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はてなキーワード: Portableとは
この言葉は、1920年代にSF作家のチャールズ・フォート（Charles Fort）が初めて使用したと言われています。彼は超常現象や科学では説明できない現象を研究しており、その中で「瞬間的な移動」の概念を説明するために「teleportation」という言葉を造語しました。
その後、SF小説や映画などで広く使われるようになり、一般に普及しました。
「テレポート (teleport)」や「テレポーテーション (teleportation)」の語源は、ギリシャ語とラテン語に由来しています。
"tele-": ギリシャ語の「τῆλε (tēle)」に由来し、意味は「遠く」や「遠距離」を表します。
例: telephone（電話）や telescope（望遠鏡）などにも使われています。
"port": ラテン語の「portare」に由来し、意味は「運ぶ」や「移動させる」です。
例: transport（輸送する）や portable（持ち運び可能な）などに関連します。
ayaneo 3が近々でるから個人輸入するか国内版を待つといいんじゃね
https://www.4gamer.net/games/557/G055725/20241109002/
ポータブルゲーミングPCの中ではSteam Deckはそこまでオススメはされないぞ
そいつだけ独自OSだから囲い込まれる気満々の人以外はビミョー
https://www.sofmap.com/contents/?id=nw_ga_select&sid=portable
https://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/topic/feature/1625974.html
ケーブルテレビSTBでは見られない場合が多いようなのでBSパススルーとか
地域によってはSTBで見られるようになったかもしれないので最新情報要確認
・03 逢坂《おうさか》(の関
・04 ティラミス
・05 [すべて][4つ]札幌(市 旭川(市 函館(市 苫小牧(市
・08 2131億11(00万円
・09 ウィンストン・チャーチル
・10 25
・11 2(番
・13 安達祐実 あだちゆみ
・14 くぎ(煮
・15 本居宣長 もとおりのりなが
・16 かかし
・17 3(番=弐
・18 長崎(県
・22 にんじん
・yy 天王山 てんのうざん
友達が最近藤村シシンさんがFGOをギリシャ史と絡めて解説する動画にハマったらしい。ヲタトークをしていたらシシンさんの動画が面白かったという話をしていて、それはいいんだけど、「古代スパルタだとお金をわざと重くして人々が堕落しないようにしてたんだって！」と楽しそうに語りだしたので「そんなことある？？？」と思ってしまった。古代ギリシャ史については素人だけど、流石にちょっと胡散臭くないか？
ということで調べてみました！
動画はこれ。
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R-hpr7FJdI
まあトーク番組だから出典をいちいち挙げないのは当然として、じゃあ何がソースなんだろうと思ってちょっと検索してみたら、元ネタはプルタルコスの『英雄伝』なのね……『英雄伝』はギリシャ・ローマの英雄たちの逸話を紹介してる本で、日本語訳も複数出てるけど、増田は素人だから手元になくて近所の図書館にもなさそうなので、ネットで英訳版を見てみることにする。具体的にはリュクールゴスの章に書かれているらしい。
Not contented with this, he resolved to make a division of their movables too, that there might be no odious distinction or inequality left amongst them; but finding that it would be very dangerous to go about it openly, he took another course, and defeated their avarice by the following stratagem: he commanded that all gold and silver coin should be called in, and that only a sort of money made of iron should be current, a great weight and quantity of which was very little worth; so that to lay up twenty or thirty pounds there was required a pretty large closet, and, to remove it, nothing less than a yoke of oxen. With the diffusion of this money, at once a number of vices were banished from Lacedaemon; for who would rob another of such a coin? Who would unjustly detain or take by force, or accept as a bribe, a thing which it was not easy to hide, nor a credit to have, nor indeed of any use to cut in pieces? For when it was just red hot, they quenched it in vinegar, and by that means spoilt it, and made it almost incapable of being worked.
In the next place, he declared an outlawry of all needless and superfluous arts; but here he might almost have spared his proclamation; for they of themselves would have gone after the gold and silver, the money which remained being not so proper payment for curious work; for, being of iron, it was scarcely portable, neither, if they should take the means to export it, would it pass amongst the other Greeks, who ridiculed it. So there was now no more means of purchasing foreign goods and small wares; merchants sent no shiploads into Laconian ports; no rhetoric-master, no itinerate fortune-teller, no harlot-monger, or gold or silversmith, engraver, or jeweller, set foot in a country which had no money; so that luxury, deprived little by little of that which fed and fomented it, wasted to nothing and died away of itself. For the rich had no advantage here over the poor, as their wealth and abundance had no road to come abroad by but were shut up at home doing nothing. (...)
なるほど、シシンさんのトークはプルタルコスの記述に忠実だ。少なくとも彼女は盛って話していたわけではない。
で、プルタルコスの『英雄伝』が書かれたのは後2世紀初頭と言われているんだけど、ここで逸話が語られているリュクールゴスはだいたい前9世紀頃に活躍した人物と言われているのね。彼はスパルタの半ば伝説的な立法者。要するにプルタルコスは直接スパルタで鉄貨を見たんじゃなくて「1000年くらい前のスパルタではそういうことがあったらしいよ」っていう伝承を語っているのよ。古事記かな？
ところで根本的に、古代ギリシャでは鉄の棒を通貨として使っていた地域があったらしいんだよね。「わざと鉄の棒を通貨として採用した」んじゃなくて「もともと鉄の棒をお金として使ってた」だと、かなりイメージ変わってこない？
https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/greekpast/4792.html
ちょっと古い文献だけど，Charles Seltmanっていう貨幣の専門家が書いたA Book of Greek Coinsっていう本にも次のようなくだりがある。
Certain it is that before coined money was used in Greece other states as well as Sparta, chief among them Sparta's great rival Argos, regularly employed iron spits as currency.（34頁）
なんでかというと、スパルタがあったラコニア地方は単純に鉄が採れる地域なんだってさ。そら、鉄が採掘できるなら鉄貨使うわな。
Iron was mined in Laconian territory, in the southern spurs of Taygetus and Parnon which end in Capes Taenarum and Malea. It was, therefore, but natural that the Spartans, with the wealth at their disposal, should employ bar-iron as currency; and their conservatism, combined with their lack of any more precious metal, led them to continue the employment of iron money for four centuries after other Greek states had adopted coin（33頁）
さらにこうも書かれている。
a currency which was possibly kept in use for reasons of economic convenience rather than for the enforcement of a stern rule of life（34頁）
要するに、
ってことね。
「質実剛健さを重んじてわざとコインを使わなかった」のが仮に史実だとしても、「あえて鉄の棒を採用した」んじゃなくて「鉄の棒を使い続けた（＝コインを採用しなかった）」というのが本当のところなんだろうなぁ。
あと，「偉い人の論文読んでみたら、普通にスパルタでは外国の通貨使ってたらしいよ」というブログ記事も見つけた。ただ元の論文がなかなか見つけられないので確定的なことは言えないけれど……
https://hoferjonathan14.medium.com/the-iron-money-of-sparta-likely-a-myth-97d95d431a62
このエピソード、英語で色々ググってみたけど全部出典がプルタルコスに行き着くので、考古学的裏付けはあまりないっぽいんだよね。まあプルタルコスはおもしろネタが満載なわけだけど、そこしか出典がないとなると結構胡散臭いんじゃないかな。
もちろん増田は古典ギリシャ語とか読めない素人だから、実際には他のところにも記述があったり、考古学的証拠が見つかっていたり、リュクールゴス時代の古文書が発掘されている可能性もあるわけだけど、個人的にはシシンさんのスパルタの鉄貨に関するトークを信じる気にはなれないかなと思いました。
https://www.kk-bestsellers.com/articles/-/2907/
この記事に鉄の串の写真があって、シシンさんが解説を寄せている。解説の文面はまあ納得のいく見解なので（串がコインに先立つことや、コイン出現後もスパルタでは串が使われていたと書いている。そこに異論はない）、動画でのトークはネタに振り切った感じなんだろうか……
シシンさんの動画のそこ、笑ったw 増田も調査サンキューやで ／ その上で、動画はFGOというゲームを楽しむユーザー向けで、論文ではない。そこでネタとして紹介してくれたものに目くじらを立てる気に私はならんな
FGOファン向けなら史実かどうかは怪しいおもしろエピソードを史実かのように話していい…ってコト!? ワ…ワァ…FGOファンにもシシンさんにも失礼すぎて泣いちゃった！
様々な論点があるので100字に入りきらないが，スパルタは貴金属貨幣を禁止していたということと，リュクルゴス制の成立を前９世紀とするのは後世による「伝統の創造」であるこことは指摘したい。
書き方が悪かったかもしれませんが、鉄貨の存在や貴金属貨幣の禁止は否定していません。
動画では、シシンさんは「スパルタはお金をどんどん重くしていって、賄賂や贅沢を抑止していた脳筋国家である（少しでも金額が大きくなると持ちきれないほどの重さになるから袖の下は渡せないし、持つことで鍛えられるから）」と言っています。
これ、前提知識なしで聞くと「バーベルのような鉄貨は堕落を嫌ったスパルタの発明」と聞こえるんですよ。実際に増田にこの話を面白そうに話した友人もそう理解していましたし、増田もトークを聞いてそう理解しました。そして実際にプルタルコスはそう書いています。
でも実際には、単にコインの発明前からスパルタやその周辺地域には棒状の貨幣があって、スパルタはそれをコインに置き換えなかった、という話なんですよね。で、参考文献に挙げた本にも「マッチョイズムじゃなくて経済的だから使ってたんじゃない？」と書いてある（最後に引用したセンテンス）。これ絶妙に史実を勘違いさせるトークになってません？ って思っちゃうんですが、どうでしょう。
（もちろん、副次的効果として賄賂の抑止や筋力増強はあったかもしれませんが、それが主目的であるかのように論じられると……都会民は電車通勤ゆえに自家用車通勤の地方民より体力があったりしますが、都民の体力を増強させるために都はメトロを整備したんだ、と言い出したら違う話になるでしょう？）
1. Car
I assumed that it's ok to use the public transport before I bought a car.
If I explain the value of car, at first, I want to say personal space during the move.
In addition, it is very convenient for the train in Tokyo, but we need to go to main station(e.g. Shibuya, Shinjuku) once every time.
If you buy the car, you can go to your destination straightly.
1位 車
車を買う前は、公共交通機関を使えば良いと思ってた。
車の素晴らしさを説明するとすれば、まず最初に移動中に自分の空間を確保できることを挙げたい。
また、東京の電車は便利とはいえ毎回主要駅（渋谷や新宿）に行かないといけないけど、車なら目的地に直接行ける。
I have no idea that the newest editions of Air Pods, however I guess this noise canceling function is very good.
When I take a plane 3 or 4 times per year, this function's value utilize.
You can take a unbelieve good sleep like a stilling your home.
最新の機能に詳しくないけど、このノイズキャンセリング昨日は素晴らしい。
年に３～４回飛行機に乗る時、その真価は発揮される。
まるで自宅で過ごす時のような快適な睡眠が取れる。
3. Portable washlet.
In overseas, it is usually no attached washlet function for toilet.
This price is over 5,000JPY, but I think you don't need to buy the newest one. Older one is no problem.
３位 携帯ウォシュレット
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私は中国人です。中国のインターネットからコロナウイルスに関する情報を収集しています。ここで、新しいコロナウイルスからあなたを保護することができるいくつかの手段を共有します。それはあなたの命を救うかもしれません。多くの外国人は、新しいコロナウイルスは単なるインフルエンザの一種だと考えていることを知っています。しかし、それは真実ではありません。死亡率はインフルエンザよりもはるかに高いです。 HuBei州以外での死亡率は低いです。なぜなら、私たちはウイルスの拡散を遮断するために極端かつ強力な手段を講じているからです。感染人口が急速に増加すると、地元の医療システムは短時間で故障します。病院は、呼吸困難のある発熱患者でいっぱいになり、医療資源の不足は大きな犠牲者を出します。これが現在武漢で起こっていることです。中国は数千人の医師を武漢に派遣し、たった1週間で2つの新しい病院を建設し、多くの検疫センターを準備しました。しかし、まだ十分ではありません。
まず、個人的な機器は非常に重要です。 n95マスクは現在中国で長い間売り切れています。中国には最大の手術用マスク製造業があることに留意してください。どんなに高価であっても、できるだけ多く購入してください。
n95メディカルマスクを購入できない場合は、n95産業用マスクも使用できます。ヨーロッパにいる場合は、FFP2 / FFP3マスクを購入してください。これらは同じフィルタリングレベルを持っています。 n95マスクにバルブが付いている場合でも、それはあなたを保護できますが、感染している場合は他の人を保護できません。
使い捨てマスクは理論的には1回しか使用できないため、ご家族のために産業用マスク/防毒マスクを準備する必要があります。それは冗談ではありません。中国では、防毒マスクさえ売り切れました。 3M HF-52マスク、3M 6500および7500シリーズのマスクをお勧めします。呼吸器用に十分なn95フィルターを購入することを忘れないでください。 p100フィルターも優れています。 n95マスクが完全に売り切れた後、家族のために4つのマスクを購入しました。
一般的な手術用マスクまたは医療用マスクも重要です。コロナウイルスを100％防ぐことはできませんが、リスクを大幅に減らすことができます。できるだけ多く購入してください。中国では、多くの地方自治体が、医療用マスクなしで公衆送信を使用することは違法であると発表しています。綿マスクは役に立たないので、購入しないでください。
アイプロテクターは、目を通して感染するのを防ぐのに役立ちます。新しいコロナウイルスが眼と空気の接触を介して広がる可能性があるという強力な証拠があります。あなたがそれらを買うことができないならば、水泳用グラスは同じ仕事をすることができます（さらに良い）。
マスク不足に直面する可能性があることを考慮して、75％アルコール消毒剤とUV消毒ランプは、マスクを再利用するために消毒できます。あなたの家族のために十分なアルコール消毒剤とUVランプを準備してください。
汚れた手で目をこすらないでください。食べたり飲んだりする前に、携帯用手指消毒剤で手をきれいにしてください。
新しいコロナウイルスがあなたの街で発生し、他の病気を治療するために病院に行かなければならないときは、n95マスク、アイプロテクター、手袋を忘れずに着用してください。多くの患者と医師は中国の病院で感染しています。彼らは一般的な医療用マスクを着用しましたが、100％効果的ではありません。
あなたの街でコロナウイルスが発生する前に、燃料車を用意してください。彼らはそれが制御下にあると言うとき、政府を信頼しないでください。事態が悪化し、封鎖される前にあなたの都市を脱出します（米国政府が都市を封鎖できるかどうかはわかりません）。武漢を逃れた人々は今幸運です。政府を信じて武漢に滞在した人々は災害に直面しています。多くの家族が感染しています。最初に一人の人が発熱と呼吸困難になり、それから家族全員が一人ずつ感染します。病院には患者が多く、毎日数百人の患者が亡くなっています。看護師と医師は精神的に故障します。それは悪夢です。
薬物に関しては、医師たちがまだ試みているので、私は誰も推薦できません。レムデシビルは効果的だと思いますが、まだ実験中であり、市場から購入することはできません。彼らは武漢病院でレムデシビルをテストしており、10日後に結果が出ることを願っています。しかし、多くの中国の医師によって有効であることが証明された薬物があり、長い間マラリアに対処するために使用されてきました。ヒドロキシクロロキンです。 OTCではないため、処方箋なしでは購入できません。医師に尋ねる前に薬を使用しないでください。
ニューヨーク、日本、香港などの混雑した都市のアパートに住んでいる場合は、新しいコロナウイルスがエレベーター内に広がる可能性があることに注意してください。コロナウイルスは下水道にも広がる可能性があり、2003年に混雑したアパートでSARSが発生したときに香港で非常に有名な問題によって証明されました。 。
発熱がある場合は、1日に何度も体温を測定してください。患者は低熱しかありません。一部の患者（割合はまだありません
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翻訳元
【How to protect your family from the new coronavirus】
I'm a Chinese. I have been gathering information about the coronavirus from the Chinese internet. Here I share some measures that can protect you from the new coronavirus. It may save your life. I know that many foreigners think the new coronavirus is just some kind of flu. However, it's not the truth. The death rate is much higher than the flu. The death rate outside of HuBei province is low because we have taken extreme and strong measures to cut off the virus spreading. When the infected population rises rapidly, the local medical system will breakdown in a short time. The hospitals will be full of fever patients who have breathing difficulties, and the shortage of medical resources will cause huge casualties. This is what happening in WuHan now. China has sent thousands of doctors to Wuhan and built two new hospitals in just one week, and prepared many quarantine centers. BUT it's still not enough now.
First, personal equipment is extremely important. The n95 masks have been sold out for a long time in China now. Keep in mind that China has the largest surgical mask manufacturing industry. Please buy them as many as possible now, no matter how expensive.
If you can't buy the n95 medical masks, the n95 industry masks can also do the job. If you are in Europe, please buy the FFP2/FFP3 masks, they have the same filtering level. If the n95 masks have a valve, it can still protect you but it can't protect others if you are infected.
The one-time masks can be used only one time theoretically, therefore you need to prepare industry respirators/gas masks for your family. It's not a joke. In China, even the gas masks have been sold out. I recommend the 3M HF-52 respirator, the 3M 6500 and 7500 series respirators. Remember to buy enough n95 filters for your respirators. The p100 filters are also good. I bought four respirators for my family after the n95 masks are completely sold out.
The common surgical masks or medical masks are also important. They can't prevent the coronavirus 100% but they can highly reduce the risks. Please buy them as many as possible. In China, many local governments have announced that it's illegal to use public transmission without a medical mask. The cotton masks are useless, don't buy them.
The eye protectors can help you to prevent being infected through the eye. We have strong evidence that the new coronavirus can spread through the eye-air contact. If you can't buy them, the swimming glass can do the same job (even better).
Considering that you may face masks shortage, the 75% alcohol disinfectant and UV disinfection lamp can disinfect masks for reusing them. Prepare enough alcohol disinfectant and a UV lamp for your family.
Don't use dirty hands to rub your eyes. Clean your hand with a portable hand sanitizer before eating and drinking.
When the new coronavirus outbreaks in your city and you have to go to the hospital to treat other diseases, please remember to wear n95 masks, eye protectors and gloves. Many patients and doctors are infected in Chinese hospitals. They weared the common medical masks but they are not 100% effective.
Before the coronavirus outbreak in your city, please prepare a fueled car. Don't trust the government when they say it's under control. Escape your city before things become too bad and lockdown (I don't know if the US government can lockdown a city). The people who escaped WuHan are lucky now. Those people who believed the government and stayed in WuHan is facing a disaster. Many families are infected. First one person has a fever and breathing difficulty, then all the family members are infected one by one. The hospitals are full of patients and hundreds of patients die every day. Nurses and doctors mentally breakdown. It's a nightmare.
When it comes to drugs, I can't recommend anyone since the doctors are still trying. I believe the Remdesivir is effective however it's still in the experiment and you can't buy them from the market. They have tested Remdesivir in WuHan hospital and hopefully the result will come out in 10 days. However, there is one drug that has been proved effective by many Chinese doctors and it has been used for dealing with malaria for a long time. It's Hydroxychloroquine. It's not OTC, therefore, you can't buy it without a prescription. Don't use any drugs before asking your doctor.
If you are living in an apartment in a crowded city like New York, Japan, and Hong Kong, please remember that the new coronavirus can spread in the elevator. The coronavirus can also spread through the sewer and it has been proved by a very famous issue in Hong Kong when SARS outbreaks in a crowded apartment in 2003. Seal your drains in the toilet if anyone has been infected in your apartment and please avoid using elevators.
When you have a fever, please measure the body temperature many times a day. The patients may only have low fever. Some patients (the percentage is still not sure) will have breathing difficulty in about one week. When you feel it's diffcult to breath, please report to your doctor as soon as possible.
\ 2,000 Webカメラ (最低 480p/30fps) ベストセラー品 https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B003YUB66A/
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\ 398 FaceRig Live2D Module http://store.steampowered.com/app/420680/FaceRig_Live2D_Module/
上記FaceRig モジュールの対応は Live2D Cubism 2.1 までなので、Cubism 3 には手を出さずに旧製品を使うとよい、らしい。
http://www.live2d.com/ja/download
\ 0 Live2D Cubism Editor 2 Free http://www.live2d.com/ja/download/cubism2-pro-free-comparison
\ 0 Live2D Viewer http://sites.cybernoids.jp/cubism2/tools/live2d-viewer
以下参考
\ 0 Live2D Cubism 3 Editor Free版 http://www.live2d.com/ja/products/cubism3
Cubism 2.1モデルファイルへの書き出し は Pro のみなので、おそらくこちらは選ばないほうがよい。 http://www.live2d.com/ja/download/cubism3-pro-free-comparison
Cubism 3 に対応するViewerは Portable Viewer ？ http://cubism3.live2d.com.s3.amazonaws.com/tools/portableviewer/download.html
・画を描く能力
・画を分解する能力
・時間
気をつけてたのについ１回だけ味方殺ししちゃってありがちなBエンド（ラハールがプリニーになってもどってくるやつ
そんときは確かラスダンあたりで詰まって（敵が倒せなく鳴って）EDまで見れなかった
＃広く浅く育て過ぎてまともに強いやつがいなかった
＃効率のいいレベル上げもラストになった今更やる気にならなかった
経験値UPも早い段階でMAXにしといたから、一周目でちょこっとレベリングするだけでラハール２００くらいあったし
最初EXP増加屋６とか８のアイテム界にもぐってたけど、あまりにも効率悪くてだるくなったから先にストーリー進めたら１回で１００とかとれるうはうはハンド界があって超便利だった
クリア後セーブを念のため別ファイルにセーブしてからエトナ編はじめたけど、ラハールの装備が全部自動的に外れてなくてラハールが持ったままになっちゃってて、いい装備とかまったくない状態＋エトナレベル３５とかこりゃ無理だと思ってもっかいクリア前のデータからエトナ育てて・・・ってやろうかと思ったけどめんどくなったからやめた
まず剣の熟練度上げるためにWMうｐのアイテム界にもぐりまくった後にエトナの剣のWMあげてヴァルギプスにこもってレベリングとかだるすぎると思って
ディスガイアはやりこみばっか話題になるけど、きゃらも ストーリーもいいよなあって改めて思った
youtubeのコメントで、ディスガイアを小学生のときにやって泣いたってコメントあって、おいおい俺なんかまずPS2が出たのが中３なんだがって思ったりした
ざっくり１０個年下って感じだよなあ・・・すげーわ
世間擦れした大人がやってもはいはいこういうのねって思っちゃうところも、子どもの純粋な感性でやれば絶対楽しかったと思う
エトナがエロ可愛くてすごくよかった
今度は、２のアクターレ編（１でいうエトナ編な外伝）を最初からはじめた
やっぱり弱いときにひーひー言いながらいろいろ工夫するのが一番楽しいな
育て上げたので俺TUEEするのも楽しいけど、やっぱり食べ物と同じで、いくらおいしくても最初の数口のときめきはその後の惰性で口に運んだ時のそれとは比べ物にならないんだよなあ
とりあえずアクターレ編（弱）を軽くクリアして本編に入ろうと思う
以前１をラストで挫折して２の本編はじめたときはなんかすぐ飽きてやめちゃったけど、アクターレ編から入ったら１から続けてやっても楽しめそうな感じしてる
いまもうRPGとか時間が無くて仕組みもややこしくやってないんだけど
なんかもうちょっと小規模で完結した感じのコンパクトなゲームってないの？
規模がでかすぎてマップも広すぎて
遊ぶのが大変。
かといって、パズルも苦手なんだよね。
コンパクトな規模で短時間でやり応えのあるゲームってないのかな。
追記
GB ゲームボーイウォーズ２TURBO（最終面Z戦車スーパーミサイル配置済みでクリアできないｗ）
PSP STAR STRIKE PORTABLE（エンドレスモードいいね）
PSP グラディウスポータブル（グラIIIをよくする、ムズいのでビギナー3ステージエンドｗ）
こんなもののローテーションで遊んでるｗ
Digital cameras are made in a wide range of sizes, prices and capabilities. The majority are camera phones, operated as a mobile application through the cellphone menu. Professional photographers and many amateurs use larger, more expensive digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) for their greater versatility. Between these extremes lie digital compact cameras and bridge digital cameras that "bridge" the gap between amateur and professional cameras. Specialized cameras including multispectral imaging equipment and astrographs continue to serve the scientific, military, medical and other special purposes for which digital photography was invented.
Subcompact with lens assembly retracted
Compact cameras are designed to be tiny and portable and are particularly suitable for casual and "snapshot" uses. Hence, they are also called point-and-shoot cameras. The smallest, generally less than 20 mm thick, are described as subcompacts or "ultra-compacts" and some are nearly credit card size.[2]
Most, apart from ruggedized or water-resistant models, incorporate a retractable lens assembly allowing a thin camera to have a moderately long focal length and thus fully exploit an image sensor larger than that on a camera phone, and a mechanized lens cap to cover the lens when retracted. The retracted and capped lens is protected from keys, coins and other hard objects, thus making it a thin, pocketable package. Subcompacts commonly have one lug and a short wrist strap which aids extraction from a pocket, while thicker compacts may have two lugs for attaching a neck strap.
Compact cameras are usually designed to be easy to use, sacrificing advanced features and picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in flash usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. Live preview is almost always used to frame the photo. Most have limited motion picture capability. Compacts often have macro capability and zoom lenses but the zoom range is usually less than for bridge and DSLR cameras. Generally a contrast-detect autofocus system, using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager, focuses the lens.
Typically, these cameras incorporate a nearly silent leaf shutter into their lenses.
For lower cost and smaller size, these cameras typically use image sensors with a diagonal of approximately 6 mm, corresponding to a crop factor around 6. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater depth of field, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors.
Starting in 2011, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos. These 3D compact stereo cameras can capture 3D panoramic photos for play back on a 3D TV.[3] Some of these are rugged and waterproof, and some have GPS, compass, barometer and altimeter. [4]
Main article: Bridge camera
Bridge are higher-end digital cameras that physically and ergonomically resemble DSLRs and share with them some advanced features, but share with compacts the use of a fixed lens and a small sensor. Like compacts, most use live preview to frame the image. Their autofocus uses the same contrast-detect mechanism, but many bridge cameras have a manual focus mode, in some cases using a separate focus ring, for greater control. They originally "bridged" the gap between affordable point-and-shoot cameras and the then unaffordable earlier digital SLRs.
Due to the combination of big physical size but a small sensor, many of these cameras have very highly specified lenses with large zoom range and fast aperture, partially compensating for the inability to change lenses. On some, the lens qualifies as superzoom. To compensate for the lesser sensitivity of their small sensors, these cameras almost always include an image stabilization system to enable longer handheld exposures.
These cameras are sometimes marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the appearance is similar. Bridge cameras lack the reflex viewing system of DSLRs, are usually fitted with fixed (non-interchangeable) lenses (although some have a lens thread to attach accessory wide-angle or telephoto converters), and can usually take movies with sound. The scene is composed by viewing either the liquid crystal display or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). Most have a longer shutter lag than a true dSLR, but they are capable of good image quality (with sufficient light) while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs. High-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-range DSLRs. Many of these cameras can store images in a Raw image format, or processed and JPEG compressed, or both. The majority have a built-in flash similar to those found in DSLRs.
In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridgecams are more portable, cost less and have a similar zoom ability to dSLR. Thus a Bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.[5]
In low light conditions and/or at ISO equivalents above 800, most bridge cameras (or megazooms) lack in image quality when compared to even entry level DSLRs. However, they do have one major advantage: their much larger depth of field due to the small sensor as compared to a DSLR, allowing larger apertures with shorter exposure times.
A 3D Photo Mode was introduced in 2011, whereby the camera automatically takes a second image from a slightly different perspective and provides a standard .MPO file for stereo display. [6]
[edit]Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
Main article: Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera
In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, combining the larger sensors and interchangeable lenses of DSLRs with the live-preview viewing system of compact cameras, either through an electronic viewfinder or on the rear LCD. These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to the removal of the mirror box, and typically emulate the handling and ergonomics of either DSLRs or compacts. The system is used by Micro Four Thirds, borrowing components from the Four Thirds DSLR system.
[edit]Digital single lens reflex cameras
Cutaway of an Olympus E-30 DSLR
Main article: Digital single-lens reflex camera
Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). They take their name from their unique viewing system, in which a mirror reflects light from the lens through a separate optical viewfinder. At the moment of exposure the mirror flips out of the way, making a distinctive "clack" sound and allowing light to fall on the imager.
Since no light reaches the imager during framing, autofocus is accomplished using specialized sensors in the mirror box itself. Most 21st century DSLRs also have a "live view" mode that emulates the live preview system of compact cameras, when selected.
These cameras have much larger sensors than the other types, typically 18 mm to 36 mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1). This gives them superior low-light performance, less depth of field at a given aperture, and a larger size.
They make use of interchangeable lenses; each major DSLR manufacturer also sells a line of lenses specifically intended to be used on their cameras. This allows the user to select a lens designed for the application at hand: wide-angle, telephoto, low-light, etc. So each lens does not require its own shutter, DSLRs use a focal-plane shutter in front of the imager, behind the mirror.
Main article: Rangefinder camera#Digital rangefinder
A rangefinder is a user-operated optical mechanism to measure subject distance once widely used on film cameras. Most digital cameras measure subject distance automatically using electro-optical techniques, but it is not customary to say that they have a rangefinder.
[edit]Line-scan camera systems
A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single row of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.
Further information: Rotating line camera
Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For example, mobile phones often include digital cameras; those that do are known as camera phones. Other small electronic devices (especially those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops and BlackBerry devices often contain an integral digital camera, and most 21st century camcorders can also make still pictures.
Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience rather than image quality, almost all these integrated or converged devices store images in the lossy but compact JPEG file format.
Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by J-Phone. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold all film-based cameras and digital cameras combined. These camera phones reached a billion devices sold in only five years, and by 2007 more than half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008. [7]
Integrated cameras tend to be at the very lowest end of the scale of digital cameras in technical specifications, such as resolution, optical quality, and ability to use accessories. With rapid development, however, the gap between mainstream compact digital cameras and camera phones is closing, and high-end camera phones are competitive with low-end stand-alone digital cameras of the same generation.
A Canon WP-1 waterproof 35 mm film camera
Waterproof digital cameras are digital cameras that can make pictures underwater. Waterproof housings have long been made but they cost almost as the cameras. Many waterproof digital cameras are shockproof and resistant to low temperatures; one of them is Canon PowerShot D10, one of the first underwater digital cameras.
These cameras become very popular during the holiday season, because many people want to save the best moments from their holidays at the seaside. Waterproof watches and mobile phones were produced earlier. Most makers of digital cameras also produce waterproof ones and every year they launch at least one new model, for example Sony, Olympus, Canon, Fuji.
Healthways Mako Shark, an early waterproof camera,[8] was launched in 1958 and cost around 25 dollars. It was a huge camera and pictures were black and white.
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http://www.gobatteryonline.com/canon-nb-9l-digital-camera-battery-gose.html
http://www.gobatteryonline.com/canon-lp-e5-digital-camera-battery-gose.html
http://www.gobatteryonline.com/canon-powershot-sd500-battery-charger-gose.html
1, about the trickle charge, rapid charging and stable battery charging algorithm
According to the energy requirements of the final application, a battery may contain up to 4 lithium ion or lithium polymer battery core, its configuration will have a variety of change, at the same time with a mainstream power adapter: direct adapter, USB interface or car charger. Remove the core quantity, core configuration or power adapter type difference, the battery has the same charge characteristics. So they charge algorithm. Lithium ion and li-ion polymer battery best charging algorithm can divided into three phases: trickle charge, rapid charging and stable charge.
Advanced battery charger with additional security function normally. For example, if the core temperature exceeds the given window, usually 0 ℃-45 ℃, charge will be suspended.
Remove some very low-end equipment, now on the market/li-ion polymer lithium ion battery solutions are integrated with the outer components or, in accordance with the characteristics of the charging to charge, this is not just to get better effect charge, but also for safety.
LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. Figure 1 for double input 1.2 A lithium battery charger LTC4097 schemes. It USES constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone. The performance characteristics: no external micro controller charging termination; The input power automatic detection and choice; Through the resistance from the exchange of charging adapter input can be as high as 1.2 A programming charge current; The resistance of programmable USB charging current is up to 1 A; 100% or 20% USB charging current set; The input power output and existing bias NTC (VNTC) pin as a 120 mA drive ability; NTC thermistors input (NTC) pin for temperature qualified charged; Pre-settings battery voltage with floating plus or minus 0.6% accuracy; Thermal regulation maximize charge rate and free hot air LTC4097 can be used to exchange adapter or USB power supply for single quarter/polymer lithium ion battery. The use of constant current/constant voltage algorithm charging, from exchange adapter power charge, programmable filling up to 1.2 electric current A, and with USB power can be as high as 1 A, at the same time, automatic detection in each input voltage whether there. This device also provide USB the current limit. Applications include PDA, MP3 players, digital camera, light portable medical and test equipment and big color cellular phone.
2, lithium ion/polymer battery scheme
Lithium ion/polymer battery charge scheme for different number of core, core configuration, and power types are different. At present mainly have three main charging scheme: linear, Buck (step-down) switch and SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch.
When the input voltage in big with the charger with sufficient clearance of core after opening voltage, it is linear scheme, especially 1.0 C fast charging current than 1 A big too much. For example, MP3 players usually only one core, capacity from 700 to 1500 mAh differ, full charge voltage is open 4.2 V. MP3 player power is usually the AC/DC adapter or USB interface, the output is the rule of 5 V; At this time, the linear scheme is the most simple, most charger of the efficiency of the scheme. Figure 2 shows for lithium ion/polymer battery solution linear scheme, basic structure and linear voltage neat device.
MAX8677A is double input USB/AC adapter linear charger, built-in Smart Power Selector, used for rechargeable single quarter by Li + batteries portable devices. The charger integration of the battery and the external power source and load switch charging all the power switch, so that no external MOSFET. MAX8677A ideal used in portable devices, such as smart phones, PDA, portable media players, GPS navigation equipment, digital camera, and digital cameras.
MAX8677A can work in independent USB and the power input AC adapter or two input either one of the input. When connecting external power supply, intelligent power source selector allows the system not connect battery or can and depth discharge battery connection. Intelligent power source selector will automatically switch to the battery system load, use the system did not use the input power supply parts for battery, make full use of limited USB and adapter power supply input. All the needed electric current detection circuit, including the integration of the power switch, all integration in the piece. DC input current highest limit can be adjusted to 2 A and DC and USB input all can support 100 mA, 500 mA, and USB hung mode. Charge current can be adjusted to as high as 1.5 A, thus support wide range of battery capacitive. Other features include MAX8677A thermal regulation, over-voltage protection, charging status and fault output, power supply good surveillance, battery thermistors surveillance, and charging timer. MAX8677A using save a space, hot enhanced, 4 mm x 4 mm, 24 of the pins TQFN encapsulation, regulations, work in exceptional temperature range (40 ~ + 85 ℃).
2.2 Buck (step-down) switch scheme
When A 1.0 C of the charging current more than 1 A, or the input voltage of the core than with high voltage open many, Buck or step-down plan is A better choice. For example, based on the hard drive in the PMP, often use single core lithium ion battery, the full of open is 4.2 V voltage, capacity from 1200 to 2400 mAh range. And now PMP is usually use the car kit to charge, its output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. In the input voltage and battery voltage is the voltage difference between high (minimum 4.8 V) will make linear scheme lowers efficiency. This kind of low efficiency, plus more than 1.2 A 1 C fast charging electric current, have serious heat dissipation problems. To avoid this kind of situation, will the Buck scheme. Figure 3 for lithium ion/polymer battery charger scheme Buck diagram, basic structure with Buck (step-down) switching voltage regulators completely the same.
2.3 SEPIC (booster and step-down) switch scheme
In some use of three or four lithium ion/polymer core series equipments, charger of the input voltage is not always greater than the battery voltage. For example, laptop computers use 3 core lithium ion battery, full charge voltage is open 12.6 V (4.2 V x3), capacity is 1800 mAh to 3600 mAh from. Power supply input or output voltage is 1 6 V AC/DC adapter, or is car kit, the output voltage in a 9 V to 16 between V. Apparently, the linear and Buck solutions are not for this group of batteries. This is about to use SEPIC scheme, it can in the output voltage is higher than when the battery voltage, can be in the output voltage less than when the battery.
3, and power detection algorithm is proposed
Many portable products use voltage measurements to estimate the remaining battery power, but the battery voltage and surplus power relationship but will with the discharge rate, temperature and battery aging degree of change, make this kind of method can top 50% margin of error. The market for longer to use product demand unceasingly strengthens, so the system design personnel need more accurate solution. Use capacity check plan come to measure battery or consumption of electricity, will be in a wide range of application power to provide more accurate estimate of the battery power.
3.1 power detection algorithm is one of the examples of application, function complete list, double the battery portable battery application design
The battery circuit description. Figure 4 (a) can be used for identification of IC functions with typical application circuit batteries. According to the use of IC testing program is different, the battery needs to have at least three to four outside the terminal.
VCC and BAT pins will even to the battery voltage, so that for, C power and the battery voltage measurement. The battery is connected a grounding resistance smaller detection resistors, let capacity check meter high impedance SRP and SRN input can monitor sensor resistance on both ends of the voltage. Through testing the current flows through a resistor can be used to judge the battery or release the amount of electricity. Designers choose detection resistance value must be considered when resistance on both ends of the voltage can't more than 100 mV, low resistance may be more hours in current errors. Circuit board layout must ensure that SRP and SRN to testing from as close as possible to the connection of the resistor sensor resistance end; In other words, they should be the Kelvin attachment.
HDQ pin need external and resistors, this resistance should be located the host or the main application, such capacity check plan to the battery and portable devices when sleep function enable connection broken. Advice and resistance choose 10 k Ω.
Once the battery through the appraisal, bq26150 will issue commands to ensure that the host and quantity test plan of material lines between normal communication. When the battery connection interruption or to connect, the whole the identification process will be repeated again.
Host to be able to read capacity check plan of variable voltage measurement battery, to make sure the end of discharging threshold and charging terminate threshold. As for the remaining state power (RemainingStateofCapacity), do not need to read can use directly.
The above bq2650x and bq27x00 etc capacity check plan provides the battery manufacturer a simple to use options, this scheme L [just measuring battery voltage to be precise, so these capacity check plan can be applied to various battery framework, and can support the battery identification and double the battery application '
3.2 power detection algorithm is an example of applications another, can apply to all kinds of general voltmeter new IC.
Today's many manufacturers can provide a variety of voltmeter IC,, the user can choose the suitable function device, to optimize the product price. Use voltmeter measurement of storage battery parameters, the separate architecture allows users in the host custom power measurement algorithm within. Eliminating embedded processor battery cost. On this to Dallase semicconductor company called cases of DS2762 chip for typical analysis. A new separate voltmeter IC, its structure see chart 5 (a) below.
DS2762 is a single quarter of lithium battery voltmeter and protection circuit, integrated into a tiny 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging. Due to internal integration for power detection of high precise resistance, this device is very save a space. It is the small size and incomparable high level of integration, for mobile phone battery and other similar handheld products, such as PDA, etc, are all very ideal. Integrated protection circuit continuously monitoring the battery voltage, over voltage and flow fault (charging or discharge period). Different from the independent protection IC, DS2762 allow main processor surveillance/control protection FET conduction state, such, can DS2762 through the protection of the power system and the control circuit implementation. DS2762 can also charge a battery consumption has depth, when the battery voltage within three V, provide a limit of the charging current recovery path.
DS2762 accurate monitoring battery current, voltage and temperature, the dynamic range and resolution of common satisfy any mobile communication product testing standards. The measurement of current for internally generated when the integral, realize the power measurement. Through the real-time, continuous automatic disorders correct, the precision of power measurement can be increased. The built-in measuring resistance due to eliminate manufacturing process and temperature and cause resistance change, further improve the precision of the voltmeter. Important data stored in 32 bytes, can add the lock EEPROM; 16 bytes of SRAM are used to keep dynamic data. And DS2762 all communication all through the 1-Wire, more communication interface node, minimize the battery and the connection to the host. Its main features for; Single quarter of lithium battery protector; High precision current (power measurement), voltage and temperature measurement; Optional integrated 25 m Ω measuring resistance, each DS2762 after fine-tuning alone; 0 V battery restore charge; 32 bytes can lock EEPROM, 16 bytes SRAM, 64 a ROM;
1-Wire, node, digital communication interface; Support more battery power management, and through the protection system control FET power; Dormancy mode power supply current only 2 µ A (most); Work mode power supply current for 90 µ A (most); 2.46 mm x 2.74 mm inversion of packaging or 16 feet SSOP package led, and both are can choose with or without detection resistance; After has with e
Apple on an application for a patent for the fuel cells on Thursday are exposed. In the patent application, apple describes a kind of electronic equipment, such as notebook computer use fuel cells, and without any increase in too much weight of fuel cell performance optimization method.
An application for a patent for the title as "for portable computing devices power supply of fuel cell system". Apple says, consumers are becoming more and more attention to use of renewable energy. Fuel cell in technology competitive, as the energy density high, compared with the traditional batteries can be in the same volume provide more energy.
Apple patent application show: "fuel cells and additional fuel can bring high energy density, in not adding fuel to support of portable electronic devices for days or even weeks." Apple also said, use a fuel cell is to face the challenge of portability and cost.
Usually, the fuel cells to electronic equipment support portable charging, and users need to carry a fuel rods. And this is different, have conceived a and apple electronic equipment tightly integrated fuel cell. And this one the bulk of the patent application in a description of a fuel cell stack is used to optimize the flow of energy control system.
Another apple patent application describes how the fuel cell and rechargeable batteries work together, and to make the fuel cell and rechargeable batteries charging each other. This patent application said: "it will be to make the fuel cell system not necessary to large and heavy integration of the battery, thus obviously reduce the fuel cell system size, weight and cost."
This is not the first application for apple about fuel cell patent. Patently Apple web site said, October the exposure to a patent application shows that Apple are designing a fuel panels, from portable equipment to produce more energy.
About fuel itself, apple a patent application shows that there are a variety of fuel for power electronic equipment, one of which is sodium borohydride and water mixture. But these are still at the experimental stage, has yet to commercial.
Portable fuel cell charger faces a major obstacle is that manufacturers need to establish sales channel sales and recycled fuel rods. Apple will likely use apple retail stores to have finished the work.
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http://www.chargerbatteryshop.co.uk/panasonic-lumix-dmc-fs62-battery-charger-cbbs.html
http://www.gobatteryonline.com/canon-powershot-a3000-is-battery-charger-gose.html
GoogleChrome Portableだから、何も感じなかった。普通にAngry birdやってたよ。
RAMディスクとはメモリを超高速なディスクとして使用できる技術です。
分かりやすい解説→http://buffalo.jp/products/catalog/memory/speedup/ramdisk.html
RAMディスク上にOperaとFirefoxのPortable版を置いて使っています。HDD上で使う3倍くらい速いです。
ただRAMディスクは要するにメモリなのでHDDにバックアップするのを忘れて電源を切るとRAMディスク上の変更が反映されなかったりします。
気がついたときにバッチファイルを走らせてバックアップしていたのですが「BUFFALO RAMDISK」というソフトが自動でバックアップしてくれるようなので使ってみようかなと。
日本語なので分かりやすそうだし。
ただハードウェアに干渉するソフトなので安易に入れると面倒なことになるかも。
ちょっと迷ってます。
