I

1 4 4

1
1

1
1

1
` = +
` = -
` = - + +

2
5 1
2

1
3 0.1 15 0.1

2 1.2 100 0.66

1 26.8 1.5 104 1.25 3

280 7.2 1010 17.7

kcal/m2 d /m2 g/m2

4 1
3 2 2
1 1
5
1

5 %￣20 %

%= \100

90

1
2

0.9 0.3
3
1

1 2 %= \100
8 0.1
2000
1980 1 100 2 20 2 10
%

1. =2000-1980=20 2 =0.3+0.1=0.4
2. =20- 8+2 =10 =2- 0.9+0.4 =0.7 =8+0.7+0.1=8.8
3.
2 0.4
\100=10 % 2 \100=20 %
20 2

3 + +

162 163

2 2021 9 20 2019 6
90

20

1 3 3
A
6 2 15

12 1 100 0 40 80
B
180 1000

2 20 %
A
A

1 A
1
1 A A
B

2020 18 2018 6 18

A B

N2

A B B

0 40 80 NH4+ NO3-

A
A
B A
A B
A
B

A
B

N2 NH4+

166
3

90 91 93

1 3 A￣D
1 3
A∼C A￣D ￣
1 5 1 2 3 1 2 A B
(CO2) A B
5500 600 150 3750

X A B A B C D
100 1000 3 15 50000

C 3500 200 ?

( ) A￣D

∼ A
A B
C
X
3 1 2
C 0.2

2 0.2 6 50
B

∼ 1.4
14.0 NH4+ NO3- 2 1 3

280
A
B
2 1 NO3-

2020 6 18
2 X

2 `X A￣D
1 2 3 1 2 2021 9 20

4
2019 6 20

7
2
1
4 A `A 1000 B

3
15 % 1 10 %
10 % ` X 5
15 C
3 5 10
15 20 B
100 1 3 3
100 A A
A 6 2 15
1000 1000
A B C D 1
0 40 80 12 100
B
A∼C 180 1000

4 8 2
A 0.1
A 3 2 1 2
100 A 1 A
2 1
1 2 A B 2 20 %
1

167 168 170

143

1
144

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 145
8 A 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4

1
3

4
A A

5
7
A

1 8
A
2 V 9
4

2
A
8

A
A

144 A

1 2 3 4
A
5

1 2

3
2

3
A
A
80

A
01 008

02 022

03 030

04 042

05 056

06 068

07 080
08 096

09 108

10 116

11 130

12 142

13 148

14 162

15 174
01
 1 1

1
1

3 1

14 C

14 CO
2

3
5
1

008
6

4
1

` DNA T2 T4
DNA
` DNA DNA

` `

009
 5

1
1

6
1

200

3
6

7
7
1

8 8
1

9
1

010
 10

1
11

1
2

10 11

DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA

011
 2

2021 6 1 2021 6 20

200 100 A B

A B

A B
A B

A B

100
75 B
A
50
( 25
0
)

( )

A B

2016 9 1 50 A
B

012
 2

5
1

2
∼

A 27 °C
B

4
B

013
 3

1 3

2021 6 1

4
2

014
5 7

19

6 2016 9 1

` 1000 km 8

015
 2019 6 3

9 11 X Y
X Y
-4 °C
`

X
Y
X Y

Y X

10 A 12
A B
A
A A
B
A A B 10

2
A

A A B
A B

016
 5

1 3 A B

14 C

A B

A B
A

14
C

4
2

017
 5 X
7 A B
A B

A
B \
\

A
B
X B
X
X

2021 6 20

200 100
A B
A B

A B
A B
2015 6 3

6
A B 100
75 B
A
50
25
(

0 ( )
)

A B

50
A B

018
9 11

A B

A 2 A B A
B B
A
B

2
B A B

2021 9 1

10 12
A

BTB A B
A B

A B
20 mL+ 3 mL

A A
20 mL+ 3 mL
A

019
 02

03
 ATP

2 1 1

1
< > O

ATP

2 ATP
1

ATP
ATP
P P P

2 ATP 3
2 2 ADP
3 ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP ATP ATP
ADP P P P
ATP
ATP
ATP ADP
ATP P P Pi

ADP

022
3 ATP
ATP

ATP

ATP

ADP Pi

1. 1 5
1 15 mL+ 15 mL
2 A 15 mL+ 15 mL
3 B 15 mL+ 15 mL
4 C 15 mL+ 15 mL
5 D 15 mL+ 15 mL

2. 30`°C 35`°C
3.
3

1
1 2 3 4 5
- ++++ ++ + +++
- +

2￣5
3

2> 5> 3> 4

10

ATP

023
 8 8

2019 6 5

CO2, H2O O2, , O2 CO2, H2O

2
ATP

ATP

2021 6 2

ATP ADP
4
ATP ADP

P P P P P P ATP

ATP

5 ATP

ATP ADP ATP

024
 9

1 3

CO2, H2O

2019 6 5

CO2, H2O O2, 4 A￣C

A B C

ATP

A C A B
B C A B C

025
 2018 5

5 7

A H2O,
B O2

C
CO2, H2O O

NH3

A B
B ATP
B C

2018 9 5

6
O2 CO2

2021 6 2

8 ATP ADP

P P P P P P
ATP

O2
ATP
ATP

026
 2017 5

9 11
ATP ADP
H2O O2 CO2
ADP Pi ATP
CO2
P P P

P P Pi
, H2O

CO2

10 12
ADP ATP

A B

A 20 mL+ 20 mL
B 20 mL+5 % 20 mL
Pi
A B 20

ATP B

B A

027
 11

1 3 2

P P P

, CO2

, CO2

DNA

2020 9 5

2 4
￣ O2 CO2

CO2 O2

+ + + , H2O
+ + +

CO2
ATP

028
5 7 A￣C
ATP ADP ￣
O2 CO2
ADP ATP
3 A￣C

A
Pi Pi 15 mL 15 mL
A
+ 15 mL 15 mL
2% 15 mL
B
+ 15 mL
10 % 15 mL
C
+ 15 mL

A￣C 37`°C 20

P 15 mL

+++ +

B
C

6 ATP
KOH
ATP

O2 CO2, H2O ADP

Pi

ATP
NH3

029
 1 1

1
2 1

1
`
`
`

3
1

3 3

4
4
1

030
 5
5

1
ATP

6 6

1
7

7 NH3

1
N

1.

2.

+
8 3 8 BTB
1

BTB

13

10

031
 9 9

1
`

O2
O2

CO2 CO2

O2, CO2,

1
10
10
1

11

11
1

<
= >

2 1

60 % ~ 70 % 12
1

12
20 % ~ 35 %

5 % ~ 10 %
1 1

1 = + +

032
3

13

1
13

14

1
14

`
`
`

13

1 `

033
 13

2021 9 2 2020 10

A B A B
A O2 CO2

B A

A B
A A
A A
B A O2
B
B A O2

O2 B
B
B
B
B
B

2017 12
B
B
A B
A B A B
A B

A
A
A A

B
B
CO2

034
 13

4 A

5 A￣D A￣D

2 A
C

A B

A B D

B
A
B

O2 CO2 A

CO2

6
3 1

O2

H 2O

7
035
 14

1 3
A B ATP
￣

O2 ADP Pi ATP

A B

O2
A
B

2 4
A B H2O

O2
CO2

A
CO2

ATP B

036
 2020 10 2021 9 4

5 7 A B
A B A B

O2 CO2
A B
A 180 180
160 160
140 140

(mmHg)

(mmHg)
B 120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
7 11 15 19 7 11 15 19
t1 ( ) t1 ( )

A
B

t1 A B
B

6 A￣D

CO2
O2
C

B 8 A￣C
A￣C
A

D
A \ \
B \
C \ \

A
B
C
D
C

037
 15

2021 1

1 3
C
A￣C
￣ O2 ATP

A B C

CO2 H2O

2021 9 2

2 4
A B B A B
A

A
B

038
 2020 6 6

5 A￣C
7 A￣C
￣ ￣ A￣C
A￣C

￣ O2 CO2

B
A \
B
A C
C \
\

A B

C C

8
6
A B
A B

A￣C

A
O2 CO2

B
B
A C

B B
O A B 1
C

039
 04

05

06

07
 1 1 1

1
2
2 2

1
3

4 Na+-K+
1

ATP Na+
K+

46
Schwann cell
1 + + K+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+

Na+ Na Na+
- + + + + +
+
Na+ – K+

+
+ + K+ + + K+ + -
+
+ +
-70 mV - + + + + + +
+ +

Na+-K+
4
Na+ K+ Na+
+
K

042
2 5 Na+ K+

1
Na+
5 +35 Na+ K+ K+
`Na+ K+ Na+ K+
0
` - + ++ ++ ++
Na+ K+
–– –– –– mV–70
Na+ K+ 01234
` -70 mV ms

` Na+
+ +35
Na Na
+
0
–– –– ––

++ ++ ++ mV–70
`
K
+
01234
Na+ Na+ ms
6 + 6
+35 mV

1
-
+ + +
`Na K K
+35
Na+
0
+
`K ++ ++ ++

–– –– –– mV–70
K+
+ + + 01234
`K Na -K ms

1. Na+-K+ Na+
+
+35 K
600
+
mV 0 Na

300
2. Na+ Na+
K+ +
Na
–70
75
1
0 2 4 6 8 3. Na+ Na+
ms + +
K K
Na+ K+
K+

17

10

043
 3 7

1
1
7

0 0
Na+ mV mV

0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
ms ms
– – + + + + + + +
+ + – – – – – – – Na +
Na+
+ + – – – – – – –
– – + + + + + + +

K+
+ + – – + + + + +
– – + + – – – – –

– – +
Na++ – – – – –
+ + – – + + + + + K+
K+ 8

1
+
K
Na+ K+
+ + + + – – + + +
– – – – + + – – –
Na+
– – – – + + – – –
+ + + + – – + + +

K+

4 9 10

9
1

20 nm

10
1

1 `

044
 `I
I A I
H
Z Z
`A

M `H

11 11

1
ATP

Z H I A Z `
`A
`I
`H
`

17

H
I
A

045
 Na+
+
K

17

- +
Na+ K+

Na+ Na+-K+ ATP

+
K Na+
-70 mV K+
K+
+
+ + + + + Na
K + +
+ +
+ +
Na+ Na
+
+
Na
+

–70 mV + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+ Na+ – K+ K+
+ + + + + + + + +
K
+ + – – – – K+ – + +
+ –– – – – – –– –– – –– + K
+
+
–
–
–– + –– ––– + –
–– –
–
– –– –– -
––
–––
– + + + +
+ + + +
- + +

+ + +
+
Na Na Na
+
Na
+ Na Na

++ ++ ++ + –– –– –– – ++ ++ ++

–– –– –– – ++ ++ ++ + –– –– ––
+ + +
K K K

Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+ Na+ K+ K+

( ) +35 mV
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

+35

mV
0
+
Na K+ Na
+

+ +
++ ++ ++ Na Na

++ ++ ++
–– –– ––

Na+ K
+ –70 –– –– ––
+
K
0 1 2 3 4
Na+ K+ Na+ K+ ms
K+ K+
Na+ K+ K+
K+ Na+
( ) K+
( )

Q1
Q2

046
 17

2020 15 2018 9 9

A B X
A B 1 X P
-70 mV P X
P
` A B d1 d4 A X
B X 1
2 ms 3 ms 5 ms 7 ms d2 1
X d1 d4
2 ms 3 ms 5 ms 7 ms +30
0

(
d1 d2 d3 d4 mV
d2 mV

)
–70
A
A -60 -80 P
B t1
B -60 -80 -70
0 2 4 6 8 10 (cm)

`A B +30
0 X
1 cm ms 2 cm ms
–70
( )

mV –80
`A B 0 1 2 3 4
(ms)

t1 K+ Na+

3 ms
2019 9
X d1
A 2 cm ms
4 ms A d3 -60 mV
+
4 ms B d3 K

` t1 t3
2021 6 4
X
- t3 X
X
A B A
X - X
B
t1 3.2 0.4 Z Z
X Y A B
t2 1.0 0.5
t3 0.3
µm)

A B `
X
d1 d2 Y

t1 t2
H
X A X t2 t1 0.6 µm
A B X t1 t2
d2 d1

t2 t3
Y
X

047
 18

4
1
∼

A B +30 Na+ Na+

0

(
mV

)
70 K+
t (ms)

A B
t

Na+

2 5 X Y

Na+ K+ Y
Na+ Na+ Na+
+
K
X Y
A

Na+

A A Na+
K+
6
A∼C A
+ - + B
- C
+ +
A Na K

7
3
Z Z
+30
(

mV
)

70
t 1 ∼t 3
t1 t2 t3

Na+

K+

048
 19

2021 11

1 A∼C A∼C
3
P

Na+ K+
A C
B

(
600 600

300 300

)
1 1
0 4
t1 t2
(ms)

A B

C
t1 P
t2

2
4
X Y 1
d1￣d4

+30 Na+ Na+

0 mV
( )

mV X d1 d2 d3 d4 Y d1
70 K+ d2 -80
t (ms) d3 +30
d4 -70

-70 mV

X
+ +
t Na ATP d2 K
d3 Na+ Na+

049
 5 A∼C P
7
1 t Q
A∼C Q

P Q
+30
A 0
–80 mV

( )
mV
B –70
+30 mV –80
0 1 2 3 4
C (ms)
? mV

A∼C 1
-70 mV

A
B A
t C Q -70 mV

8
`
X

6 2
B
` ∼

+35
0
mV `X t1 2.8 µm t2 2.4 µm
A B C –70
t1 t2

t1 B +
t2 A K+
t1 t2
+
t2 C

050
 21

2017 6 15

1 3
X t2 X X
K+ K+
X
+ +
Na K
+35 K+
0 +35 +35
( )

mV 0 0
-70 mV mV
–70 –70
t1 t2
t1 t2 t3

K+ ATP
K+ t1 t2 K+
t2 t1
Na+
Na+ 1

X K+
t3 Na+

2018 9 9

2 X
X P
P X
2019 9 15

4
P
X

Na+ K+

+30
(

0 600 600
mV
)

300 300
–70
1 1
P 0 t1 t2 4
t1
(ms)

1
Na+ t1 t2
t1 K+ Na+ + +
t2 K K

Na+-K+

051
 2021 6 4

5 A B d1 d2∼
7 A B
d4 A B d1 A B
1 t d2∼d4 X Y A B

d2 d3 d4
A A B
A -80 -70 X
B B -70 0 d1 d2 Y
d1 d2 d3 d4
0 3 6 9 12 (cm)

A B +30
1 cm ms 3 cm ms 0
( )

A B mV
–70
–80
0 1 2 3 4 X B
(ms)
d1 d2

A B 1
-70 mV
2021 9 10

t 5 ms 8 A∼D
A 3 cm ms
t B d3 K+
` A C D d1 d2 d3
A C D d1
1 5 ms
d2 d3
B 5 ms mV
6 A
d2 d3
1 C
B -80
t ∼ D C -80
d1 d2 d3
1 D +30
0 2 4 (cm)
-70 mV
`B C +30
0
t
( )

`A∼D mV –70
mV –80
0 1 2 3 4
(ms)
-80 -70 +30
-80 +4 -70

A∼D 1
-70 mV

t Na+ C D
+30
t Na +
3 ms C d3
ATP

052
 2020 15

9 A B

` A B d 1∼d 4
A B X P3 8 ms
1 2 ms 3 ms 5 ms P1 -70 mV
7 ms d2 P2 9 ms
X d1 d4 ∼ 2 ms P4
3 ms 5 ms 7 ms

d1 d2 d3 d4 d2 mV
A
A -60 -80

11
B
B -60 -80 -70 A B
0 2 4 6 8 10 (cm)

`A B +30
1 cm ms 0 ` A B d1∼d4 A
( )

2 cm ms mV –70 B d1 1
–80
`A B
0 1 2 3 4
4 ms d2∼d4
(ms) A B
d2∼d4

4 ms mV
A B 1 A ?
d2 d3 d4
70 mV A -70 +21
B ?
B -80
3 ms d1 d2 d3 d4
B 2 cm ms 0 2 6 9 (cm)

4 ms A d3 -60 mV `A B
A
1 ms 4 cm
`A B d1 d4 +30
( )

mV
–60
–70
–80
-70 mV 0 1 2 3 4

10
(ms)
P1∼P4
P1∼P4
P2 1
7 ms P1 P3 +30 mV
P3 1 6 ms B 3 cm ms
P4 -80 mV

+30 A d3∼d4
0
7 ms B d4
mV
10 cm 6 cm –70
P1 P2 P3 P4 –80
0 1 2 3 4
ms

053
 2019 15

12 A∼C
13 X
t1 t2
` A∼C d1 d2∼d4
d1 t1 X 2.0 µm
1 3 ms
X
d1 d4 Z Z
∼ A∼C t1 0.2 µm
t2 0.6 µm
3 ms mV
A
d1 d2 d3 d4
B
-80 -60
C
d1 d2 d3 d4 -80 -70
0 2 4 6 cm +30 -60
t1 t2
`A 2`cm ms
A
` A B d1∼d4 C d1 t1 1
∼d4 t2 X 2.4 µm

+30 +30
0 0
mV mV
–70 –70
–80 –80
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
ms ms

A∼C 1
2021 16
-70`mV
14
C A
K+ K+ ` Z X Z
3`ms d2
X
X
5`ms B d4 C d4

` t1 ∼
3d 10d t2
∼ 2d 3d d 0

H t1 t2
t2 2d

054
15
` X
Z Z
X t1 t2
X
X t2 t3 0.4 µm
+
t1 7
/
6
+

` t1 t2 X
+
+
∼ ∼

X + +
t1 3.2 µm 1.4 µm 2.0 µm
t2 1.0 µm 0.8 µm

2021 9 15

17
t1 H 1.2 µm ` X
X ∼ X
t2 2.4 µm
+ X

Z X Z

`
t1 t2 t1 t2
Z l1

2019 9
l1 l2 l3 l2

16
l3

∼ ∼
` t1∼t3 X t2 t1
X t2 X
`l1∼l3
- t3 2
X X
X X
-
Z Z
t1 3.2 0.4
t2 1.0 0.5 t1 t2
t3 0.3
µm
l3<l1
`

055
 1

1 1

1
2

`
2

`
`

` 3
1

`
`
`
` 3

`
`
` 4
1

` 31

`
`

056
1

2 5

1
5

27

10

057
 1
6 6
12 31

1
12 31

1
`

8 8
2
1

`
`
`
`

058
9 9

1
10 10

27

31 12

059
 27

2017 6 2018 13

A∼E

A
B
C D

A
B C
D
D
E
A
B
D

2018 9 13 2021 9 16

8
6
4
2
( )

mm 0
P1 P2

I +H
A

P2 P1

060
 27

4 A B
∼
1
A
B A
C

E B

2
5 ∼

A B C

A
B C
6
C A B

7 X Y

X
Y

X Y

061
 28

2017 6 2019 9 8

1 A∼E
3
E A

A B
B
C D

A A
B B
C
D
E

2 3
A∼C
A∼C
4

A 1 A
B
B 2
C C

3 A
A B
B C

062
 2018 13

5 7
A B

A
B

2021 9 16

8
A
∼C
8
6
A
4
2
( )

mm 0
P1 P2
B C

A
P2 P1

063
 30

2017 9 10

1 3 A∼D
∼ ∼
A∼D

B ￣
A

A \ \
B
C \ \
D \
\

A
B
C

2
4 X A B A
B A B

A
A A
B A B
B
X

A
B
X

064
 2018 9 13

5 7 A B
∼

A
I +H A
B

A H
8 A∼C

A
A
B
0.8 1.6
C B
0.4 1.6
C

A
A B
C

065
 9 11 A
A∼C B
1 A∼C C D

A B C D
A
A
B

B C C 2

3 B
C D
B

12 A∼C ￣
A
A∼C

10
A E

B
A A \
B \
D C \ 0
C
E \

A E B
D

066
 2021 6 3

13 15 A∼C

A
B C

A
B
C

16

2020 6 11

14 A B
A B

0
(

A B mV
50
)

A
B

067
 1 1

1
1

3 2

1
4

3
TSH
3
1

ACTH

068
1

4 TRH

1
4 TSH
TRH
TSH TRH

5 TSH

1
TRH TSH
TSH

34

ADH
TSH

10

TSH TRH TSH TRH

TRH

069
 1

1
β
6

α β
α

1
120 15 450
80
120 10 300 α β

0 5 150
1. 120
0 0 ` β
100 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4

` α
2.

`
`

`
`

TRH TSH

100 mg 100 mL 0.1 %

glycogen

36.5`°C

070
3 ADH 8

1
8 9

ADH

0.9 %

ADH

9 ADH

1
ADH

ADH ADH

10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
(

pmol
L 2.0
)

0
280 290 300
(mOsm/kg)

34

α β

071
 34

2018 9 2020 9 9

A∼C
∼ ∼ A
A∼C

A \

(
B
A
C

)
\ 0
37.0 37.4
T1 T2
(°C)

A α
A

B A

B C T1 T2
B
C A

T2 T1

2021 6 8

2021 6 12
A
B X
A B
X ADH
A
(

B
)

B A A
A D D
)

H H
0 0
( ) ( ) 0 0
t1 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 -10 0 +10
t1 t2 (%) (%)

A
X β ADH
X ADH
X ADH
X
t1 t1 t2

t1 A X t1 t2

072
 35

1 4 A B A

A
A B α B β
B

A
B A B

2 A∼D
5
∼

A B
A

C
C D

A D
A D
A B C

A A C
B D
C

6 ADH

3
(A) ( )

073
 36

2021 19

1 3
` TSH

A B C
B C A∼C

B C
A∼C

(
)

)
0 0
A B C A B C

2 A∼C

2020 6 12

4
A A∼C

B C A B C

ADH
TSH

B
C
C

A B A C
B C A B C

074
 2017 6 9 2021 9 7

5 24 7 X
X ADH
X

X
X

ADH

ADH

X
X
X β

8
X X
X
(

6
(
)

0 0
P1 P2 0 1 2
X ( )
A

X ADH

A P1
P2

075
 37

2018 9

1 A∼C
3
∼ ∼
A∼C

A
￣
+
A \ -
B
B + -

-
B

B
C

4
A B
t1 t2
A A B
2 ∼

∼ A B
A
TRH
ADH TSH

TSH
B
0 t1 t2

A TRH

A B
t1 t2

076
5 X Y
7 X

0.15

X Y
0.10
A
0.05

(
X
t1 t2
0 1 2 3 4

)
X β
Y t1 t2
X
A

2021 6 8

6 A
2021 9 8
B X
A B 8 A

X
A
A
(

B
(
)

B
A β
)

A
0 0
( ) ( ) 0
t1
t1

B
X β A

t1 t1 A

077
 2021 6 5

9 11 A∼C

(
)
0
t1 t2 C
( )

B
A

t2 t1

A C

2020 9 9
12
10
A
A B
(

A
)

0
37.0 37.4
T1 T2
(°C) A

A
A
B
T2 T1

078
 2017 10

13 ADH
15
1L ADH

(
2 A
D

)
H
1

0
0
0 ADH 0 60 120 180

ADH

ADH

2021 6 12

14 A B
16
B ADH
A B ADH TSH
(

B A A
D D
)

H H
A B
0 0 0
-20 -10 0 +10 +20 -10 0 +10
t1 t2 (%) (%)

B
ADH
t1 t2

079
 1 2

1
`

2 `
1
`
` DNA

`
`
2

1
`

` AIDS
MERS 2

`
3
`
`
`
` DNA RNA
` 3
1

` `
`
`

080
2
1

4
4

1
lysozyme

histamine

42

081
 3 5

1
2

A A
A
Y
5 A C
2
B
B C
A

7
T

T T
6

1
T

T T T
T B

T T

T
B B

1
2

1 2 1 7
1

2
`B
1 2
`T
T
B

1 2

A A 1 2

A 104
1. T B 103
B T
A 102
101
100
0 14 28 42 56
2. A 1 A A
1 2

4 8
1

1
8

1
2

082
5 9

1
9

AIDS HIV T

1 ABO A B 10

10 ABO

1
A A B B AB A B O
A A A A B B B B A A A A
A A A A A B B B B A A A A A A β
B B B B
α B B α
A A A A B B B\ B B B B
B B B B
B \
AB A B
A A A A B B B B B B B B
B A A A A O α β
A A A A
β
\ \

2 Rh Rh 11 11 Rh

1
Rh+
Rh+
Rh
Rh-
Rh
Rh-
Rh

3 AB
Rh+ Rh+
AB
Rh- Rh-
A A O B B

O
ABO Rh

42

B T

1 2

ABO A A B α β

B B
A B

083
 42

2019 7 2020 6 9

A B A X
B
B T

A AIDS X
B

A
B
B

X
X
X

X 2

2019 9 10

X 2 2018 6 16

1 ABO
X
200 ABO
Rh
X
A B AB O A O
-
X Rh A
AB 1
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
74
0 0
110
X X
70
Rh 198

X
O B
A B 25
X
X Rh+ A 70
X 2 B
X B

084
 42

5
∼
1 A B
T B
A
A A B B
B A B
AB

2 A B A B

A B 2

6 A
B
a b a b

(
a b
) A1 A2
A B B1

A
A 2
B

7 A B

A B

ABO

085
 43

2019 7 2021 9 5

1 A B A
3 4 A
B B A
B

AIDS
A

B
A

A B

4 A B X A
1 A 2 B 1
X A B

A
(

2021 6 6
)

2 A∼C A1 A2
B1
A B C

B 2
B
B

A C A B
B C A B C

086
5 A
7 ABO
A
A ` ABO

∼ `

B
1

ABO

ABO AB

6 HIV

8
HIV
HIV T 200 ABO

A B
AB O
HIV
A B
79
118
0
55
t1 t2

T
HIV B
ABO 24
B t1 t2 A B
58

087
 45

1 6 A∼C
3 A∼D
∼ A∼C A∼D

∼
`A B D

`A D
A
B
`C
C D

A A D B
C
B D

2 A￣C ￣ 2020 6 9

￣ A 4 X
￣C
B T

￣
X
A \
B \
C \ \
\

X
A HIV

C X 2

088
 2021 6 15 2020 9 10

5 ∼ ∼
7 A∼C
∼
∼ T T
A B C
∼
￣ A
1 B C

\ \
\ 2
\

2 2 2 2
T

1 1
A, B, C A, B, C

1
A B C

A B C
(

A C B
A
)

B C
2019 9 12 0 0

6 A B C A B C

∼ T B

C
A

089
 2019 9 10

8 X

A
X B

X 2 t1 B
1
X

10
1.0 1.0
X
0.5 0.5
0 0
X X
X X
X A X 1
4 X 2
4 A X 1 A

X
A A X
X B

0
0 4 8

X 1 X 2 X

A X
9 A B A X 1
B 4 A B
A B
X X
X
A
A X A X

0
A+B A+B t1
1 2

090
 2018 6 16

11 X
13 200 ABO
Rh
X X
A B AB O A
-
O Rh A
AB 1

B 74
0
1 2
110
70
Rh 198

X O B
+
Rh AB 20
A
A

2021 14

12

∼
14 ￣ ￣
￣
ABO
￣ ABO
2 ∼ ￣
∼
1
+ -
- + +
- - +
+ -

ABO

091
 08

09

10

11
 DNA
DNA

1 DNA 1 1

1
2
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
3

DNA

DNA

1
DNA DNA RNA
1` `1` `1
DNA
RNA

2 46

23
3
1

DNA
DNA

DNA

A A A A A A

E e E E e e

A A
E e

22 1 ∼22
1
XX XY

096
3 4

1
4

4 46 8
48 14
2n n
78 48
2n n

` `
2n n
` 6 ` 3
2n=6 n=3
2n=6 n=3

5 5

1
`

` 21 3
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 111 222 333 444 555

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
45+XX 45+XY
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 666 777 888 9 10
9
9 10 11
10 11 12
11 12
12

13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16 17 18 13
13
13 14
14
14 15
15
15 16
16
16 17
17
17 18
18
18

19 20 21 22 X X 19 20 21 22 XY
XY 19
19
19 20
20
20 21
21
21 22
22
22 X X
X
X X
X

1. 46 2n=46
2. 22 XX 2n=44+XX
3. 22 XY 2n=44+XY
4. 21 3 2n+1=45+XX

49

DNA

DNA

DNA

10

n 2n n 2n

097
 6

1
1
6
G2

2 S

DNA
G1
G1 S G2

` G1
G1 S DNA
`
G2
S DNA DNA 2
G2

1 2
2
7
1

DNA 2
DNA DNA

DNA

098
2 DNA

G1 DNA DNA

S DNA DNA
DNA

G2 DNA
G1 DNA

1
2
8
2n

DNA 2n

1 DNA 2
4
3
D
N 2
A 2 G1
1 DNA
0
G1 S G2 G1

DNA

49

DNA

1 DNA G1 10 G2

DNA

099
 49

2017 9 5 2021 6 10

∼
G2 M S

G1

2
DNA

DNA
G1 1 1
G1 DNA
S

2
DNA

1:1:4

2021 6 9 2019 8

DNA

2n=4 Q
A 2n=6 DNA Q
B 2n=
Rr R r

0 1 2
DNA
2n
A
G1
1
3 G2
6
B 2n=12 DNA
B 1 12

100
 50

1 2 6 7
A
∼
B G1 G2 S
C
D

E 6
1
DNA
A∼E

2
A
B
7
C DNA
D
E 1 DNA
2
M
3

8 9

DNA

4 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 9
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 XX

23
23
88 10 D
1 N
4
A3
1 DNA 2
A
A 1

5
0
2n=46
1

101
 50

2017 9 5

1 3
A B C

DNA 2
S

2 DNA
4
2 1
B
a b

c d e f

A
a b
B c d
e X f Y

102
 2021 9 6

5 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 XY B
A

A DNA
B
=/
4
2
5

2021 6 10

6 ∼
G2 M S
8
B
A

G1

DNA A B
DNA

103
 52

2021 6

1 3 A 2n B 2n
∼ X
Aa ∼
2 A 1 B
A B A B
XX XY
A

A
B 1
16

2 12
1
A B
4 2n=6 ∼

1 2 3 4 5 XX
XY
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 X

A B

=44

104
5 A B
7 ∼
A B G2 M S

Tt T t

t
G1
A 3
B 6

DNA
T 1 2
G1 DNA
A n
G1 B 1 t

6 2021 9
A A DNA
2n n A A
8 A DNA
A
A A 1 DNA
1

D2 A
N A
A
1 1 2 3 4 5

0 0 1 2
DNA ( ) 20 21 22 XY

A
2n
=2

105
 9 11 A
￣ G1 S M X ∼ G1
G2 M

G2

G1 S
X
S

1 DNA G2
2
A X

A X

2018 6 5

10
A B

A B B

2017 9 13

12 P P
DNA
DNA ￣ G2 M S

A B

G1
0 1 2 0 1 2
DNA DNA

A G2 G1 G1

106
 2020 5

13 DNA
15
1 1 DNA

1
0 1 2
DNA 0

D
1 N2
A

2021 9 13 16 2n P

14 1
Q DNA P
DNA Q P
Rr R r

D
N
A4

0 1 2 0
DNA

1 R

G1 2n

107
 1 2 DNA

1 1 1

1
S DNA 2
4
1
1 2n n
2
2
n n

1 2

2 DNA

1
3
2
1
1
DNA
2
2
2 DNA
2
2

3 2
1

2
4
DNA 4

2 4

4
1

2n 2n
1 1 2n 2n
4 2n 2n 4 2n n
3 3 n DNA

DNA D 2 D2
N 1 N1 2
A 0 A0
G1 S G2 G1 S G2
1 2

1 2 2 4
2 1 2n 2n n n
DNA 1 1 1
2n 2n 2n n n n n n

108
1
DNA
DNA

1
5

2
2

1 A a A a 2
1
B b b B

A A a a A A a a
2
B B b b b b B B

A A a a A A a a
B B b b b b B B

1 2 3 4

6 6
4 =22
1

2 2n=4
2n

223 2n
23 23 2n=46
2 \2
223

55

DNA G1 S G2

1
2n=46
10
1 2
1 n 2n n 2n 2 n 2n n 2n

1
2
1 2
2n=8

109
 55

2020 6 5 2021 6 19

DNA

2n=6 AaBbDD G1
1 DNA ∼
A B D DNA
Rr R r ∼ ∼
+ + =4

D DNA
N R
A 4 A B D

2 2
2
0
1 2
0

A B D DNA 1 1 2
2
A B D DNA 2 2 4
a B
R
A DNA 2
D DNA 2
DNA G1
2
1 12

1 a DNA

2020 3 2020 7

2n= ∼ 2 H h T t
∼
1 2 ∼ ∼
XX XY ∼ H t DNA
A a A a ∼ ∼ h
T t
A a
A D
N 4
A
1A
× 2
× H
0 t
× ×
\

A
G1 H h DNA 2
1 T t DNA

X 4

A 1
h
2 1 8
HhTt
1 1 2 8
HHTT
t T
n

110
 56

4 A B
A
1 B
XY XX X Y

A
∼

A 10
∼ DNA
B 8
B 1 X

2
∼

5 1
A Aa a B
Bb
b

2
DNA 1 DNA
6 2n=16

3 ∼ 2n=4
7 D4
N
1 DNA A3
2
∼ 1
0
1 2

2
2 DNA

111
 57

1 Rr P
3 2n= G1
1 DNA
￣ ∼

D
1 N
A4
3
2
1
0

R
1
4

2019 5

4 2n=6 ∼

2 ∼ 1 G1
1 DNA

XX XY
D
N
A4
(

2
)

S
2n
1 DNA

112
 2021 6 19

5 AaBbDD G1
7
∼
A B D DNA
∼
+ + =4
A B

DNA
A B D
2
2
1 2
0

A
a B b D 1 DNA 1
B 1

1 DNA A B

2
1 a DNA

2020 7 8 AaBb

6 2 H h T t 2n=4 1 DNA

∼ ∼
∼ H t DNA
D
∼ ∼ h N
A4
T t
(

2
D
N 4
)

1A
0
× 2
× H
0 t
× ×
\

H 1
h T t 1 DNA 1 2
1 A a
T

HhTt 4

113
 58

2020 6 5

1 3 2n=6
Aa 1 DNA

G1 Rr R r

A a 1 DNA
D
N R
A 4

0
1 A DNA 2
1
4
1 a 2

R
2

2020 3

4 2n= ∼

2 2n=
∼ 1 2
1 DNA t1 t2
XX
XY A a A a
D
N4
A
(

2 A a
A
A
)

0
t1 t2

t2
t2 2n A

1 DNA 2 1
1 8

114
 2019 13 2021 9 18

5 2n=6 2 7 Aa 2n G1
H h T t
￣ ￣ DNA ∼ A a DNA
￣ DNA ∼ ∼
XX
￣ DNA
A a DNA
￣ H h T t
XX XY 8
4 2
D
N 2
1A
4
1

0
A a
1 DNA 1

H h T t 1
DNA
5
2 5

X
1 2

2020 6 8

8 2n=6

6
∼
AaBbDd G1
A B
2 H
￣ A a B b D d 4 ￣
h T t ∼ H h T t
DNA ￣
A B
XX
A a B b D d
XY
A a B b D d 1
DNA 1 XX

DNA
× × ×
A b
× × ×
A B
0 2 ×
1 1 0 1 d
×
2 2 2 2
\

A
1 12 X

115
 ABO

1 1

1
`

2
`

`
AA Aa aa
`
1 2 AA aa
`
Aa
`
1 2
2
`

2
1

`1 1

1 `2 2
ABO

3 4

3
1

1.
1 2 3 4

1 2 5 6 7 8 9
6
10 11
4
1

2. E e
3 6 9 10 ee
1 2 4 7 8 Ee
5 11 EE Ee

3. 7 8 4
/
3
V
Ee×Ee EE Ee Ee ee

116
 ABO

ABO

IA IB i IA IB i IA IB
A B
I =I >i
5 ABO

1
A B AB O 4
5 IA A
6
IB B i
A B AB O

A B
IA IA IAIAIA IIAAIIAAIAIAIAi i iIBi IB IBIBIB IIBBIIBBIBIBIB i i i IiA IA IAIAIB IB IBIBi i i i i i i i

AA BB AA BB
IA IAA IAIIAAIA IA iIA iIAIiA i IB IBB IBIIBBIB IB iIB iIBIiB i IA IBA IBAIIABIB ii ii ii ii
AB O

ABO 120
AA BB AA BB

1. AB O 4 07
1 2
IAIB 6 ii A B
2. 6 1 2 i 1
IAi 2 IBi 3 4 5 6
B AB A O
3. 5 1 I A
2 i
5 IAi
7 8
4. 7 A 4 IA 3 A B
i 3 IBi 7 IAi

5. 8 IBIB IBi
6. 8 A A ×

4 IBi×IAIB
/
1 IAIB IAi IBIB IBi ×1
2=1
/ 8
/

61

10

ABO

ABO IA IB i

AB O ABO A B AB O

117
 6

1
1
XX X
XY X Y

2
6

7 8
X
XR Xr

1
XRY XrY XRXR XRXr XrXr

XX X 2 XrXr
XY X XrY

XrY XRXR XrY XRXr XRY XrXr XRY XRXr

Xr Y Xr Y XR Y XR Y 8

1
XR XRXr XRY XR XRXr XRY Xr XRXr XrY XR XRXR XRY
X
XR XRXr XRY Xr XrXr XrY Xr XRXr XrY Xr XRXr XrY

XR: Xr:

1. 1 2 5 1 2

2. XR 9
1

3 4 5 6
r ` XrXr
X r
X
1 4 10 XRY 7 8 9 10 11 12 XrY
5 8 12 XrY ` XrY
r r
3 11 XX Xr
5 2 ` XrY Xr
2 XRXr
` XrXr
11 5 6 r
X
6 XRXr
3 7 9
7 9 XRXr
3. 12 25`% XrY\
R r R r r r R r
X X X X XX X Y XY

118
 10

1
`

10

`
3 A a B b C c A B C

A B C

AaBbCc
140 190(cm)

1. AaBbCc ABC ABc AbC Abc aBC

aBc abC abc 8
2. 8 3
1 2 3 1 3 0 1
3 8 2
/
1 8 1
/
3 8 0
/
3

8
/
1

AaBbCc
3 8
/
1 2 8
/
3 1 8
/
3 0 8
/
1 20
64
3 8
/
1 6 6
/
1
4 5 6
/
3
4 4 6
/
3
4 3 6
/
1
4 15
64

2 8
/
3 5 6
/
3
4 4 6
/
9
4 3 6
/
9
4 2 6
/
3
4
6
64
1 8
/
3 4 6
/
3
4 3 6
/
9
4 2 6
/
9
4 1 6
/
3
4 1
64
0 8
/
1 3 6
/
1
4 2 6
/
3
4 1 6
/
3
4 0 6
/
1
4

3. 0 ∼6 7

61

XX XY

%
%

119
 ABO
07
ABO

` 1 2 3 4
H H H H
` 2 5 6 7
` 1 5 6 ABO AB
8
` 7 ABO AB 1 5 6
` 1 3 B
1 +
` ABO
5 + +
6 +
+ -

2 6 2
H H
X X
2 6

ABO
ABO A B AB O
A α B β A B A B
α A β B
β α α β

3 B B A O 7 AB 3 A 4
IB B AB
1 B A O 1 5 6
1 1 A
1 6 6 α B O 6 1 β
6 B 6 B
5 1 6 α β 5 O
5 O 1 2 i 6 B 2 IB 2 B

ABO 1 2 3 4
HH / IAi H H / I Bi H H / I A- HH / IB-
` 2 3 5 7 H H
` 1 4 5 6 7
6 8 H 1 4 6 8 HH
H H / ii HH / IBi H H / I AI B
ABO
`B 6 1 i 2 I 1 I i 8
2 I i 5 ii 6 I i HH / ??
`3 i 4 B AB

8 ABO A
1
HH ×H H HH HH H H H H A
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
A IBi×IAIB IAIB IBIB IAi IBi × × = × × =
4 2 2 4 2 16

120
 61

2021 6 17 2021 6 14

` R r R r ` A a

` 1 ` 3 B b
E F G D d E e
` 4 EG `
EE FG
FF
` 1 9 ` P Q

1 2 3 4 D d D d
A a A a
E e e E
b B B b
5 6 7 8

9
1 2 5 6 1 E DNA
` =3
2
/
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`3 8 3

4 EG EE FG FF

3 4 7 8 1 r DNA 0 bbddee 1 2 3 4 5
6 BBDDEE
P

4 7 3 8 AbDE
aBde 4
3 8 4 7 Q
X 4
3 4 7 8 P Q
AA Aa aa
X
6 1
AbDE 2 Abde 0 aBDE 3 aBde 1
6 1 2 5 6 1 E DNA
AABbDDEe AABbDdee AaBBDDEe AaBBDdee
8 ABDe 2
AA 4 AA 2 Aa 5 Aa 3
AABbDdEE AABbddEe AaBBDdEE AaBBddEe
ABdE 2
AA 4 AA 2 Aa 5 Aa 3
6 EE 2 E AabbDDEe AabbDdee aaBbDDEe aaBbDdee
abDe 1
1 2 3 4 1 2 Aa 3 Aa 1 aa 4 aa 2
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abdE 1
Aa 3 Aa 1 aa 4 aa 2
FG FF
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7 FG GG 6 EE EF
6 EE 2 6 7 9
1 2 EE 6 EF 7
9

121
 62

4 ABO A B

1 A￣C
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ABO

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A 25 %

2
5
A B 1 2

3 4

?
A B 2
A B 1∼4
A B

6
3 A

2 A
A
3

A
A

H h
1∼3
3 A

122
 62

1 3 ABO

` ` ABO
`

1 2

A B
3 4
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1 α β
3 ABO
4 O
25 %

2 4 ABO
T T T 9
T 12

ABO
1 2 3 4
B
A
5 6 7 8
O
9 B

T
9 AB
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4 32

123
 5 7
` H H ` 3
H H A a B b D d
` `
`

` AABbDd AaBBDd
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3 4

3 H F1
5 3 5
5
1
2

6 ABO

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8
O B A

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1
8
50 %

4
/
3 8
/
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/
1

124
 64

1 3 ABO
ABO ABO
1∼4 ABO 9 1
2 ABO

A O AB B
1 2 1 1 2 3 4
2
A A A A O
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3 4
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10

ABO

3 4 A
1 4
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6 7 A
3
3
4 16
1 1
2 8
2

2 2020 12

4 5 4 ∼
DNA
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N
1 2 A ` A a

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0 ` ∼ 2
5 6 4 5

3
5 3
` AaBbDd AaBBdd
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8
6
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1
4

4
/
3 8
/
5 2
/
1 8
/
3 4
/
1

125
 5 ABO
1 5 ABO

A AB 2 5
1 2

A AB 10
3 4 5 6
1
ABO 10
O AB ? ?
8
7 8 9

1 ABO

8 9
ABO A

7
12.5 %
9 ABO
1 `
6.25 % ` A A
B B

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

6
8
ABO
` 1 2 3 G1 1
A B DNA
` T t T t D
A
N
A B
` 1∼10 2

0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3

5 6 7 8 9

10

`7 8 9 1 t DNA
4 1 t DNA
3 8
`1 2 5 6 ABO 1 3
A 8
`1 10 ABO 6 7 ABO

126
 2021 15

8 ∼
A A B
B 1 DNA 1
` H h
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t A
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1
` 1∼8
∼

1 2 3 4 2021 6 17

10
5 6 7

` R r R r
8

`2 7 4 5 8 ` 1
E F G
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FG FF

X
` 1∼9
4 ∼

1 2 3 4
8 ∼
1
5 6 7 8
4
9

1, 2, 5, 6 1 E DNA
` =3
2
/
3, 4, 7, 8 1 r DNA
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9
`3 8

9 E
G1
1 A A B B DNA F G R r 1 DNA 1
A A
B B
7
B B
DNA 9
A A A A B B 1
8
0 1 8
1
2 0
2 0

127
 11
` A A
B B A A B e
B
` 1
4

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9

10

13
1
1 A 2 9 ` 4 4
2
A a B b D d E e
10
1
4 `

` ∼

2
4 2
3 1
7
5 3

` ∼ 2
` ∼ B b
12 ` e e

` E e
R r

e e E e
5
R R r 16

128
 2021 9 11

14 ∼ P Q

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` A A A
A
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` 1
D E F G
2020 17

16
4

` AA BB DE AA BB
FG ` H H
12 T T H H
T T
` AABB DF AA BBDE ` X

3 ` 1 8
8

AA BB DF AA BB EG
1 2 3 4

5 6

8
/
1 1
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3
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9
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5
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` 1 2 6 1 H DNA
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2021 6 14
1 3
15 2 4
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8
D d D d
1
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E e e E 2
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129
 1

1. 1

1
`

`
2

1 1 2 1

1
2

1
2

n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n n n 1 n 1

1. 2 1
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3
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4
1 1
3n 4n
3. n-1 n+1 2n-1
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21 3
2n+1=45+XY
47
2n+1=45+XX
18 3
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47
2n+1=45+XX 4
1

` 1
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47 2n+1=44+XXY 22+XY
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X 22
45 2n-1=44+X 22+XX 22+Y 22 22+YY
22+X

130
2. 5

1
5

9 22
A B C D E F GH A B C E F GH A B C D E F GH A B C B C D E F GH

5 9

A B C D E F GH A D C B E F GH A B C D E F GH M N O C D E F GH 22

MN O P Q R AB P Q R
9

22

DNA
6

DNA
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72

2n=46 1 1 2

1 22 23 24
2 22 23 24 10

44+XXY 21 3
44+X 1
45+XY 45+XX

131
 72

2019 9 9 2019 17

3 H h R r ` A A B
T t B A A B B
3 G1
`
∼ 1 H R T ` 1 8
DNA
21 1 ∼
∼ 1 2 3 4

H R T DNA

2 5 6 7 8

3 ?
3 `1 8
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H R T DNA 1
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3
21 P

21 H R T 21 Q Pnot=Q

21 X 3
7
7

A A

1 2
5 3 4 8
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1 XA BY 1 X
5 5 5
2 B X 2 2
XAB
XAB XAB

132
 72

4 ￣

1
21 XY XX 5 21
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XXY X 5 21

A B

1
1 2
1 2

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1
5
2

18 3
DNA

3 2n=4

P
P
RST
RST
P
P
RS T
S RT
P
P YZ
RS T
6
WX Y Z W XY Z WX R S T
WX Y Z W XY Z WX Y Z

133
 73

1 3 A
1 44+XXY
1
1

A
A
2
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 A

22
X

1
2

4
`
` A

2
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1
1
4
A
X Y `A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A B C D

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 X

A
1
2
B DNA 2 A
1 A
C D

134
5
`

` 2n+1
8
`
1 2 14

A 1
B 2
C 1
D 2
E 2

` A B C￣E

B E 7 A

1 ` A

11
`
A

1 146

5 6 7

1 146
A
5 6 7

6 ￣ 8
14
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A
8 14 A 11
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B B f F C f B F F
C C G g B G C g g
d D d D

135
 74

2020 19

1 3
1 ` 3
3
A a B b D d
aB
`
Ab

aB ∼ A a B
D DNA ∼
1 P 1
1 2 Q 2
1 P
Q G1

=2 DNA
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a 3 0 1 0
3 1 1 1 1
1 8 2

` ∼ 1
1 1

2 A
A 4
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1 DNA 1

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B C
B DNA
1 1 =1
A DNA

D 1
5

B C

A
=4
D

136
 2017 8

4 2n=6
BBEeFfhh G1
eh A a B b D d 1
DNA 1
1 F DNA
X
2
1 B DNA
h =1
2
/
1 D DNA
e

6
` H H
1
R R H H
B f
R R
=1
6
/ `
X
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1
2021 9 17

5 ∼ 3 4

` A a
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1 X \
` \ ×
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DNA 2
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1 0 0 0 ×
0 1 0 0 1
Ⅲ 1 0 0
Ⅳ 0 1 0
Ⅴ 1 0

` 1
R
1

4
`

137
 7
` A A B ￣
B E e F f G g 1 DNA

` 1 A
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D A B
N
A2 ×
1 ×
1

0 ×
×
×

` 1
9
47
` X

` A A B B
A A B B 1 DNA A A B B
1

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6
`
1 `1 2 A A
8

` 5 1 2
1
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2019 6 15

8 2n
￣
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1
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E e F f G g 6
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8
2 2 0 4 0
0 2 0
4 0 2 2

138
 2019 9 9

10 3 H h R
r T t
3
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21 1 1 a 4 8
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2
3
3
2021 6 16

12 ∼

H h R r T t 1 ` A A
DNA 1 B B D D

` 7
1
X
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DNA

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11
1 B
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5 8
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1
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139
 12

13

14

15
 1

1
1

2
1

2 `1
1 2 3
`2 3 1
2

142
 3

1
` CO2
CO2

`
`
3 200 μm

μmol CO2/m2/s
CO2 20
% 75 μm
10

12 0
` 250 750 1250
10 10 lx

4 4

1
0 100(%)

`
`
` 660 nm
600 nm
(m) 470 nm
`

`
`
`

80

10

143
 80 80

2020 20

A B

A B
A

2
A

A B

2020 9 18

A I V
I V
I V

8
4
0 24

12 0 0 12
12 4 1 7
14 4 1 5
7 1 4 12
5 1 9 9

5
8

144
 80

2020 20

1 3

A B

2 ￣
￣ 4

200 75
μm μm

145
 81

2020 6 13

1 3
￣

A B

NH4+

2 4 ￣
A B
A￣C A B A B

A B
A B

B A

C A A

A
A B
A B
C

146
5 ￣
7
`
`

2019 6 11

6
A ￣
￣
￣ ￣
A 8 ￣
￣

( )
0 12 24
×

147
 1 1

1
1 `

`
N
D=
S

2
1

1000
`
100
`
10

0 50 100 `

5
`

`
1

148
 160

1000

1000
120 9

80 6

40 3
0 0
10 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930

1
3

`
`
4

1
4

`
`

83

J S J S

10

149
 5

1
3

1 2

1
2

1
` 8m

3 2m
`

8
1

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6 7

20
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10

0 50 100
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9
1

8 `
9

150
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m

= %= \100
2
m
= 2 %= \100
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= + +

10 10

1
1 m×1 m 4

1m 1m 1m 1m

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:
:
A B C
2 2 2
m m m % % %
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/
2
00=0.02
4 2 0.16
=1 =0.5 =0.04 10.26 20 11.43
4 4 4 ` B 1
/
6
00=0.06
10 4 0.24
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/
8
00=0.08
4 4 4
25 4 1
=6.25 =1 =0.25 64.10 40 71.43
4 4 4
9.75 2.5 0.35 100 100 100

10.26+20+11.43=41.69
25.64+40+17.14=82.78
64.10+40+71.43=175.53

83

151
 11

1
1 11

2 1 2 `
`
1

12

1
12

13 2
1 2

1
1
2

13
1

1 14
1

O O

14

152
3 15

1
`

15

`
16

4 16

1
`
17

5 `

`
A - + + - +
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+ 0 -

17

1
`

￣
`

A A A
A
A
B B B
B B
O O O O O

` B
` A B
` A B
` A B

83

153
 83

2020 6 20 2021 6 11

A B
A∼C
A B

A %
140
A 198 0.32
70 B B 81 0.16 23
C 171 0.32 45
0
t1 t2 16
( )

32
A B
A
A B
A B
A t2
B
>1
B
B t2 t1 B 20 %
A B C 123
C
A
B

2020 9 11 2021 6 18

A B

A B

200
A
1 2
100
B
0
t1 t2
( )

A B
A t1 t2
A

A t2 t1

B t1 t2
A B t1 t2
100 %

154
 84

5
1 1m

1m
A
B
C

A∼C
2

3 ∼

8
4 A
A
A
B B
B
O O O

155
 84

1 2020 6 20

3 A B

A B
A

A
140
B
70 B

0
t1 t2 16
( )

A B
B

A
B t2 t1

4 ∼
￣

2 ￣

1000

100

10

1
0 50 100

156
 2019 6 18 2021 6 18

5 1 m×1 m 7
1m 1m

1 2
1m 1m
A
B
C

A B
A

6
2021 12

8
A∼C

A B C

B
2
A C

157
 86

1 3

O t1 t2 t3

0 t1 0 0 t2

K
t1
t2 t3

t1

t2 1

2 ￣ 4 A￣C

￣ ￣ ￣
A￣C

￣
A \ \
`
B \ \
C \ \ \ `

O
\
\

A
C

158
 2018 6 20

5 7 A B A B
A B
￣
A B
A B

A B
A
B

0 0 50 100 0 0 50 100
cm cm

A B

A B

2020 9

6
11

8
A￣D
A B

` t1 t2 A￣D

200
A B C D A
t1 86 48 55 11 100
B
t2 100 80 60 55 55
0
`t1 t2 B t1 t2
( )

A B

B D A B
80 A
A C t2 t1 B t1 t2

159
 2021 20

9 11 A B

A B

% % % A
A 30 19 CO2
B
B 24 22 100
0
C 29 31 CO2
A 5 13
B 13 25 120
C 70 42

B
A B
A B

A￣C

C
A B

2018 14

12 A B

10
A B
A￣E

A
200 200
A
4000 B
A￣E 100 100
A
3000 B
mm 2000 t1 t2 25 25
C
1000 D
B E
0
30 20 10 0 10
°C

A A t2 t1
A E A B
B A B
C D
C D

160
 2021 9 14

13 15 A B

A K A B
B A B A B

A 1 2
B
A B K
0
h1
0

h1

2021 9 9
16
14 A
￣ A￣C
A B B ￣

A
A B
B A￣C
T1 T2

A `
T1∼T2 A B `
C `
B

A
A
B

A B

161
 1

1
1

3 0.1 15 0.1

2 1.2 100 0.66

1 26.8 1.5 10 4 1.25

280 7.2 1010 17.7

2 2
kcal/m d /m g/m2

3 2 2
1

5 %￣20 %

%= \100

1
2

0.9 0.3
3
1

1 2

8 0.1
2000
1980

1. =2000-1980=20 2 =0.3+0.1=0.4
2. =20- 8+2 =10 =2- 0.9+0.4 =0.7 =8+0.7+0.1=8.8
3.
2 0.4
= % \100=20 %
20 100 10
\ 2 2

162
1 4 4

1
1

` = +
` = -
` = - + +

5 1
2

1
3

4 1
5
1 1

90

%= \100

1 100 2 20 2 10
%

+ +

163
 1

(CO2)

1
6
( )

N2 7

1
7
NH4+
NO3-

8
1

(N2)

9
9
1

(NH4+)
-
(NO3 )

1 2

164
1

10

1
10

2
1

1
1 1 2
1
1 2

10 1 103
.
8
1 104 t
1. 6
4 1 102
2
0
2. 1905 1915 1925 1935

90

N2 NO3-

N2 NH4+
NO3- N2
NH4+ NO3-

1 2

165
 90

2021 9 20 2019 6 20

1 3 3
A
6 2 15

12 1 100 0 40 80
B
180 1000

2 20 %
A
A

1 A
1
1 A A
B

2020 18 2018 6 18

A B

N2

A B B

0 40 80 NH4+ NO3-

A
A
B A
A B
A
B

A
B

N2 NH4+

166
 90

1 5
(CO2)

( )

2 0.2 6
∼ 1.4
14.0 NH4+ NO3-

280

2 1 NO3-

7 1
3

A B C

A∼C

4 8 2

2 1
1 2
1

167
 91

1 3 A￣D
A∼C A￣D
1 2 3
A B

X A B A B C D
100 1000 3 15

C
A￣D

A
C
X
3 1 2
C

2020 6 18

2
1 2 3
2019 6 20
2
15 % 1 4 A

10 %

3 5
15 20
100
1000 A 1000

0 40 80

A
A 3
100 A

168
5 A
7 1 2
B 1
CO2

A 1

2018 6 18

6 2021 5
A B
8
N2 A
(

A
)

B 0
10 20 30 40
( )
NH4+ NO3-

A A

169
 93

1 3
￣
1 2 A B

5500 600 150 3750

50000

3500 200 ?

A B

0.2
B
50

2 1 3

A
B

2 X

`X A￣D
1 2 2021 9 20

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10 %
` X 5
15 C
10
B
100 1 3 3
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6 2 15
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180 1000

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170
 2019 20

5 K
7 X
K
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1 2

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0 40 80 ` 380
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2
K A 2 15 %
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2020 18
8 X A B
∼ 1 A
6 X t1
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A A
10 10
B 25 15
A B 30 5
0 t1 t2
0 40 80

B
￣ 1
A
X 1
t1 t2

171
 9 11
A￣E
CO2
CO 2

A B D

C
E

A
C E

10
￣
￣ ￣
12
￣ A B
N2 NO3- NH4+
￣ A B X

￣ A
N2
NO3-
B
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NO3- NH4+ X

172
13 15
` A￣C
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A￣C 1 2

`
` B C
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NO3- A C
C

B C

16 A￣C

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14 ￣ 0.2 A C
1
X
14
X A
280
kcal/m2
B

2 A

173
 1

1
`
`
1

2
`
`

`
`

2
1

`
`
3

3
1

A
B
C
D

A B C D A B C D A B C D
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174
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1
2

5
1

97

10

175
 6

1
1

6 7

1
87000 m2 87000 m2

1000 m
640000 m2
87000 m2 87000 m2

800 m
100 m 100 m 87000 m2 4
1000 m 348000 m2
8

1
1. 640000 m2 348000 m2
2.

CITES

9
1

10

10
1

176
 11

1
11

2 12

12

1
NGO

13

13

1
CITES

14
14
1

97

177
 97 97

2020 16

￣ A 1
￣C
￣

A
B
C

A
2
A￣D A 10 24
A
B 8 8
C 12 6
A B
A￣D D 10 2

3
2019 18

0 14 28 42 4

178
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1 ￣
3 A

A B

A
A

2 ￣
2020 16

4 ￣ A
￣C
￣

A
B
C
A
B
A
B

A￣C

B
A
A B

179
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`
`
`
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180
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1 ￣
3 A￣C
￣

B C

A B C

B
C

2019 18

4
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A B C D
8 8 12
0 14 28 42
15 14 15

` 2
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A￣D

181
 5 7

A
B
C
D

A￣D

A
C

D B

8
100 %
86 % 59 %

6 7 cm
50 cm

50 cm

50 cm

`
50 cm 50 cm 50 cm

182