Onomasiology

Семантические микросистемы в топонимии — комплекс семан­ тически связанных названий смежных объектов. Рассмотрим это определение подробнее. Семантика топонима — понятие о данном географическом объ­ екте, включащее сведения о виде объекта и его местоположении. В то же время семантика — расширяющийся конус наших знаний об объекте, она неисчерпаема. Местоположение и вид объекта — вершина конуса, ближайшее значение топонима, обязательный ми­ нимум информации, необходимый для того, чтобы слово было для нас не лишенной смысла последовательностью звуков, а значимой единицей — топонимом. Апеллятив, положенный в основу назва­ ния, не всегда отражает местоположение и вид объекта, он может отражать и другие свойства объекта, знание о которых входит в объем дальнейшего (энциклопедического) значения топонима. Однако несомненно, что в случае, когда название формируется на основе изучения свойств объекта, семантика исходного апелляти­ ва входит в состав семантики топонима, причем является важней­ шим для лингвистов компонентом топонимической семантики. Не­ обходимо учитывать, что семантика исходного апеллятива и то зна­ чение апеллятива, которое закрепляется в названии, строго гово­ ря, не одно и то же. В топонимии, как и во всякой другой рече­ вой реализации языкового значения, функционирует специализи­ рованное значение исходного апеллятива: появляются новые смыс­ ловые оттенки, а какая-то часть исходной семантики может ре­ дуцироваться. Таким образом, корректнее было бы говорить об особом топонимическом значении апеллятива, однако это термино­ логически неудобно; кроме того, в ономастической литературе до­ статочно распространено определение семантики топонима как се­ мантики исходного апеллятива. Итак, под семантикой топонима мы понимаем семантику исходного апеллятива (с учетом сделанных выше оговорок). Семантическая связанность топонимов получает свое внешнее выражение в появлении номинативных комплексов, элементы ко­ торых объединены различными семантическими отношениями (ан­ тонимическими, синонимическими, эквонимическими и др.). Но, например, в отношениях антонимии (на уровне исходных апел­ лятивов) могут оказаться и названия удаленных объектов. Усло­ вие смежности объектов обеспечивает связь глубинную, сущно

Resumen En esta contribución se investiga sobre el diccionario onomasiológico. Para ello se ofrece una panorámica sobre los tipos de diccionarios onomasiológicos en espa-ñol, sus influencias, sus características más relevantes, así como su delimitación con otras obras que presentan este tipo de ordenación, como diccionarios de imágenes o diccionarios temáticos. El Diccionario ideológico de la lengua española de Casares de 1989, como modelo más representativo, sirve como objeto para realizar un análisis específico de este tipo de obras. El objetivo fundamental es mostrar una visión de la lexicografía onomasiológica en español, la cual es muy desconocida entre el usuario común. Palabras clave: lexicografía, diccionario onomasiológico, diccionario conceptual , Casares, información paradigmática. Abstract An onomasiological dictionary is analyzed in this contribution. For this purpose, it offers an overview of the types of onomasiological dictionaries in Spanish, their influence, their most important characteristics, as well as their differences with other onomasiological lexicographical works, such as visual or thematic dictionaries. The Casares' dictionary, being the most representative model, serves as an example for * El presente artículo se ha llevado a cabo en el marco del proyecto COMBIDIGILEX ("La combinatoria en paradigmas léxico-semánticos en contraste. Estudio empírico y digitali-zación para el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en contexto germano-iberorrománico"). El proyecto ha contado con la siguiente financiación entre los años 2016-2019: FEDER-Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidad-Agencia estatal de Investigación FFI2015-64476-P / COMBIDIGILEX.

The onomasiological approach is a theoretical framework that emphasizes the cognitive-semantic component of language and the primacy of extralinguistic reality in the process of naming. With a tangible background in the functional perspective of the Prague School of Linguistics, this approach believes that name giving is essentially governed by the needs of language users, and hence assigns a subordinate role to the traditional levels of linguistic description. This stance characterizes the onomasiological framework in opposition to other theories of language, for example, structuralism or generativism, which first tackle the form of linguistic material and then move on to meaning. The late 20th and early 21st centuries have witnessed the emergence of several cognitive-onomasiological models, all of which share an extensive use of semantic categories as working units and a particular interest in the area of word formation. Despite a number of divergences, such proposals all confront mainstream morphological research by heavily revising conventional concepts and introducing model-specific terminology regarding, for instance, the independent character of the lexicon, the (non-)regularity of word-formation processes or their understanding of morphological productivity. The result is a small set of models that have earned a pivotal position as an alternative to dominant theories of word formation.

Il contributo esamina la storia linguistica più antica del merid. scalfare con lo scopo di discuterne la probabile trafila etimologica (prestito d’origine galloromanza o voce patrimoniale?) non solo alla luce di aspetti formali ma anche alla luce della distribuzione delle testimonianze nei testi dei secc. XIII-XV. Se ne valuta la semantica e la condizione di concorrenza e convivenza con altre voci semanticamente affini
(con particolare riguardo a scaldare, voce patrimoniale scarsamente attestata nei più antichi testi meridionali); si indagano inoltre le possibili relazioni con riferimenti testuali occitanici. Si punta a sondare la percezione linguistica che accompagna l’uso di scalfare nelle antiche attestazioni pervenute. L’indagine combina la prospettiva
diatestuale con la prospettiva storico-linguistica e geo-linguistica.

The paper examines the most ancient linguistic history of the merid. scalfare with the aim of discussing the probable etymological tradition (is it a Gallo-Romance loanword or a patrimonial linguistic item?) not only in the light of formal aspects but also in the light of the distribution of the ancient evidences in the texts of the XIII-XV centuries. It evaluates the semantics of the word and the condition of competition and coexistence with other semantically similar items (with particular
regard to scaldare, a patrimonial item rarely attested in the most ancient southern texts); the paper investigates also the possible relationships of the ancient Italian occurrences with Occitan textual models. It aims to probe the linguistic perception that accompanies the use of scalfare in the ancient documentation received. The investigation combines the diatestual perspective with the historical-linguistic and geo-linguistic perspective.

En la morfología lingüística hay varios fenómenos aún no estudiados con profundidad; uno de estos, que no figura como tema relevante en las monografías sobre formación de palabras, es el de los esquemas rivales o en competencia. Esta rivalidad permite que exista más de una estructura válida para crear una nueva palabra, o bien, que dos palabras derivadas con significados semejantes coexistan, a veces, incluso, compartiendo la misma distribución. Este tipo de esquemas compiten en la creación o interpretación de nuevas palabras y, por lo regular, prevalecen los más productivos, es decir, los que generan más palabras y que están disponibles con mayor fuerza en el léxico de los hablantes. Muchas de las rivalidades entre esquemas se deben a su pertenencia a un mismo campo conceptual. En español, esta característica es más evidente en la sufijación, que es el proceso de formación de palabras más rendidor. Existe un gran repertorio de afijos que establecen rivalidades debidas a las coincidencias de significado y función dentro del sistema. En este libro se estudia este fenómeno y se dan pautas para su descripción.

Dopo una breve panoramica sugli studi relativi al bestiario della Commedia, si prendono in considerazione due dei più celebri esseri infernali – Cerbero e Lucifero – accomunati dal fatto di essere entrambi
identificati dall'epiteto vermo. Grazie all'analisi delle possibili fonti, ma soprattutto a indagini di tipo storico-linguistico e onomasiologico, si cerca di far luce sulla eccezionale polisemia che contraddistingue
questo termine, fornendo così un’interpretazione, basata su dati rigorosi e il più possibile oggettivi, sul motivo che potrebbe aver spinto Dante a
impiegarlo unicamente per questi due esseri.

RÉSUMÉ Cet article fait partie d'un projet de recherche onomasiologique plus vaste, relatif aux termes désignant les parties du corps dans les langues iraniennes. L'auteure se con-centre ici sur les termes iraniens utilisés pour désigner les « gencives » ‒ aussi bien d'un point de vue notionnel que dialectologique. L'objectif est d'identifier les diffé-rents modèles cognitifs servant à désigner, dans les langues iraniennes, cette partie du corps, et d'établir l'aire de diffusion de mots simples ou d'ensembles de mots ap-parentés. L'auteure, d'une part, met ici en évidence de forts liens conceptuels entre les « gencives » et d'autres parties de l'intérieur de la bouche, et, d'autre part, suggère des modèles concurrents en termes de conceptualisation des éléments constituant ce cadre. Plusieurs étymologies iraniennes inédites sont également avancées. Mots-clés : lexique iranien, onomasiologie iranienne, termes des parties du corps iraniens, dialectologie iranienne, étymologies iraniennes ABSTRACT This paper, which is part of a broader onomasiological research project on the body part terms in Iranian, focuses on the Iranian terms for 'gums of the teeth' from both a motivational and a dialectological perspective. The goal is to individuate the different cognitive patterns of denomination for this body part in the Iranian languages and to establish the areal diffusion of single words or set of cognate words. The strong conceptual links between 'gums' and other parts belonging to the 'interior of the mouth' frame have been pointed out and competing models in conceptualising the elements making up that frame have also been suggested. Several new Iranian etymologies have been proposed.

This paper focusses on the concept of ‘grammatical metaphor’ as it is conceived of in the framework of systemic functional linguistics. After an illustration of major subtypes of grammatical metaphor, the concept is explained in relation to lexical metaphor, using onomasiological and semasiological perspectives as two complementary viewpoints on metaphorical meaning in general.

O termo 'ontologia' é frequentemente usado no âmbito da Ciência da Computação para referir-se a
uma "especificação [...] de uma conceptualização" (Gruber, 1993: 2). Mas será de conceitos que a ontologia
trata? Smith, por exemplo, que tem vindo a desenvolver o seu trabalho sobre ontologias no âmbito da
biomedicina argumenta que as ontologias, pelo menos as ontologias científicas de domínio específico e
científico, não tratam de conceitos mas de universais (Smith, s.d. b.)
Este artigo tem por objectivo analisar os termos usados por diferentes autores, que têm vindo a
contribuir para o estudo das ontologias, de forma a encontrar um denominador comum.

Il Corpus TraGallo (Corpus dei testi galloromanzi tradotti in volgare) intende fornire materiali per lo studio del contatto tra le varietà galloromanze e italoromanze nel medioevo, con applicazioni all'analisi lessicale, traduttologica e onomasiologica.

È straordinariamente sorprendente la quantità di animali che popolano l'universo a cui Dante ha dato vita nel suo capolavoro, dalla lonza del canto proemiale fino alle api protagoniste del meraviglioso affresco col quale il poeta descrive le schiere angeliche infiorarsi nella candida rosa del Paradiso. Nel BOC queste presenze sono dettagliatamente schedate e analizzate con lo scopo di mostrarne la varietà tassonomica, simbolica e linguistica, ricostruendo caso per caso il complesso dei significati affidati ai singoli esseri nella cultura medievale, per valutare se e in che misura la conoscenza di essi possa facilitare la decodifica del testo dantesco. Seguendo l'impostazione degli antichi bestiari, il libro - suddiviso in 177 voci ordinate secondo il modello concettuale proposto da R. Hallig e W. von Wartburg e corredato da un ciclo di 85 illustrazioni originali per le chine di Marco Napoli - vuole proporsi come un'opera di taglio enciclopedico, da consultare, più che da leggere, dove trova spazio la totalità del lessico legato al mondo animale della Commedia.

The paper deals with the etymology and dialectology of Turkic armut, Persian armud 'pear'. The interrelations of these phytonymical families were treated a few years ago by Prof. Uwe Bläsing who considered the Turkic words borrowed from a Middle Iranian language (viz. Pahlavi, because of some isolated attestation in this language), but also the Ira-nian words probably borrowed from a third (unknown) language of the Irano-Caucasian area. On the basis of an extensive areal study (with original materials from the archive of the Balochi Etymological Dictionary Project, L'Orientale University, Naples) the author argues for a back dating of the Iranian attestations, and the preservation in many modern Iranian dialects of a lexical type believed to be isolated in Middle Persian.

There has been an increasing interest in ontologies over the last years by the computer science. This
interest can be attributed to the advent of what has been known as Semantic Web. Consequently, a
persistent interest in Onomasiological Lexicography has arisen and several authors have written about
the relation between thesaurus and ontologies, determined to build bridges between the two. The aim of
this paper is to light up the discussion between the similarities and differences between onomasiological
dictionaries and ontologies. It presents some definitions for concepts such as onomasiology,
onomasiological dictionaries, ontologies, formal ontologies, linguistic ontologies. It also intends to
demonstrate that the differences pointed out by some authors to distinguish onomasiological dictionaries
from ontologies are not quite evident.

En la morfología léxica es muy común encontrar esquemas de formación de palabras que rivalizan entre sí porque pertenecen a un mismo campo conceptual. Esta característica es más evidente en la sufijación, que es el proceso de formación de palabras más productivo en español. La derivación proporciona a los hablantes un gran repertorio de afijos que en muchos casos establecen rivalidades debidas a las coincidencias de significado y función dentro del sistema. Pongamos por caso la competencia que se da entre los sufijos deverbales -ción y -miento: agrupación y agrupamiento; financiación y financiamiento; aburrición y aburrimiento; detención y de- tenimiento; etc. Esta situación se complica si consideramos que existen otros sufijos rivales en el sistema: -dura (torcedura, torcimiento); -aje (almacenamiento, almacenaje). Dichos esquemas rivales compiten en la creación de nuevas palabras y comúnmente se afirma que la competencia se resuelve a favor del esquema más productivo. Sin embargo, puesto que la productividad es relativa y depende de múltiples factores, en la com- petencia entre esquemas rivales no siempre prevalece el mismo esquema formativo. En esta investigación se pretende describir el fenómeno, señalar el origen de algunas de estas rivalidades y proponer parámetros y factores relevantes para definir y caracterizar este proceso. Se argumentará que la mayoría de estas rivalidades dependen tanto de factores estructurales como de factores de uso lingüístico que interactúan de diferentes maneras y en distintos grados.

The studies reported in this special issue exemplify two approaches to semantic typology and to the study of word meaning more generally. One is an extensional approach, which relates verbs of cutting and breaking to the scenes which they are used to describe. The other focuses on the argument structure of the verbs, the relevant data being the verbs' participation in argument structure alternations. It is encouraging that these very di¤erent approaches partition the verbs of material separation in roughly compatible ways. This roundup to the special issue also addresses the interpretation of the naming data, with respect to the notions of prototype and basic level. Attention is drawn to the fact that in general the cut and break verbs seem not to display much taxonomic depth, a finding which is in stark contrast to the often elaborate taxonomies exhibited by nominal concepts.

The American physicist David Bohm famously described the need for awareness of thought activity. The conservation of quality ontological architecture (COQOA) is a blueprint for computationally meeting this need. The COQOA is the logical description of: (a) a tri-dimensional space; (b) an unbounded, triptychal, helical, fractal (THF) situated in this space; and (c) the triptychal fractal invariant (TFI) of the THF. The THF is how the entirety of all past, present, and future human thought appears when considered in the tri-dimensional space. The TFI is the relationship between three indecomposable contiguities comprising all equilibria. They are the totally ordered respective dimensions of the tri-dimensional space. These three have been variously named: (a) rajas, sattva, and tamas; (b) yang, s-line, and yin; and (c) pingala, sushumna, and ida. The COQOA exploits the Fuxi xiantian taiji tu and the caduceus as logical schematics of the TFI composition and structure. Using modified universal modeling language, COQOA adds an abduction foundation ontology to the Cyc Knowledge Base’s suggested upper merged ontology. The result is a design for computationally identifying and reasoning about two distinct ways human thoughts materialize in space-time contiguously.

To empower end users in searching for historical linguistic content with a performance that far exceeds the research functions offered by websites of, e.g., historical dictionaries, is undoubtedly a major advantage of (Linguistic) Linked Open Data ([L]LOD). An important aim of lexicography is to enable a language-independent, onomasiological approach, and the modelling of linguistic resources following the LOD paradigm facilitates the semantic mapping to ontologies making this approach possible. Hallig-Wartburg's Begriffssystem (HW) is a well-known extra-linguistic conceptual system used as an onomasiological framework by many historical lexicographical and lexicological works. Published in 1952, HW has meanwhile been digitised. With proprietary XML data as the starting point, our goal is the transformation of HW into Linked Open Data in order to facilitate its use by linguistic resources modelled as LOD. In this paper, we describe the particularities of the HW conceptual model and the method of converting HW: We discuss two approaches, (i) the representation of HW in RDF using SKOS, the SKOS thesaurus extension, and XKOS, and (ii) the creation of a lightweight ontology expressed in OWL, based on the RDF/SKOS model. The outcome is illustrated with use cases of medieval Gascon, and Italian.

У статті розглянуто словотвірне контамінування як один зі способів називання осіб в українських арґотичних системах. З’ясовано, що зазначений спосіб деривації реалізує свої потенції на базі питомих і запозичених лексичних одиниць (з пристосуванням останніх до звукової та морфемної структури соціолекту) за рахунок поєднання стандартних і субстандартних елементів, оприявнюючи тим самим лінгвальну економію на словотвірному рівні. Крім того, визначено низку мовних і позамовних процесів, що супроводжують арґотичне контамінування: використання чужомовної моделі як зразка для творення, «асоціативність» і «стереотипність» деривації, антонімійну значеннєву структуру твірних основ, семантичну індивідуалізацію тощо. Вони свідчать про системність української національної мови на різних етапах її функціонування на рівні соціолектного та літературного словотворення, тяглість і структурно-семантичну модельованість називання осіб у різних складових національної мови, уможливлюють подальше проектування дериваційного рівня мови з огляду на синтез традиційних та специфічних способів і засобів номінування.
Ключові слова: арґо, номінування, спосіб словотворення, контамінування, словотвірна модель, мовна гра.

Questo articolo esamina etimologicamente un numero significativo di parole delle lingue indoeuropee che entrano nel campo semantico di "misericordia". Tra esse c'è in qualche modo un rapporto sinonimico. L'intenzione di raggiungere l'etimologia ultima di ogniuna di esse risponde alla domanda se è possibile ipotizzare un termine ricostruito indoeuropeo che significhi "misericordia" e dia un'idea di come è stata concettualizzata.  I percorsi etimologici rivelano che più indietro si torna più si ha a che vedere con la semantica del corporeo e sensibile. Tale fenomeno, seppur molto di rado, viene qui messo in esame nella prospettiva degli studi metaforici e metonimici della linguistica cognitiva recente.
La prima parte è costituita da una raccolta lessicale secondo aree linguistiche. Il destilato ultimo è le diverse radici indoeuropee ivi emerse. La seconda parte è un'elaborazione semantica di ciò che viene messo in evidenza dallo studio delle etimologie. La validità delle nozioni di "misericordia" che l'etimologia rivela sottostanti ai termini e alla loro concettualizzazione, viene supportata dall'uso metaforico simile che la letteratura o la fraseologia popolare mostra quando vuole parlare di "misericordia".

Despite the increasing interest within the humanities in recent years in the phenomenon of smell, it was found out that extensive research within the framework of linguistics has not been done. The aim of this study was determined as a linguistic analysis of the phenomenon of smell in Russian language. In order to understand the formation process of language units relevant to the olfactory phenomenon in Russian, there was a need in a diachronic research. The language units and naming patterns of the phenomenon of smell in Old Russian were defined. In line with the synchronic approach the naming patterns of the phenomenon in modern Russian were defined by using the Russian Language Corpus. The features of naming patterns of the smell in modern Russian were described. The approach developed within the framework of functional linguistics and aimed at determining the models, coding information about reality in language system, was applied. It was found out that in addition to the agent-oriented naming patterns in Old Russian, state-oriented and phenomenon-oriented models are used in the modern language. The syntactic structures, which can be classified as synthetic and analytical, as well as their features formed by the naming patterns were examined. The classification of analytical structures was made according to lexical functions described in the meaning↔text theory. The significance of the findings of the study for the modern Russian language research, typology studies, foreign language and translation teaching are underlined. The importance of contrastive language studies within the framework of functional approach is emphasized.

Dal riscontro di numerosi nomi di 'misericordia' nelle lingue indoeuropee, emerge che in questi popoli il concetto sia presente con sfumature variegate, delineate da una fitta quantità di sostantivi che la denotano sotto diversi aspetti. Trattandosi di una qualità 'umana', in senso specificante e qualificativo dell'uomo, la si può ipotizzare già presente nei primi popoli indoeuropei, seppur lo studio etimologico non evidenzi nessuna radice ie con valore semantico di 'misericordia'. Tuttavia, le icone sottostanti alle radici ie pervenuteci rivelano che i nomi di 'misericordia' in questa famiglia hanno in origine meccanismi di concettualizzazione che partono da campi semantici riguardanti il corpo umano, il mondo dell'affettività, le azioni fisiche, la sofferenza e 'ciò che è piacevole ai sensi'. Quest'affermazione si trova in linea con le conclusioni emerse dagli studi sul dinamismo del pensiero metaforico, cioè sulla tendenza umana a esprimere concetti di un dominio semantico da un altro più immediato all'esperienza.

In the 15. STaPs (Sprachwissenschaftliche Tagung für Promotionsstudierende) at University of Fribourg (27-28 September 2019), I will present my doctoral project "Semantic mapping of Lessico Etimologico Italiano (LEI)". The abstract of my presentation is on page 12 of the Book of Abstracts.

Studies of word-formation have pointed towards a multifaceted nature of morphological productivity (Bauer 2001, Plag 2006). With this in mind, this article explores Štekauer’s (1998, 2001) approach to word-formation based on three pivotal oppositions: availability vs. profitability, paradigmatic vs. syntagmatic relations, and a quantitative vs. qualitative view of language. Once word creation is depicted from an onomasiological perspective, we turn to the syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes of productivity and illustrate the phenomenon with examples from the semantic category INSTRUMENT. This also serves to portray the naming act and productivity measurement as understood in the onomasiological approach.

This paper focusses on the concept of 'grammatical metaphor' as it is conceived of in the framework of systemic functional linguistics. After an illustration of major sub-types of grammatical metaphor, the concept is explained in relation to lexical metaphor, using onomasiological and semasiological perspectives as two complementary viewpoints on metaphorical meaning in general.

Este trabalho visa apresentar uma proposta teórico-metodológica de aplicação dos conceitos de onomasiologia e semasiologia para os estudos de neologia. Entendemos que a criação de um neologismo pode ser encarada como um processo onomasiológico (do conceito à denominação) e a interpretação de um neologismo, como um processo semasiológico (da denominação ao conceito). Em outros termos, o criador de um neologismo parte do conceito que tem em mente para encontrar a melhor forma de expressá-lo linguisticamente (onomasiologia); já o decodificador de um neologismo parte de uma expressão neológica para identificar o(s) significado(s) pretendido(s) por ela (semasiologia). Ao analisar o neologismo sob uma ou outra perspectivas, diferentes questões podem ser propostas: a) onomasiologicamente: quais são os recursos linguísticos à disposição do falante para criar um neologismo com o significado pretendido; quais recursos são mais adequados às intenções comunicativas específicas do criador do neo...

AlmaDante 2018, Seminario Dantesco. Università di Bologna 20-22 giugno 2018.
Figlio di Crisaore (a sua volta figlio della gorgone Medusa) e della ninfa oceanina Calliroe, Gerione appare per la prima volta in Esiodo (Theog. 287-288) come essere tricipite, ma nella mitologia greca – e in seguito latina – è più spesso descritto come un gigante con tre corpi, re di tre isole iberiche, che Ercole uccide per impossessarsi dei suoi buoi rossi, nutriti con carne umana (Euripide, Eracle 423; Apollodoro, Biblioteca II 5 10 e poi Virgilio, Aen. VIII, 202-204). Eppure, nella trasposizione a demone infernale dantesco, i suoi tre corpi umani mutano in qualcosa di incredibilmente più complesso. Prendendo le mosse dal concetto isidoriano di eteromorfia (Etym. XI, iii, 9) e grazie a indagini di tipo storico-linguistico e onomasiologico, il contributo intende analizzare dettagliatamente le nature che compongono questa figura centrale – anche a livello topografico – dell’Inferno. Tentando di sbrogliare e di categorizzare le varie componenti del viluppo che ne costituisce l’ibrida anatomia, si dimostra come e in che misura ad essa partecipino quantomeno il regno umano, quello dei mammiferi, dei rettili, degli insetti e – forse – quello dei pesci. Una volta inquadrate le caratteristiche di Gerione – essere infernale che, più di ogni altro, fa dell’eteromorfia la sua stessa essenza – si procede infine con l’analisi di bestiari e fonti enciclopediche mediolatine che possano aver agito da filtro sul mito classico, per poi concludere osservando le realizzazioni iconografiche del mostro nei primi manoscritti miniati della Commedia.

Kritische Analyse verschiedener deutscher Grammatiken: Aufbau,  Vollständigkeit und Zugänglichkeit der in ihnen enthaltenen Informationen und Brauchbarkeit fur den Spracherwerber. Am Beispiel der Funktion "Konzessivität ausdrücken" verdeutlichen die Autoren, wie eine onomasiologisch aufgebeute Grammatik aussehen musste.

This paper examines the formation patterns and functions of names in Chinua Achebe's Anthills of the Savannah, motivated by the scanty scholarly studies on names in the text. All the personal names in the text are studied and analysed, using insights from contextual models. The paper identifies four types of names in Anthills: official names, first names, nicknames and institutional/titular names. It also picks out three dimensions of these names: branching, non-branching and active-mentioned, which are associated with the types. It shows that the names have structural and formation patterns such as + title prefixing, +first name, + surname, indigenous language form, coinage, abbronymy, clipping, qualification and full form representation. It also demonstrates that the names play contextual and ideological roles such as being interactional tools, address terms, weapons of criticisms and vision projectors. The paper concludes that names in Anthills are carefully chosen to serve particular thematic and stylistic purposes.