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2.

The flow rate of air at 30oC in a 2” Schedule steel pipe is measured by an orifice meter with a
diameter of ¾”. If the manometer reading is 6 cm H2O and the upstream pressure is 250 kPa, what is the
flow in Lit/min? What is the Friction or permanent head loss?
 Determine the rectangular representation of 𝑭. Find the angles between 𝑭 and each of the
positive coordinate axes. The magnitude of the force 𝑭 acting in the direction shown is 500 N.
In the Deacon Process for the manufacture of Cl2, a mixture of HCl gas and air is passed over a
heated catalyst which promotes oxidation of the acid. Air is used in 30 % excess of that theoretically
required.

a) Calculate per kg of acid, the kg of air supplied

b) Mass composition of the gas mixture entering the reaction chamber

c) Wt % composition of the gases leaving the chamber assuming 60% of the acid is oxidized

Reaction:

4HCl + O2 2Cl2 + 2H2O

Basis: 1000 kg HCl


32 𝑘𝑔 𝑂2
1000 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 × [ ] = 219.48 𝑘𝑔 𝑂2
4 × 36.45 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙

We can calculate the total mass of air using O2:

Let x = mass of air 0.21 (𝑋) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 O2

0.21 (𝑋) = 219.48 kg

X = 1045.14 𝑘𝑔 theoretical mass

Mass of air supplied: 1.3 (𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

1.3 (1045.14 𝑘𝑔) = 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟


1358.68 kg 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
1358.68 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
A. 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
= 1.358
B. Composition of Gas Mixture entering:

total mass of gas mixture:

1000 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 1358.68 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 2358.68 𝑘𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙


1000 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙
wt % HCl: 2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
× 100 = 42.4 %

1358.68 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
wt % air: × 100 = 57.6 %
2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

OR:
0.21×1358.68 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
wt % O2: × 100 = 12.1 %
2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

0.78×1358.68 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
wt % N2: 2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
× 100 = 44.93 %

0.01×1358.68 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
wt % Ar: 2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
× 100 = 0.58 %

C. Wt % composition of the gases leaving assuming 60% of the acid is oxidized

mass Cl2:
2×70.9 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑙2
0.6 × 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 × [4×36.45 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙] = 583.54 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑙2

mass 𝐻2𝑂:
2×18 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2𝑂
0.6 × 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 × [4×36.45 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙] = 148.15 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2𝑂

mass O2 reacted:
32 𝑘𝑔 𝑂2
0.6 × 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 × [ ] = 131.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑂2
4×36.45 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙

unreacted HCl:

0.4 × 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 400 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙

mass of air leaving:

1358.68 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 131.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑂2 = 1226.99 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟

C. Wt % composition of the gases leaving assuming 60% of the acid is oxidized

total mass leaving:

583.54 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑙2 + 148.15 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2𝑂 + 400 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 1226.99 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 2358.68 𝑘𝑔


583.54 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑙2
wt % Cl2: × 100 = 24.74 %
2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

148.15 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2𝑂
wt % 𝐻2𝑂: 2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
× 100 = 6.28 %

400 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙
wt % HCl: 2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
× 100 = 16.96 %

1226.99 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
wt % air: × 100 = 52.02 %
2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

composition of air leaving:

0.21×1358.68 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟−131.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑂2
wt % O2: 2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
× 100 = 6.51 %

0.78×1358.68 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
wt % N2: 2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
× 100 = 44.93 %

0.01×1358.68 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
wt % Ar: 2358.69 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
× 100 = 0.58 %

6. In order to obtain barium in a form that may be put into solution, natural sulfate, barytes, is
fused with sodium carbonate. A quantity of barytes, containing only pure barium sulfate and
infusible matter, is fused with excess pure, anhydrous soda ash. Upon analysis of the fusion
mass it is found to contain 11.3% BaSO4, 27.7% Na2SO4 and 20.35 Na2CO3. The remainder is
barium carbonate and infusible matter. Calculate:

 % completion of the conversion of barium sulfate to carbonate and the


analysis of the fusion mass.

 Composition of the original barites

 % excess Na2CO3
Basis: 1000 kg Fusion Mass
𝑘𝑔
197.3 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = (1000 × 0.277) 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 ×
𝑘𝑔
142.045 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 384.75 𝑘𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑂3

Thus,
384.75 𝑘𝑔
% 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = × 100 = 38.48 % 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑂3
1000 𝑘𝑔
% 𝐼𝑀 = (40.65 − 38.48)% = 2.17 % 𝐼𝑀

𝑘𝑔
233.365 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 384.75 𝑘𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ×
𝑘𝑔
197.3 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 455.08 𝑘𝑔
Thus,

𝑚𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 455.08 𝑘𝑔 + (1000 × 0.113) 𝑘𝑔 = 568.08 𝑘𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4


455.08 𝑘𝑔
% 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100 = 80.11 %
568.08 𝑘𝑔
Analysis of Fusion Mass

mBaSO4 = (1000 x 0.113) kg = 113 kg BaSO4

mNa2SO4 = (1000 x 0.277) kg = 277 kg Na2SO4

mNa2CO3 = (1000 x 0.2035) kg = 203.5 kg Na2CO3

mBaCO3 = (1000 x 0.3848) kg = 384.8 kg BaCO3

mIM = (1000 x 0.0217) kg = 21.7 kg IM

Composition of barytes

mBarytes = mBaSO4 ent’g + mIM

mBarytes = 568.08 kg + 21.7 kg

mBarytes = 589.78 kg

Hence,
% BaSO4 = 96.32 %

% Infusible Matter = 3.68 %


𝑘𝑔
105.98 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 568.08 𝑘𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ×
𝑘𝑔
233.365 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 257.99 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3

mNa2CO3 supplied = mNa2CO3 reacted + mNa2CO3 unreacted

mNa2CO3 supplied = 206.67 kg + 203.5 kg = 410.17 kg Na2CO3

Therefore,
(410.17 − 257.99) 𝑘𝑔
% 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = × 1000
257.99 𝑘𝑔
% 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 58.99 %

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