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2014
Sardis has been the name of the settlement here for more than 3,000 years. The oldest occupation levels excavated at Sardis date back to the late Bronze Age, around 1400 B.C. But much older artifacts, going way back to the Early Bronze Age and Neolithic Period of the 3rd-7th millennia B.C., have also been recovered at the site. At later times, Sardis was the capital of the Kingdom of Lydia that spanned over half of Anatolia (modern Asian part of Turkey). Due to its successful trade and commerce, Sardis remained the center of fame and wealth for many centuries. It featured a grand Roman bath and a gymnasium complex and a Jewish synagogue (third largest in the world). Later, some artifacts of the Temple of Artemis (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) were also brought to the city. As the early Lydian kingdom developed industrial arts and manufacture, skillful craftsmen of Sardis discovered the secret of producing silver and gold of an unknown purity to the date. This discovery made Sardis famous for being the very place where modern currency was invented. Sardis was a major urban settlement of the Persian Empire, and the seat of the Roman Empire’s Proconsul. One of the Seven Churches of Asia mentioned by St. John in the Bible was there, as it was an important center of Early Christianity. Eventually, Sardis was neglected and fell under the Ghazi’s control, handed over to them by treaty in 1306. The decline went on until the are was taken by Mongols in 1402. By the 19th century, Sardis was in ruins. The first excavation campaign of 1910 was halted by World War I until it was resumed by Cornell University in 1958. From 1976 until 2007, new excavations were directed by archaeologists of the University of California, Berkeley. Nowadays, although some artifacts can be found in to the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, Turkey ensures that all artifacts of value remain in the country.
2018
Sardis, capital city of the Lydian and Persian kings, stronghold of the Seleukid kings, metropolis of Roman Asia, and episcopal see in the Byzantine period, has been the focus of archaeological research since the early 1900s. This monograph focuses on the over 8,000 coins minted in the Lydian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods that were excavated between 1973 and 2013 in the Harvard–Cornell Expedition. The book places coins within eastern Mediterranean historical, cultural, and economic contexts, in order to better understand the monetized economy of Sardis. It adds important archaeological context to shed light on the uses of coins and the nature of the deposits, with attention paid to the problems of monetary circulation and chronological development of the deposits, especially in the Late Roman period. Statistical analyses, including a new method of analyzing the deposits, help define the nature and chronological horizons of the strata. A catalog of the coins concludes the main body of the study, followed by appendices on countermarks, monograms, and statistical analyses.
JRS 110 270-272, 2020
H. Bru-G. Labarre (edd.), L’Anatolie des peuples, des cites et des cultures (IIe millénaire av. J.-C. – Ve siècle ap. J.-C.), Colloque international de Besançon – 26-27 Novembre 2010, Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, Besançon 2013, 189-195.
Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 1987
In 1985 A. D. Tushingham published the first volume of a report on the 1961-67 excavations in the Armenian Garden in Jerusalem. This article reviews Tushingham's interpretations regarding the excavated material dating from between the Iron Age and the end of the Early Roman period, and at the same time addresses some of the broader problems concerning the history of the Western Hill during these periods.
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