline formulée par A. Pym).

Communication-oriented theories like Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies seek to take human agency into account. Yet there has been inadequate conceptualization of the relationships between translators and norms, between the individual and the collective, or between agency and structure. Human agents must still be accounted for not only as professionals but as socialized individuals. The study of plural and dynamic (intercultural) habituses may thus become a key concept for understanding intercultural relationships. It can reveal how intercultural actors interiorize the normative structures not only of the source and target fields, but also of their mutual intersections. The comparative study of two twentieth-century Belgian translators, Ernest Claes and Roger Kervyn, here shows how translatorship can be redefined in terms of habitus, as an individuation of collective normative schemes related to the translator's personal history, to the collective histories of the target and source fields, and to the intersections between the cultures concerned.

Translators of children's literature often resort to manipulative strategies to meet the standards of children's publishing in the receiving culture. This paper analyses the rewriting of two of Renée Reggiani's works that address living conditions in the south of Italy during the 1960s. It argues that her image as a writer who broached topics considered taboo for a young audience has been softened in translation that omits sections of the target texts.

Bu çalışmada ele alınan sorun, çeviri tarihi araştırmacıları için halihazır bir çeviri tanımıyla yola çıkmanın, araştırma bütüncesine yapay sınırlar getirmesi, tanımsal bir çerçeve çizmemenin ise araştırmaya konu olguları çeviri tarihi kapsamında incelemenin temellendirilememesi sonucunu doğurmasıdır. Bu sorunu aşma yolunda ortaya atılan “varsayımsal çeviri” (Toury 1980) kavramının formüle edilişine dair ise literatürde önemli kuramsal çekinceler mevcuttur. Söz konusu çekinceler ve kavramın olası haklılaştırmaları arasında derin kuramsal tartışmalara girmeden, çeviri tarihi araştırmalarında hangi tarihsel olguların ‘ ’çeviri” kategorisi altında incelenebileceğini yalın, kuramsal varsayım yükü hafif bir biçimde temellendirebilmek amacıyla bu çalışmada dil felsefesi literatüründe yer alan doğrudan gönderim kuramlarının bileşenlerinden yararlanılmıştır.

The concept of Sun is differently perceived in each geographical region. For example, while there are many metaphors or idioms related to
Sun in warm countries, cold countries may not have counterparts of these linguistic items. It is just like there are many language elements
regarding snow in cold countries, while they are not common in equatorial countries. The “sun” concept is distinctive in the works of Albert
Camus, who is one of the pioneers of the Existentialism. The concept that Camus associates with different meanings and symbols has also
been a subject of study in the fields of psychology and literature. “The Stranger” is one of the works of Camus in which he uses the concept
of sun as an element affecting the psychological state of the characters and the march of events. The plot takes place in Algeria, a warm
African country. This study, aiming to analyze the translations of a literary work in accordance with a translation theory, focuses on the
translations of the sun concept in “The Stranger”. Three different Turkish translations of the “The Stranger”, awarded with Nobel Prize in
Literature in 1957, are analyzed in the light of descriptive translation theory of Gideon Toury by selecting the phrase and sentences
containing the concept of sun. The translations are carried out by different translators in different times. In the analysis section, the direct
translations from French are utilized rather than translations from an intermediate language. The first translation to be analyzed is carried
out by Reşat Nuri Güntekin in 1953, published by Varlık Yayınları. The other translators are Vedat Günyol and Samih Tiryakioğlu. The
study analyzes the translation of Vedat Günyol published by Can Yayınları in 1981 and of Samih Tiryakioğlu published by Varlık Yayınları
in 1994.

The most coherent version of descriptive investigation into translation appears to be Toury's descriptive translation studies. This major stream of research rests on important assumptions such as translations as cultural facts, target-orientedness of translation, and translation as a norm-governed activity. Despite its innovations, this theoretical line displays serious shortcomings such as its artificial use of scientific discourse, lack of practical methodologies, and the assumption that it has monopoly over description. The purpose of the present study is to propose Ricoeur's extended translation theory, supplemented by his narrative theory, as an alternative way of describing translation. To accomplish this, the study focuses on explicitation as one of the major translation universals hypotheses in DTS. The narrative theory not only describes minimal and maximal aspects of translation, but also suggests conceptions that encompass the major innovations of DTS.

This paper falls within the scope of descriptive translation studies and corpus linguistics. It sets itself the task of validating one of the translation universals, namely the simplification. For the purposes of this paper we have selected The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov as the source text and its two English and two Polish translations.
Chapter 1 lays down the theoretical assumptions and the applied methodology. It introduces the hypothesis and the method i.e. quantitative and qualitative analysis by means of which the said hypothesis will be validated. It also gives a detailed presentation of translation universals, defines the basic notions and methods of corpus linguistics that are made use of; it also defines the terms used in quantitative and qualitative analysis as well as presenting precise syntax terminology.
Chapter 2 reveals the results of the quantitative analysis that was carried out on the basis of a few selected sample texts. This chapter starts with a brief description of the writer’s life and his work and then details the samples and the computer software as used in the research. It also presents consecutive stages of the research, the gathered data, which are shown in the form of tables and diagrams.
Chapter 3 contains the qualitative analysis of the selected texts, it gives an insight into the syntax of the sentences under analysis and their syntactical transformations that they undergo in the translation process. This chapter presents the data on the number of finite predicates, and the types of sentences. Here also particular transformations are discussed, all of which is supported by numerous examples.
The last part of the paper presents the interpretation of the results of the analyses. It is also here that both analytical approaches – qualitative and quantitative – are summed up and inferences drawn. All of which is concluded with the answer to the question whether the hypothesis that was assumed in Chapter 1 has been validated.

The current article analyzes the style and linguistic expression of the novel "Don Segundo Sombra" by Ricardo Güiraldes and compares them with the respective features in the German version. To start with, the novel is placed in its historic and literary context. After that, the study focuses on comparing the outstanding characteristics of the source and target text, mainly the confluence of intralinguistic varieties. By contrasting the original Spanish text and its German version we determine the translation strategies as well as the techniques applied by the translator. Given the aging of the translation, we also discuss the aesthetic effect of the diachronic features ascertainable in the target text. Finally, we anayze the effectiveness of the solutions adopted by the translator when solving the key translation problems.

ENG / Through new linguistic notions ('resonance', 'shadow' and 'contrast') this chapter proposes textual tools for studying and analysing translations.

FR / À travers des nouvelles notions linguistiques, cet essai propose des outils textuels pour l’étude et l’analyse des traductions. Nous y proposons une taxonomie herméneutico-linguistique pour distinguer les zones traductionnelles, que nous avons classées en trois catégories : "zones de résonance", "zones d’ombre" et "zones de contraste". Les zones de résonance sont plutôt du côté sourcier, soit d’une traduction hyper-littéraliste : elles témoignent d’une transposition sémantique. Les zones d’ombre dérivent d’un processus de familiarisation, de transmutation, de métamorphose : elles sont les plus complexes à définir et pour ce faire nous avons décliné, dans notre essai, la métaphore de l’ombre – à travers la traductologie d’Antonio Prete et de Jean-Yves Masson – en tenant compte de ses nombreuses implications. Les zones de contraste ont enfin été définies à partir de la réflexion d’Henri Meschonnic sur la pratique de la contradiction.